Japan

Question 1

First Sino-Japanese War

Answer 1

1894-1895
- Japan wanted Korea’s raw materials and space for its growing population
- Causes of Sino-Japanese tensions: Japan’s interference in Korea, Japan’s use of assassinations in Korea, China’s banning of Japanese imported goods
- Japan’s more modern military pushed Chinese troops out of Korea
- Japan took control of Korea and Manchuria, seized Port Arthur and captured islands near Taiwan

Question 2

Second Sino-Japanese War

Answer 2

1937-1945

Question 3

Rape of Nanjing

Answer 3

December 1937 - January 1938

Question 4

Japan left the League of Nations

Answer 4

1933

Question 5

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 5

1904-1905

Question 6

Japan’s surrender in WW2

Answer 6

August 15 1945

Question 7

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

Answer 7

1902

Question 8

Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbour

Answer 8

7 December 1941

Question 9

Twenty-One Demands

Answer 9

1915

Question 10

Treaty of Kanagawa

Answer 10

1854

Question 11

Washington Naval Conference

Answer 11

1921-1922

Question 12

London Naval Disarmament Conference

Answer 12

1930

Question 13

Paris Peace Conference

Answer 13

1919-1920

Question 14

Four Power Treaty

Answer 14

1921
- signed at the Washington Naval Conference by the US, Great Britain, Japan and France
- agreed to consult with each other in the event of a future crisis in East Asia before taking action

Question 15

Nine Power Treaty

Answer 15

1922
- signed by the US, Britain, Japan, France, China, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal and Belgium
- affirmed China’s sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity
- gave all nations the right to do business with China on equal terms

Question 16

Invasion of Manchuria

Answer 16

18 September 1931

Question 17

Establishment of the puppet state ‘Manchukuo’

Answer 17

1932

Question 18

Tangku Truce

Answer 18

1933
- Kwantung Army and Chinese officials agreed that Manchukuo’s boundary would be extended to the Great Wall
- the North and East zones of the Tientsin-Peking area was to be demilitarised (China could not defend and guard the areas with military forces)

Question 19

Ho-Umerzu Agreement & Ch’ing-Doihara Agreement

Answer 19

mid-1935
- Jiang Jieshi agreed to recognise Manchukuo if Japan agreed to recognise the GMD’s rule in North China
- Japanese government leaders were willing to negotiate, but the Kwantung Army disagreed and forced the North China officials to sign the 2 agreements
- GMD rule was excluded from the northern provinces of Hopei and Chahar
- Kwantung Army succeeded in making North China independent of GMD control and handing reign over to Japan

Question 20

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Answer 20

1940

Question 21

Triple Intervention

Answer 21

1895
- Russia, Germany and France denounced the Treaty of Shimonoseki and demanded alterations
- Russia were given control of Liaodong Peninsula + Port Arthur
- Impact: Japan was deeply humiliated and resented this. Taiwan declared itself as the independent Republic of Formosa and challenged Japanese rule but Japanese forces defeated the rebels

Question 22

Tripartite Pact

Answer 22

1940

Question 23

Hakkō ichiu

Answer 23

• Japanese political slogan meaning Japan had the divine right to unify the eight corners of the world
• basis of Japan’s political ideology
• popularised in a speech by Prime Minister Konoe in 1940

Question 24

Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact

Answer 24

1941

Question 25

Treaty of Shimonoseki

Answer 25

1895
- China requested for peace after losing the First Sino-Japanese War
- gave Japan the Liaodong Peninsula & Taiwan, the right to have factories and import goods at 4 Chinese ports, and permission to operate ships on the Yangtze River
- China paid Japan a large indemnity

Question 26

Great Depression

Answer 26

1929-1939

Question 27

US Immigration Act of 1924

Answer 27

• banned Japanese from immigrating to the US on the grounds of them being “ineligible to be naturalised”
• opened the door to Japanese militarist control
• anti-American sentiment in Japan surged

Question 28

Commodore Matthew Perry’s diplomatic mission

Answer 28

1853
- ‘gunboat diplomacy’

Question 29

Invasion of French Indochina

Answer 29

1940

Question 30

Meiji Restoration

Answer 30

1868

Question 31

Taisho Democracy

Answer 31

1912-1926 (Taisho period with Emperor Yoshihito)

Question 32

US oil trade embargo

Answer 32

1941

Question 33

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Answer 33

1928
- an agreement to outlaw war

Question 34

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Answer 34

7 July 1937

Question 35

Anti-Comintern Pact

Answer 35

November 1936

Question 36

Japan’s adoption of the Southern Strategy

Answer 36

August 1940
- Japan was divided on who to attack
- The army favoured attacking the North (Russia) while the navy favoured attacking the South (SEA)
- In the end, Japan declared the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and promised unparalleled prosperity and security

Question 37

Hull Note

Answer 37

November 1941
US State Secretary Hull issued his 4 principles:
- Respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty of other nations
- Non-interference in domestic affairs of other nations
- Open Door Policy: Equal commercial opportunities for all
- No alteration of the status quo in the Pacific except through peaceful means

Question 38

Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity/Treaty of Ganghwa Island

Answer 38

1876
- ‘gunboat diplomacy’
- opened up trading ports in Korea for Japan
- granted Japanese the same rights in Korea that Westerners enjoyed such as extraterritoriality