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Java > Java 1 > Flashcards

Java 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Object orientation

A

An approach that supports the creation, enhancement and maintenance of complex IT systems

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2
Q

Method

A

An element of objects that is used to create, read, change and perform calculations on the values of attributes

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3
Q

Class

A

A structure that is used to create digital objects which are the central elements in the OO software development process

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4
Q

Analysis model

A

The result of the OO analysis, which is used for communication between developers and client and/or users of system

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5
Q

Complier

A

A software that translates a program code into a form that can be executed by a computer

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6
Q

Bytecode

A

The form of Java program after its compilation that can be executed with JRE

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7
Q

Default value

A

A value that is assigned to an attribute automatically when the object is created

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8
Q

Principle of data encapsulation

A

An object can never directly access attributes of another object or changing them. It is possible only by getters and setters

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9
Q

Method signature

A

Method name + parameters list. RETURN TYPE IS NOT A PART OF METHOD SIGNATURE

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10
Q

Method overloading

A

This process is sued too implement multiple methods with same name and different parameters list

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11
Q

Syntax error

A

Error in code construction

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12
Q

Runtime error

A

Error that causes a program to terminate abnormally

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13
Q

Logic error

A

Error that occurs when a program does not perform the way it was intended to

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14
Q

Pseudocode

A

Natural language mixed with some programming code

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15
Q

Variable

A

Value which is stored in computer memory

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16
Q

Data type

A

The kind of data that is stored in a variable

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17
Q

Specific import

A

Import that specifies a single class

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18
Q

Wildcard import

A

Import all classes from a package

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19
Q

Scope of variable

A

Is the part of the program where the variable can be referenced

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20
Q

Named constant

A

Is an identifier that represents a permanent value

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21
Q

Literal

A

Is a constant value that appears directly in a program

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22
Q

Casting

A

Is an operation that converts a value of one data type into a value of another data type

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23
Q

Software development lifecycle

A

Is a multistage process that includes requirements specification, analysis, design, implementing, testing, deployment, maintenance

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24
Q

Round off error

A

The difference between the calculated approximation of a number and its exact mathematical value

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25
Q

Primitive data type

A

Data type where values are not objects (logical values, integers, floating point numbers, single characters)

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26
Q

Arithmetic operator

A

Operator for executing mathematical functions, such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication.

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27
Q

Logical operator

A

Operator used to run logical functions, such as negation, logical AND, logical OR, logical XOR

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28
Q

Relational operator

A

Operator used to compare expression against each other

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29
Q

Equality test operator

A

A relational operator used to run functions that test for equality or non-equality in which operands determine whether values or references are compared

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30
Q

String concatenation

A

A function of data type String which creates a new string from 2 existing strings

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31
Q

Control structures

A

Elements of programming language for conditional or nested execution of statements

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32
Q

Package

A

An element used for structuring Java classes of a development project

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33
Q

Boolean expression

A

Is an expression that evaluates to a Boolean value

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34
Q

If statement

A

Is a construct that enables a program to specify alternative paths of execution

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35
Q

Flowchart

A

A diagram that describes an algorithm or process, showing steps as boxes of various kinds and their order by connecting these boxes with arrows

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36
Q

Nested if statement

A

The inner if statement in the another if statement

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37
Q

Fail-through behaviour

A

Once a case in switch statement is matched, the statements from the matched case are executed until the break statement or the end of the switch statement is reached

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38
Q

Conditional operator

A

(a ternary operator) operator that evaluates an expression based on a condition

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39
Q

Conditional branch

A

A control structure that is used to execute statements based on multiple, mutually exclusive conditions

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40
Q

Loop

A

A control structure used for executing statements repeatedly

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41
Q

Debugging

A

Process of finding and fixing logical errors in a program

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42
Q

Escape character

A

Special notation that consists of a backslash followed by a character or combination of digits

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43
Q

String

A

Sequence of characters

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44
Q

IS-A relationship

A

The relationship that expresses the fact that a class is a special type of another class

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45
Q

Superclass

A

The class from which other classes are derived

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46
Q

Subclass

A

The class that specifies a superclass by implementing an improved functionality with additional methods and attributes

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47
Q

Inheritance

A

Type of relationship that enables the abstraction of common attributes in a superclass, therefore reducing repetition in design

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48
Q

Assignment compatibility

A

A variable of the type of a superclass can also be assigned to subclass objects

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49
Q

Extension

A

A concept that used by Java to implement inheritance

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50
Q

Overriding

A

The process of implementing an inherited method

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51
Q

Loop continuation condition

A

A boolean expression that controls the execution of a loop body

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52
Q

Counter-controlled loop

A

A loop that uses the control variable to count the number of iterations

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53
Q

Sentinel value

A

The special input value that signifies the end of the input

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54
Q

Sentinel-controlled loop

A

A loop that uses a sentinel value to control its execution

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55
Q

Control variable

A

A variable that is used in a loop to control how many times the loop body is executed and when the loop terminates

