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Pediatric Clinical Medicine > Jaundice > Flashcards

Jaundice Flashcards

1
Q

bilirubin is derived from ___

A

the heme from old or damaged RBCs is broken down into bilirubin and iron

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2
Q

___ transports the bilirubin to the liver where it undergoes two enzymatic processes to conjugate it into a water-soluble form.

A

Albumin

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3
Q

Describe bilirubin clearance

A
  1. albumin transfer unconjugated bilirubin to liver
  2. Bilirubin undergoes 2 enzymatic processes to conjugate it into a water soluble form
  3. The liver then stores it as bile and excretes it into the intestine where it aids in fat digestion

*normal intestinal flora make conjugated bilirubin non-resorpable

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4
Q

What is is responsible for the yellow to green to brown color of stool.

A

bilirubin stored as bile in liver then excreted into intestintes where it aids in fat digestion

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5
Q

___ keeps the bilirubin in bile in its water-soluble form making it non-resorpable

A

The normal intestinal flora

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6
Q

Until the dual enzymatic process in the liver is completed, the bilirubin is __ and ___

A

unconjugated and fat-soluble.

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7
Q

In laboratory analysis, unconjugated bilirubin reacts with reagents ___, so on laboratory reports it will be referred to as__ bilirubin. Once the bilirubin is conjugated, it reacts ___ with laboratory reagents, so is referred to on laboratory reports as bilirubin.

A

indirectly
indirect

directly
direct

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8
Q

ALL newborns develop physiologic jaundice to some degree. It rarely rises above ___ of bilirubin, and has only ___ and ___, and causes no problems for the newborn.

A

13mg/dl

mild skin jaundice and scleral icterus

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9
Q

Why do all newborns have some degree of physiologic jaundice

A
  1. Infants are born with a high RBC count, to compensate for their somewhat hypoxic state in utero. These begin to breakdown fairly soon after birth so there is naturally a increased amount of bilirubin being produced
  2. increased fatty acid intake interferes with albumin transport, which is more of a problem for breast fed infants, but occurs to some degree with all infants.
  3. the second enzyme, UDP-glucuronyl transferase is somewhat slow in functioning in the initial days of life, so unconjugated bilirubin will build up in the serum
  4. The bile duct does not begin secreting immediately, so there is some degree of stasis that occurs at this level with conjugated bilirubin.
  5. the neonate intestine is a sterile environment until they have been feeding for a few days. Without the intestinal flora, the conjugated bilirubin in the bile is resorbed, leading to a increase in the total serum bilirubin.
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10
Q

____ intake interferes with albumin transport, which is more of a problem for breast fed infants, but occurs to some degree with all infants.

A

increased fatty acid

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11
Q

____ is somewhat slow in functioning in the initial days of life, so ___ bilirubin will build up in the serum.

A

the second enzyme, UDP-glucuronyl transferase

unconjugated

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12
Q

the neonate intestine is a sterile environment until they have been feeding for a few days. Without the intestinal flora, the ___ bilirubin in the bile is resorbed, leading to a ___

A

conjugated

increase in the total serum bilirubin.

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13
Q

Risk factors for neonatal jaundice

A
  1. Breastfeeding
  2. Prematurity
  3. Dehydration
  4. Asian ancestry- due to less amount of, or less effective UDP-glucuronyl transferase
  5. Hemolytic processes
  6. Maternal diabetes/ hypoglycemic infant
  7. Infection- poor bile excretion and increased RBC breakdown
  8. Obstructed bile duct (biliary atresia)
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14
Q

Increased fatty acids interfere with:

A
  1. albumin transport of bilirubin to the liver
  2. UDP glucuronyl transferase

*Fatty acids are high in breast milk

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15
Q

Describe why neonates can get break milk jaundice

A
  1. increased RBC breakdown
  2. fatty acids interfere w/ albumin transport of bilirubin to the liver and UDP glucuronyl transferase
  3. poor biliary excretion of conjugated bilirubin due to lack of breast milk in first 3 days of life leading to dehydration
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16
Q

___ is the leading cause of neonatal jaundice, and can lead to bilirubin levels high enough to require treatment

A

Breast milk jaundice

*Generally, we try, and are successful at keeping infants breastfeeding. We just have to play a waiting game, and be ready to provide treatment to bring the bilirubin levels down if necessary

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17
Q

Common causes of increased breakdown of RBC and the additional release of unconjugated bilirubin that can lead to pathologic neonatal jaundice

A
  1. Hemolytic Disease
  2. ABO incompatibility (MC)
  3. G6PD deficiency
  4. Extravascular blood (ie. cephalohematoma)
  5. Hereditary spherocytosis
  6. Significant tissue bruising during delivery
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18
Q

How do you determine if ABO incompatibility (hemolysis) is causing the neonatal jaundice

A
  • In these cases, the mother is O+ and the baby is not.
  • A Coombs test can tell you if the baby’s RBCs are carrying antibodies which mark them for destruction.

