Jaundice part 2

Question 1

what is jaundice

Answer 1

yellowing of the sclera/skin

Question 2

what is jaundice caused by

Answer 2

increase in blood levels of bilirubin

Question 3

what do portal triads contain

Answer 3

branch of hepatic vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

Question 4

what lies between portal triads and central vein

Answer 4

rows of hepatocytes known as sinusoids

Question 5

what is the blood supply for hepatocytes

Answer 5

hepatic artery

Question 6

what type of blood passes through sinusoids

Answer 6

nutrient rich

Question 7

what cleans the nutrient rich blood travelling through sinusoids to central vein

Answer 7

hepatocytes

Question 8

what does the central vein drain into

Answer 8

hepatic veins

Question 9

what is formed as a result of hepatocytes cleaning the nutrient rich blood in sinusoids

Answer 9

bile

Question 10

where does the bile produced by hepatocytes travel to

Answer 10

bile duct in the opposite direction

Question 11

where does the biliary tree carry bile from and to

Answer 11

from the gallbladder to the duodenum

Question 12

which ducts unite to form the common hepatic ducts

Answer 12

right and left hepatic ducts

Question 13

which ducts unite to form the common bile duct

Answer 13

common hepatic duct and cystic duct

Question 14

where is bile released

Answer 14

second part of duodenum

Question 15

is the bile duct anterior or posterior to the first part of the duodenum

Answer 15

posterior

Question 16

what does the bile duct join with

Answer 16

main pancreatic duct

Question 17

what does the bile duct and main pancreatic duct form

Answer 17

ampulla of Vater

Question 18

what does the ampulla of Vater drain into

Answer 18

2nd part of duodenum

Question 19

what does the ampulla of Vater drain through to reach 2nd part of duodenum

Answer 19

major duodenal papilla

Question 20

what type of muscle is the bile duct sphincter made of

Answer 20

smooth

Question 21

what type of muscle in the pancreatic duct sphincter made of

Answer 21

smooth

Question 22

what type of muscle is the sphincter of Oddi made of

Answer 22

smooth

Question 23

what does the sphincter of Oddi surround

Answer 23

major duodenal papilla

Question 24

what investigation is used to study the biliary tree and pancreas

Answer 24

ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

Question 25

in ERCP where is the cannula placed

Answer 25

major duodenal papilla

Question 26

what is icterus another term for

Answer 26

jaundice

Question 27

what two extra hepatic obstructions of the biliary tree can cause jaundice

Answer 27

gallstones | carcinoma at the head of pancreas

Question 28

why does obstruction of biliary tree cause jaundice

Answer 28

floe of bile back up to the liver | bile over spills into the blood

Question 29

where is the uncinate process of the pancreas

Answer 29

head

Question 30

what surrounds the head of the pancreas

Answer 30

duodenum

Question 31

what lies anterior to the pancreas

Answer 31

stomach

Question 32

what lies superoposteriorly to the pancreas

Answer 32

splenic vessels

Question 33

which cells produce the exocrine secretion of the pancreas

Answer 33

acinar cells

Question 34

how does the exocrine pancreatic juice from pancreas enter the duodenum

Answer 34

via main pancreatic duct

Question 35

which cells produce the endocrine secretion of the pancreas

Answer 35

pancreatic islets of Langerhans

Question 36

what do the endocrine secretions of the pancreas (glucagon, insulin) enter

Answer 36

bloodstream

Question 37

which nerves supply the pancreas

Answer 37

Vagus, Abdomino pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 38

what do the vagus and abdomino pelvic splanchnic nerves form around the celiac trunk

Answer 38

plexus

Question 39

arterial supply of pancreas

Answer 39

``` splenic artery branches superior pancreaticoduodenal (gastroduodenal artery) inferior pancreaticoduodenal (superior mesenteric artery) ```

Question 40

what can blockage of ampulla by gallstone cause

Answer 40

pancreatitis

Question 41

where is pancreatic pain felt usually

Answer 41

epigastric region umbilical region patients back

Question 42

what part of the duodenum is superior

Answer 42

first

Question 43

what part of duodenum is descending

Answer 43

second

Question 44

what part of duodenum is horizontal

Answer 44

third

Question 45

what part of duodenum is ascending

Answer 45

fourth

Question 46

where does the duodenum begin

Answer 46

pyloric sphincter

Question 47

what does the duodenum secrete into the blood

Answer 47

peptide hormones

Question 48

where does pain from the duodenal ulcer tend to present

Answer 48

epigastric region

Question 49

arterial supply for duodenum

Answer 49

``` superior pancreaticoduodenal (gastroduodenal artery) inferior pancreaticoduodenal (superior mesenteric artery) ```

Question 50

where does the ileum end

Answer 50

ileocacecal junction

Question 51

where does the jejunum begin

Answer 51

duodenaljejunal flexion

Question 52

how are jejunum and ileum distinguished from each other

Answer 52

mucosa of jejunum has plicae circulares | mucosa of distal ileum is much smoother

Question 53

arterial blood supply of jejunum and ileum

Answer 53

SMA via jejunal and ileal arteries

Question 54

venous drainage of jejunum and ileum

Answer 54

jejunal and ileal veins to SMV to heptal portal vein

Question 55

what do vessels supplying the jejunum and ileum travel within

Answer 55

mesentery

Question 56

what helps of the absorption of fats from the GI tract lumen into the intestinal cells

Answer 56

Bile

Question 57

what are specialised lymphatic vessels of the small intestine called

Answer 57

lacteals

Question 58

where do lacteals travel

Answer 58

via lymphatic system to venous system at left venous angle

Question 59

which lymph nodes drain foregut organs

Answer 59

celiac lymph nodes

Question 60

which lymph nodes drain midgut organs

Answer 60

superior mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 61

which lymph nodes drain hindgut organs

Answer 61

inferior mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 62

which lymph nodes drain the kidneys

Answer 62

lumbar lymph nodes

Question 63

which lymph nodes drain posterior abdominal wall

Answer 63

lumbar lymph nodes

Question 64

which lymph nodes drain pelvis

Answer 64

lumbar lymph nodes

Question 65

which lymph nodes drain lower limbs

Answer 65

lumbar lymph nodes

Question 66

where does the majority of lymph drain into

Answer 66

thoracic duct

Question 67

where does the minority of lymph drain into

Answer 67

right lymphatic duct

Question 68

where are venous angles

Answer 68

junction between subclavian and internal jugular veins