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56
Q

Pre-test loop

A

A loop where loop continuation condition is checked BEFORE the loop body is executed
- while loop
- for loop

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57
Q

Post-test loop

A

A loop where loop continuation condition is checked AFTER the loop body is executed
- do while loop

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58
Q

Nested loop

A

A loop that consists of an outer loop and one or more inner loops

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59
Q

Method definition

A

Method name, parameters, return value type, body

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60
Q

Value returning method

A

A method that returns a value

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61
Q

Void method

A

A method that does not return a value

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62
Q

Method body

A

A collection of statements that implement the method

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63
Q

Method invocation

A

Calling a method

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64
Q

Pass-by-value

A

If the argument is a variable, than a literal value, is passed to the method as a parameter

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65
Q

Method overloading

A

Two methods have the same name but different parameter list within one class.
Java determines which method is used by method signature

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66
Q

Ambiguous invocation

A

There are two or more possible matches for invocation of a method but compiler cannot determine the most specific match.
Ambiguous invocation causes a compile time error

67
Q

Local variable

A

A variable that is defined inside a method

68
Q

Method abstraction

A

A separation the use of a method from its implementation. The client can use a method without knowing how it is implemented

69
Q

Top-down approach

A

An implementation of one method in the structure chart at a time from top to down

70
Q

Stub

A

A simple but incomplete version of a method that is used for the methods waiting to be implemented

71
Q

Bottom-up approach

A

An implementation of one method in the structure chart at a time from down to top

72
Q

Attribute

A

An element of objects that is used for saving concrete values

73
Q

Array

A

A data structure which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type

74
Q

Indexed variable

A

An index that is used to access elements of an array

75
Q

Array initializer

A

A shorthand notation, which combines the declaration, creation and initialization of an array in one statement

type[] arrayRefVar = {values…}

76
Q

For-each loop

A

A for loop that allows to traverse an array or a list without using an index variable

77
Q

Anonymous array

A

An array with no explicit reference variable

78
Q

Precondition

A

A thing that is true before the method is invoked

79
Q

Postcondition

A

A thing that is true after the method is returned

80
Q

Strictly equal arrays

A

Arrays with same corresponding elements

81
Q

Abstract class

A

A class which instances cannot be created; where common features are grouped together and an interface that must be supported by derived classes is defined

82
Q

Abstract method

A

A method that has a signature but no method body; it defines the functionality that must be implemented in subclasses

83
Q

Polymorphism

A

A declared variable of the type of a particular class can also accept instances of the subclass

84
Q

Instanceof operator

A

An operator used to run a test of class membership

85
Q

Class variable

A

An attribute that is same for all instances of a class and is accessed through the class name

86
Q

New operator

A

An operator that creates a new object for a particular class

87
Q

Standard constructor

A

A special method for creating objects of a class. Can only exist once per class

88
Q

Empty standard constructor

A

If a constructor is not defined, the compiler explicitly adds an empty standard constructor

89
Q

Garbage collection

A

Automatic memory management in Java

90
Q

Overloaded standard constructor

A

A constructor used to initialize an object with values that are only determined at runtime, so this constructor defines a parameter list

91
Q

Copy constructor

A

A constructor used for cloning objects

92
Q

Deep copy

A

All reference data types are copied

93
Q

Shallow copy

A

Only primitive data types and strings are copied

94
Q

Ragged array

A

A 2D array where rows have different length

95
Q

2D array

A

Array of 1D arrays

96
Q

3D array

A

Array of 2D arrays

97
Q

Multidimensional array

A

An array where each element is another array

98
Q

State of the object

A

Data fields with their current values

99
Q

Behavior of an object

A

Methods of an object

100
Q

Class diagram

A

A special UML notation to display class template

101
Q

Client of the class

A

The program that uses the class

102
Q

Dot operator

A

An operator used to access data and methods via the object’s reference variable

103
Q

Instance variable

A

A data field that is dependent on a specific instance

104
Q

Calling object

A

An object on which an instance method is invoked

105
Q

Visibility modifier

A

An element that specifies how data fields and methods in a class can be accessed from outside the class