*-Indirect coombs- AB in serum, direct coombs- AB on RBC so immune system is going after it

**Mother has to be O+

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19
Q

G6PD deficiency most commonly occurs in who

A

is usually a disease of males of African or Mediterranean descent and the stress of birth, combined with this enzymatic deficiency, will result in hemolysis.

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20
Q

Causes of pathologic neonatal jaundice that results in high unconjugated or indirect bilirubin

A
  1. increased breakdown of RBC
  2. Decreased serum albumin (common in premature infants)
  3. Competitive albumin-binding (ie. sulfa drugs- MC w/ UTIs during preg.)
  4. infant hypoglycemia
  5. UDP glucuronyl transferase deficiency
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21
Q

If the infant had hypoglycemic episodes in the nursery, it will not be able to make the necessary amounts of ___

A

glucuronic acid (substrate)

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22
Q

Neonatal hypoglycemic occurs due to __ or __

A

maternal diabetes or infections in the infant.

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23
Q

Causes of UDP glucuronyl transferase deficiency

A
  1. Crigler Nayjar disease

2. Gilbert’s Syndrome

24
Q

Causes of pathologic neonatal jaundice that results in high conjugated or direct bilirubin

A
  1. Cholestasis
  2. Biliary atresia***
  3. Galactosemia
  4. Inborn errors of metabolism
  5. Down Syndrome
  6. Infection (bacterial and viral)
  7. CF
  8. hypothyroidism
25
Q

Biliary atresia needs to be corrected by ___ of life in order to avoid liver failure necessitating a liver transplant.

A

the second month

26
Q

Often the newborn screen is not back when these infants are evaluated, so the index of suspicion for a ___ needs to remain high, in these cases with high direct bilirubin levels

A

metabolic defect

27
Q

__ and __ both cause slow gut motility resulting in decreased bile clearance

A

Cystic fibrosis and hypothyroidism

**If they have passed meconium, Hypothyroidism and CF are less likely

28
Q

Jaundice which appears on the ___ day of life is always pathologic and you will want to work quickly to determine the underlying cause.

A

first day of

29
Q

What viruses can cause high direct bilirubin

A
  1. EBV
  2. CMV
  3. Hepatitis
  4. HSV
30
Q

What history is important to obtain when assessing neonatal jaundice

A
  1. Intake amount and type (BM or formula)
  2. Urine output
  3. Stooling pattern and color
  4. Ethnicity
  5. Maternal blood type
  6. postnatal period/infections
  7. family history of red cell abnormalities or metabolic disorders or significant neonatal jaundice in other infants
31
Q

What EXAM is important to obtain when assessing neonatal jaundice

A
  1. Calculate weight loss percentage
  2. Hydration status/cap refill
  3. Neurologic status
  4. Extravascular blood/bruising
  5. Skin color by blanching on sternum
32
Q

Describe the normal stooling and urinating pattern of neonates

A

Neonates usually urinate every 2 hours after the first day of life, and stool with every feeding.

-have a wet diaper for every day of life (1 wet diaper on day 1, 2 wet diapers on day 2, etc.)

33
Q

Why is assessing the stool color important for the neonatal jaundice work up

A

The color of the stool helps to ascertain the presence of bile and transitions from the black tar of meconium to the dark green of transitional stool, to the yellow of bile-containing stool.

34
Q

How can you assess how much breastmilk an infant is getting

A
  • by eliciting a history of breast engorgement before feeding followed by a sensation of emptying during feeding.
  • Again, most moms do not have a milk supply until late on day 3 to early on day 4.
  • Ask about latching and satiety of the infant and determine the frequency and duration of feeding
35
Q

most moms do not have a milk supply until ___

A

late on day 3 to early on day 4

36
Q

How often should neonates feed?

A

Young neonates need to be awakened to feed every 2 hours and sometimes this contributes to some dehydration are not aware of this and allow them to just continue sleeping.

