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Immuno > January 9, 2024 > Flashcards

January 9, 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

Give the definition of “immune system”

A

collection of cells, molecules, and tissues
involved in an immune response

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2
Q

Give the definition of “immune responses”

A

responses we make against non-self antigens
on pathogens (defense)

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3
Q

Give the definition of “innate immunity”

A

protection against infection that relies on
mechanisms that exist before infection.

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4
Q

Give the definition of “adaptive immunity”

A

response of antigen-specific
lymphocytes to antigen includes memory (protective)

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5
Q

Give the definition of “antigen”

A

molecule or fragment that is specifically
recognized by antibodies or lymphocytes.

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6
Q

What is the difference between self and non-self antigens?

A

Self antigens are ones that already exist within your cells, whereas non-self antigens are ones originate from outside of the body

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7
Q

What kind of reaction does the immune system have on self antigens? What is this concept called?

A

None; immunological response

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8
Q

Name the four types of pathogens

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasites
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9
Q

Name the difference between a regular pathogen and a opportunistic pathogen

A

Opportunistic pathogens are organisms that cause disease only in individuals whose immune system is in some way compromised

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10
Q

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the SKIN help aid against the spread of pathogens?

A
  1. Flow of fluid, perspiration, sloughing off of skin
  2. Sebum (fatty acids, lactic acid, lysozyme)
  3. normal flora of the skin
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11
Q

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT help aid against the spread of pathogens?

A
  1. Flow of fluid, mucus, food, and saliva
  2. Acidity, enzymes (proteases)
  3. normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract
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12
Q

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the RESPIRATORY TRACT help aid against the spread of pathogens?

A
  1. Flow of fluid and mucus through cilia, airflow
  2. Lysozyme in nasal secretions
  3. normal flora of the respiratory tract
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13
Q

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the UROGENITAL TRACT help aid against the spread of pathogens?

A
  1. Flow of fluid, urine, mucus, and sperm
  2. Acidity in vaginal secretions; spermine and
    zinc in semen
  3. normal flora of the urogental tract
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14
Q

What mechanical, chemical, and microbiological functions of the EYES help aid against the spread of pathogens?

A
  1. Flow of fluid, tears
  2. Lysozyme in tears
  3. normal flora of the eyes
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15
Q

What mechanical function do the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and skin share when fighting pathogens? What is the shared chemical function?

A
  1. Epithelial cells joined by tight
    junctions
  2. Antimicrobial peptides (defensins)
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16
Q

What is the function of central (primary) tissues in the immune system? Where are those tissue located?

A

Lymphocytes develop and mature there; bone marrow (B cells and all other immune cells) and thymus (T cells)

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17
Q

What is the function of peripheral (secondary) tissues in the immune system? Where are those tissue located?

A

Mature lymphocytes interact with each other and pathogens to become stimulated to respond; spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, adenoids, Peyer’s patches, MALT/GALT/BALT

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18
Q

Lymphocytes circulate in ____ and can leave to go into ____.

A

the blood; the lymph nodes

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19
Q

What does a lymphocyte do in the presence of a pathogen? What does it do when there is no pathogen?

A

If a pathogen is draining from an afferent lymphatic vessel, the lymphocyte stays; it reenters circulations via an efferent lymphatic vessel

20
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatics?

A

they drain fluid and cells from the
tissues and direct them back into the blood

21
Q

Where is your spleen located? What does it do? How is your spleen different from your lymph nodes?

A
  1. in the upper left side of your abdomen, next
    to your stomach and behind your left ribs
  2. it filters blood in order to remove old red
    blood cells and defend the body from
    bloodborne pathogens
  3. Both pathogens and lymphocytes leave and
    enter through the blood
22
Q

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is located where? How is different from bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)?

A
  1. tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patches
  2. it is more organized and does not line the
    respiratory epithelium
23
Q

How are lymph nodes, the spleen, and GALT similar?

