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social > japan - 14 -16 > Flashcards

japan - 14 -16 Flashcards

1
Q

what happened in the early 1500’s?

A

Japan welcomed Protuguese traders and their fashions and firearms

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2
Q

what happened in 1848?

A

japan’s attitude towards outsiders had changed, ships were being fired on and driven away

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3
Q

why did japan’s attitudes change towards the outsiders (9)?

A
  1. The ruling shogun came to consider the foreigners a threat to his military control
  2. If the daimyo acquired European weapons they might challenge the shogun’s authority
  3. Loyalty to the Christian God and Church were also a threat to the shogun’s authority
  4. All missionaries were ordered to leave Japan
    - Churches were destroyed
    - Japanese Christians who refused to give up their faith faced execution
    - By 1640 thousands of Christians and 70 missionaries had been executed
    - however a couple Missionaries were sneaking into Japan, disguised as traders
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4
Q

how did the shogun cut off contact (2)?

A
  • Shogun Tokygawa Iemitsu passed isolation/exclusions laws

- Penalty for breaking these laws was death

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5
Q

explain the exclusion law (6)

A
  • All Chrisian missionaries and foreign traders were forced to leave Japan
  • Newcomers were no longer allowed to enter
  • Japanese people were not allowed to go abroad
  • Ships large enough to make long voyages could no longer be built and existing ones were destroyed
  • Japanese who were out of the country were forbidden to return
  • Most foreign objects were forbidden. All foreign books containing a Christian message were banned; scientific books were forbidden
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6
Q

how did shogun tighten control over japan? (3)

A
  • People needed special documents to travel
  • Curfew was instituted to prevent people from travelling at night
  • Wheeled transport was banned.
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7
Q

what happened in 1639? (2)

A

=the shogun banned all Portuguese ships in Japan and expelled all the foreigners except for the Dutch, Korean, and Chinese traders
-Dutch were only allowed in the Nagasaki harbour, located on a small island

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8
Q

why was being in isolation so important to the shogun? (3)

A
  • The policy of isolation was essential for national security in the shogun’s eyes
  • Only way to eliminate any threats to his power and to protect the Japanese culture
  • Shogun was determined to show that his rule was strong and that Japan was strong.
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9
Q

describe the exceptions in the exclusion laws (4)

A
  • Small number of Dutch traders were allowed to remain
  • Only interested in trade and not religion
  • No Dutch family members could join them, and Japanese servants were forbidden to talk with them
  • Once a year the Dutch traders were expected to make the trip to see the Shogun, and stay for three months
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10
Q

were ideas still spread on the nagasaki habour?

A
  • Japanese officials asked the traders many questions about the West (ex. current events and medicines)
  • Small number of Japanese scholars were allowed to learn Dutch language and medicine
  • They were called the Dutch scholars even though they were Japanese
  • Educated themselves on western ways
  • Sons of samurai were sent to learn Dutch
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11
Q

name the positive influences in the 1720.

A

imports of European books were allowed except for Christian books

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12
Q

name the positive influences in the 1744.

A

Shogun encouraged the study of astronomy and built an observatory in Edo + scientific method was introduced

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13
Q

describe the ideal society in japan (4)

A
  • Japanese wanted to live in a society that represented what was important to them
  • Peace, safety, security
  • Harmony, respect and a sense that everyone has his or her own place
  • Leisure time and opportunities for personal expression and enjoyment of the arts, sports, entertainment and crafts
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14
Q

describe the consequences of the ideal society (5)

A
  • Peace and security came at a cost
  • Life was controlled by rigid rules
  • People could not move from the social class of their birth to another
  • Not encouraged to think for yourself, loyalty and obedience
  • Little personal freedom, little freedom of expression
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15
Q

what did long periods of stability and peace result in?