37
Q

How do you calculate neonate weight loss percentage

A

using the difference between birth weight and current weight (make sure it is naked), divided by the birth weight.

38
Q

How much weight should a neonate lose initially?

A
  • Infants, especially breast fed, will lose some of their weight in the initial week, and then regain it by 2 weeks of life.
  • It is acceptable for newborns to lose 2-3% of their birth weight per day, through Day 3, when they should begin to regain when maternal milk supply begins.
  • Formula fed infants rarely lose any weight.
39
Q

How can you assess skin jaundice

A

*It is often difficult to see jaundiced skin in a newborn, because their skin is fairly red, if they are fair to medium skin color by ethnicity.

It is helpful to apply pressure to their skin to blanch out the red color giving you a second or two to assess the underlying skin color for jaundice.
-If you have difficulty assessing the skin in the time it takes capillary refill to return the ruddy color to the skin, use a microscope slide to apply pressure to blanch their skin.

40
Q

How do you assess a neonates neuro status

A

by assessing their response to stimuli such as being cold, bright lights, or their extremities being pulled on.

*This is not to guide your investigation into the cause of their neonatal jaundice

41
Q

Remember that neonatal jaundice has a two-pronged approach- ascertaining and correcting an underlying pathology and reducing the high bilirubin levels in order to avoid the development of ___

A

kernicterus.

42
Q

What is kernicterus

A

Kernicterus is the deposition of bilirubin in the brain leading to serious neurologic injury which is what you are assessing in the neurologic exam. An additional consequence of kernicterus is permanent hearing loss.

43
Q

An additional consequence of kernicterus is ___

A

permanent hearing loss.

44
Q

Describe the dual approach to neonatal jaundice management

A
  1. DETERMINE if a pathologic cause exists
  2. REDUCE the serum bilirubin levels

*Regardless of cause, without reduction of high bilirubin levels, the child may suffer kernicterus, leading to hearing impairment or serious neurologic injury

45
Q

When assessing if the infant needs reduction in the bilirubin levels due to any cause, we use this wonderful website of ___ which you can easily locate using any search engine. Once you have the ___ level of the infant, you can input birth time and time of blood draw, or use the infant’s age in hours and the bilirubin level into the calculator.

A

bilitool.org

total bilirubin

46
Q

What are reasons for starting phototherapy sooner

A
  1. premature
  2. showing signs of neurotoxicity
  3. pathologic cause of jaundice
47
Q

Bilirubin deposits in ___ tissue.

-Describe the order that jaundice first appears and resolves

A

keratinized

  • so begins first in the skin of the face and then descends caudally, later depositing in the sclera.
  • It resolved in the reverse direction
48
Q

Some of us assess the degree of jaundice by ____ as a guide for how high the serum bilirubin levels are with ___ and __ being a threshold for getting serum bilirubin levels

A

determining how far down the body it has developed

abdomen and thighs

49
Q

If you have a ___, you can get a sense of their total bilirubin level from that

A

transcutaneous bilirubin meter

*If abnormal, will need serum bilirubin confirmation

50
Q

You will often need a ___ level in a jaundiced baby. In neonates with rapidly rising bilirubin levels, or a concerning history or exam, further testing will be needed

A

serum total bilirubin

51
Q

Use the bilitool to help you with treatment decision-making, which may include

A
  1. discharging to home with every 24 hours serum bilirubin rechecks
  2. home bilirubin blanket or
  3. light phototherapy with every 24 hour rechecks, or
  4. inpatient care.
52
Q

Every case is different, but we tend to use inpatient care for those:

A
  1. pathologic jaundice or
  2. neurologic toxicity is a concern, or
  3. if follow-up is an issue.
53
Q

You will often need a serum total bilirubin level in a jaundiced baby. In neonates with rapidly rising bilirubin levels, or a concerning history or exam, further testing will be needed including:

A
  1. CBC w/ peripheral smear
  2. Reticulocyte count
  3. Fractionated serum bilirubin (total, direct, indirect)
  4. Coombs test- direct and indirect
  5. Not usually done initially: tests for infection (urine, TORCH titer)
54
Q

-___ is the last to show up as jaundice and the last to go away

A

Scleral icterus

55
Q

-Transcutaneous bili can be as far off as ___ so add __ to the transcut. And see if it is still in normal range

A

3

3

Pediatric Clinical Medicine (18 decks)

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