106
Q

Public visibility

A

Visible: class, package, subclasses, global

107
Q

Protected visibility

A

Visible: class, package, subclasses

108
Q

Default visibility

A

Visible: class, package

109
Q

Private visibility

A

Visible only inside the class

110
Q

Accessor method

A

A method to return a value of a private data field

111
Q

Mutator method

A

A method to set a new value for a private data field

112
Q

Pass by sharing

A

The object referenced in the method is the same object as the one being passed

113
Q

Immutable object

A

An object whose contents cannot be changed once the object has been created

114
Q

Hidden variable

A

If a local variable has the same name as an instance variable, the local variable takes precedence

115
Q

This (keyword)

A

A name of a reference that the object can use to refer to itself

116
Q

Error signal

A

A code that specifies an exception with a value that is outside the valid value range (e.g. is negative)

117
Q

Try-catch block

A

An structure in which critical program instructions are contained in the try block and exceptions are handled in the catch block

118
Q

Throws (keyword)

A

A keyword that indicates in the method signature which exceptions can be thrown by the method

119
Q

Finally block

A

The block that contains statements that are executed independent of the occurrence of an exception

120
Q

Dynamic binding

A

The most suitable implementation will be selected by the runtime environment

121
Q

Use association

A

The association that indicates that a class uses an interface

122
Q

Class abstraction

A

A level of abstraction which separates a class implementation from how the class is used

123
Q

Procedural programming paradigm

A

Action driven; data is separated from actions

124
Q

Association

A

A general binary relationship that describes an activity between two classes

125
Q

Multiplicity

A

A number or an interval that specifies how many of the class’s objects are involved in the relationship

126
Q

Aggregation

A

A special form of association that represents an ownership relationship between two objects

127
Q

Composition

A

An existence of the aggregated object (subject) is dependent on the aggregating object (owner). Example: Name depends on Student

128
Q

Stack

A

A data structure that holds data in LIFO fashion

129
Q

Boxing

A

A conversion of a primitive value to a wrapper object

130
Q

Unboxing

A

A conversion of a wrapper object into a primitive data value

131
Q

Interned string

A

A unique instance for string literals with the same character sequence in order to improve efficiency and save memory

132
Q

Regular expression

A

A string that describes a pattern for matching a set of strings

133
Q

Synchronized

A

Only one task is allowed to execute the method

134
Q

Capacity of the string builder

A

A number of characters, that string builder is able to store without having to increase its size

135
Q

Subtype

A

A type defined by a subclass

136
Q

Supertype

A

A type defined by a superclass

137
Q

Multiple inheritance

A

The capability to derive a subclass from several classes

138
Q

Single inheritance

A

A class may inherit directly only from one superclass

139
Q

Constructor chaining

A

Constructing an instance of a class invokes the constructors of all superclasses along the inheritance chain

140
Q

@Override annotation

A

An annotation which denotes that the annotated method is required to override a method in its superclass. If the method is not overriden the compiler reports an error

141
Q

Declared type

A

A type that declares a variable

142
Q

Actual type

A

An actual class for the object referenced by a variable

143
Q

Implicit casting

A

Super obj = new Subclass()

144
Q

Explicit casting

A

subclass obj = (subsclass) super

145
Q

Upcasting

A

A casting of an instance of a subclass to a variable of a superclass

146
Q

Downcasting

A

A casting of an instance of a superclass to a variable of a subclass

147
Q

ClassCastException

A

An unchecked exception that is thrown if the superclass object is not instance of a subclass object.

148
Q

Exception

A

An object that represent an error or a condition that prevents execution from proceeding normally

149
Q

System error

A

An instance of the Error class, that represents an internal system error. Can’t be recovered

150
Q

Unchecked exception

A

A subsclass of a RuntimeException class, that describes programming errors

151
Q

Checked exception

A

A subclass of Exception class, that represent an error outside the control of the program (IO error etc.)

152
Q

Declaring exceptions

A

Every method should state types of checked exceptions it might throw

153
Q

Exception handler

A

Code that handles an exception

154
Q

Stack trace

A

A list of all methods in the call stack which provides valuable information for debugging runtime errors

155
Q

Chained exception

A

Throwing an exception along with another exception

156
Q

Try-with-resources

A

A construct that automatically closes resources. Resources should be an instance of AutoCloseable interface

157
Q

Interface

A

A class-like construct for defining common operations for objects

158
Q

Interface inheritance

A

A relationship between the class and the interface

159
Q

Default method

A

A method in an interface that provides a default implementation for the method

160
Q

Marker interface

A

An interface with an empty body

161
Q

Principle of cohesion

A

A class should describe a single entity, and class operations should logically fit together to support a coherent purpose

162
Q

Principle of clarity

A

A class should have a clear contract that is easy to explain and easy to understand

163
Q

Principle of completeness

A

A class should provide a variety of ways for customization through properties, methods, constructors

Java (1 decks)

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