A

more wealth + arts and culture for a country, specifically in edo japan which had a expanding and booming economy

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16
Q

what are some causes for the booming economy in edo japan? (5)

A
  • Long periods of stability and peace
  • Farmers increased production by irrigating and growing two crops on the same piece of land in one growing season
  • Road improvements financed by the daimyo helped to increase trade
  • The population increased in urban centres
  • Silver and gold coins were introduced as currency
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17
Q

-Long periods of stability and peace
-Farmers increased production by irrigating and growing two crops on the same piece of land in one growing season
-Road improvements financed by the daimyo helped to increase trade
-The population increased in urban centres
-Silver and gold coins were introduced as currency
what things held the economy back? (3)

A
  • Little foreign trade
  • Overtaxing of peasants
  • Continued use of rice as payments in most transactions
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18
Q

describe floating worlds (5)

A
  • Cultural activities took place in areas called the floating world
  • Rules and controls of the Tokugawa society were relaxed in these areas
  • Because the merchants had money, they spent it in the floating world areas
  • This was an area where men could unwind and enjoy themselves, once their obligations to their occupation and family had been finished
  • Instead of closing these areas, authorities can watch them closely keeping them under surveillance
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19
Q

describe the change in merchants

A
  • Merchants had gained wealth and power because more people needed their services
  • Merchants were in charge of storing rice and converting it into cash or credits
  • Also were money lenders when most people needed loans
20
Q

describe struggles in japan (3)

A
  • Peasants needed money to pay for high taxes
  • Daimyo were near bankruptcy because of the cost of alternate attendance, and road construction
  • Little work for the samurai because of peace time, and they were too proud to accept other jobs
21
Q

who was blamed for the struggles in japan?>

A
  • People were looking for someone to blame, often that was the shogun and his officials
  • Some thought that the shogun had become too power, and had taken it illegally from the emperor
22
Q

describe the hard times that japan faced (6)

A
  • In the late 1700s and 1800s Japan had several natural disasters that brought famines, and killed many people
  • ⅓ of the population died of starvation
  • Land was deserted by peasants who fled to the cities, but they could not find work
  • Rice was scarce and the cost rose sharply
  • City dwellers rioted over price increases and attacked the homes of the wealthy
  • Many believed that the shogun’s responses to these problems were ineffective
23
Q

in 1800’s what happened?

A
  • several foreign countries were looking to trade with Japan

- Russia, England and the US in particular

24
Q

what did the ships in the 1800s want?

A
  • Ships sometimes just wanted fresh water and coal, but the shogun had ordered any foreigners arrested and their ships were to be destroyed
  • The US wanted to force Japan to open their doors to trade, for both economic and geography reasons
25
Q

what are the geographical reasons us wanted to force japan’s doors for trade?

A
  • Once Oregon and California became part of the United States the country bordered the Pacific Ocean
  • A proposed transcontinental railway would connect the Trans-Pacific ship route to China
26
Q

what are the economic reasons us wanted to force japan’s doors for trade?

A
  • The California gold rush gave the US more money to buy more goods, and Japan was a source of new, different products
  • Rapidly growing US industries produces many products to trade with other countries
27
Q

what are the economic reasons us wanted to force japan’s doors for trade?
what are the economic AND geographical reasons us wanted to force japan’s doors for trade?

A

The US had huge investments in the whaling industry in the Pacific
The US needed stations between San Francisco and Canton where whaling ships could refuel and get supplies

28
Q

describe the pressures outside of japan

A

July, 1853 Commodore Perry arrived in Japan with 2 steamships, 2 sailing vessels, 977 men, 66 guns
Commodore Perry brought a letter from President Millard Fillmore asking for trade and protection for shipwrecked sailors and ability to buy coal to restock their ships

29
Q

describe the treaties japan signed?