A

They have the same organization

24
Q

Give the definition of hematopoiesis. Where do blood cells arise before and after birth?

A
  1. the generation of the cellular elements of the
    blood
  2. Yolk sac; bone marrow
25
Q

What is the most abundant type of leukocyte in
human peripheral blood?

A

Neutrophils

26
Q

What are the four main components of human blood?

A
  1. Red blood cells (transports O₂)
  2. White blood cells/Leukocytes (defend the
    body against pathogens)
  3. Platelets (cell fragments involved in blood
    clotting)
  4. Blood plasma (the fluid in which blood cells
    and platelets are suspended
27
Q

What does blood plasma aid in? What does it contain? What is the one difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

A
  1. Electrolyte balance
  2. Water, proteins, glucose, clotting factors, ions,
    hormones, and CO₂
  3. Blood serum does not have clotting factors
28
Q

What has very little cytoplasm and aids in the production of antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions?

A

Small lymphocyte

29
Q

What cell has a starshaped morphology with fingerlike projections? What does it aid in?

A
  1. Dendritic cell
  2. Activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive
    immune responses
30
Q

What is a plasma cell? How does it differ from a small lymphocyte?

A
  1. It is a fully differentiated form of a B cell that
    secretes antibodies?
  2. It has a large amount of cytoplasm and is a
    large lymphocyte
31
Q

A mast cell aids in the expulsion of ____ from the body through release of ____ containing ____ and other active agents

A

parasites, granules, histamine

32
Q

Killer cells kill cells that are infected with certain what? What kind of cytoplasm do they have?

A

Viruses; granular

33
Q

Name four characteristics of a monocyte

A
  1. It circulates in the blood
  2. It is bigger than granulocytes
  3. It has an indented nucleus
  4. It is the mobile progenitor of Macrophage
34
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages are famous for what cellular process?

A

Phagocytosis

35
Q

Name five characteristics of macrophages

A
  1. they activate T cells
  2. they initiate immune responses
  3. they have extensive cytoplasm
  4. they have numerous vacuoles
  5. they contain engulfed material
35
Q

Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils all have what in common?

A

they have prominent cytoplasmic granules

35
Q

What do erythrocytes transport?

A

O₂ via hemoglobin

36
Q

Which cell has basic granules that bind acidic stain (eosin)? Which one has acidic granules that bind basic stain (hemotoxylin)? Which one has granules that bind neither?

A
  1. Eosinophil
  2. Basophil
  3. Neutrophil
36
Q

Name three characteristics of basophils

A
  1. they control immune responses to
    parasites
  2. they have bi- or tri-lobed nuclei
    that are hard to see because of
    granules
  3. they are the rarest leukocyte
36
Q

Eosinophils have ____ shaped nuclei and aid in the destruction of ____ through the release of ____.

A

bi-lobed, antibody-coated parasites, granule contents

36
Q

What cells reside permanently in the bone marrow and aid in wound repair? What do their nuclei contain multiple sets of? What do they release?

A
  1. Megakaryocytes
  2. Chromosomes
  3. Platelets
36
Q

Large reserves of ____ are stored in ____ and are released when needed to fight infection.

A

neutrophils, the bone marrow

37
Q

After neutrophils are done fighting off infection, they die in the tissue and engulf and are degraded by what?

A

Macrophages

38
Q

Differentiate the characteristics of recognition mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity

A

Innate immunity:

Rapid response (hours)
Fixed
A limited number of specificities
constant during response

Adaptive immunity:

Slow response
Variable
Numerous highly selective specificities
Improve during response

39
Q

What is the difference between inflammation and infection?

A

Inflammation is the body’s protective response against infection

40
Q

What receptors do bacteria bind to on macrophages that cause pathogen engulfment and degradation? What do bacteria bind to that causes inflammation?

A
  1. Phagocytic
  2. Signaling receptors

Immuno (1 decks)

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