A
  • In 1854 Perry returned for the Japanese answer, this time with 8 large steamships and more troops
  • The Treaty of Kanagawa was signed with the shogunate
  • Established an American embassy in Japan
  • Accepted demands regarding shipwrecked sailors
  • Agreed to sell the Americans coal
  • In 1858, a more extensive economic treaty was signed with the US, along with other treaties with England, France, Netherlands,
30
Q

describe how japanese felt about these one-sided treaties

A

Many Japanese were unhappy with these one sided treaties, they had lost control of their own trade

31
Q

describe the japanese’s response to perry (3)

A
  • Japanese recognized the Americans military force and superior weapons
  • In 1839 there had been a war (Opium War) between China and Britain, and Japan did not want to be “another China”
  • Involved in a war they could not win, signing unequal treaties
32
Q

describe the pressures from WITHIN to open japenese borders? (6)

A
  • Arrival of the Americans and their superior weapons and power caused a loss of respect for the shogunate
  • Uprising against the inefficiency and corruption of its officials
  • Treaties that were signed with the Americans were unequal and did not benefit the Japanese people
  • When the Americans and Japanese began to interact, there was a culture shock
  • Influx of western ideas challenged Japanese ones
  • Brought new ways of thinking and knowledge that made Japanese people questions things
33
Q

what happened in result to these treaties?

A

Many people saw the treaties as proof that the shogun was weak

34
Q

describe japan’s civil war (8)

A
  • The shoguns control over society was beginning to falter
  • Groups disagreed with the shogun and each other no longer debated difference in council chambers, instead they rioted in the streets and committed acts of violence
  • Daimyo who opposed the shogun was retired put under arrest
  • Samurai were imprisoned, exiled or executed
  • Attacks on foreigners increased, retaliation by the forgien powers with gunboats
  • Shogun resigned in 1868, begging the emperor to take over power
  • Civil war had broken out, those who supported the shogunate against those who supported the Emperor ruling
  • Japan was a country divided, troops loyal to the Emperor eventually won and a new era in Japanese history began.
35
Q

who is prince mutsuhito?

A
  • became emperor when he was a teen
  • With the end of the shogunate he now became the head of a country and had to rule
  • In the past, the Emperor very much was in the background during the years of the Tokugawa shogunate
  • Lived a secluded life, in the Imperial Palace in Kyoto, hidden away from people
  • In theory the Emperor was the divine ruler of Japan, but the shogun had all the power
  • When Prince Mutsuhito came into power, he changed his name to Meiji, meaning enlightened rule.
  • Emperor Meiji ruled until his death in 1912, and this is known as the Meiji period
36
Q

what was the era in 1867-1870 in japan?

A

became known as the Meiji Restoration, when the government emphasized the importance of the Emperor, “restoring” to his rightful place as head of Japan

37
Q

what set the scene for change in japanese society?

A

The spread of education, wealth of the middle class, and the increase in commerce during the end of the Edo had set the scene for change in Japanese society

38
Q

describe the samurai during the meiji period (2)

A
  • The samurai that had fought the shogunate in support of the Emperor became his advisors (oligarchy)
  • This group became powerful leaders and ruled in the Emperor’s name
39
Q

what was the realization that occured to the japanese government?

A

They realized that Japan would have to change in order to keep the Westerners or China from taking over

40
Q

what two powers did japan need?

A

Japan needed both economic and military power

41
Q

what were the two goals in the meji period?

A
  • Create a strong central government that could unite the country and rule it effectively
  • Create a form of government closer to the democracies of the West
42
Q

what happened to edo japan?

A

Renamed Edo to Tokyo and moved the Emperor and the imperial court there instead of in Kyoto

43
Q

why was the emperor a strong symbol for japan? (2)

A

The Emperor had always been a powerful symbol to the Japanese people, thought to have been a descendent of the sun goddess Amaterasu

44
Q

what was the reason that the emperor + government were in the same city?

A

With the government and the Emperor in the same city [toyko] the connection between the two would be obvious to people

45
Q

describe the industrial revolution in japan (4)

A

Dramatic change in how goods were produced

  • Goods went from being produced by hand in homes and small workshops, to being produced in factories. this was More efficient and quick
  • Factories were built with many workers where they were employed to produce a large amount of goods, using complicated (and sometime dangerous) machinery
  • Transportation and communication were also revolutionized
46
Q

what was the difference between the industrial revolution in europe compared to japan?

A

In Europe and North America the Industrial Revolution happened over a hundred years
In Japan the Industrial Revolution happened much quicker

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