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Environmental Geochemisty And Health > Jane Entwistle > Flashcards

Jane Entwistle Flashcards

1
Q

How many deaths does air pollution cause in Europe

A

467,000 premature deaths a year in Europe

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2
Q

How many deaths did air pollution create in 2015

A

9 million deaths

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3
Q

How many deaths in uk due to air pollution

A

About 8%
50,000 deaths are linked to air pollution

Uk 55th place out of 188 countries for highest level of pollution deaths

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4
Q

Name the top 3 countries which have highest level of pollution deaths

A

Bangladesh

Somalia

Chad

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5
Q

Define hazard

A

Refers to inherent properties of the soil/dust/ water etc to cause harm

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6
Q

Define risk

A

Possibility of harm arising from a particular exposure to substance(s) under specific conditions

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7
Q

What types of nutrients is there

A

Macronutrients - calcium / potassium

Micronutrients- copper/iron/ selenium

No proven function - arsenic/ lead / cadmium

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8
Q

What happens if we gave too much or too little of these nutrients

A

Too little - deficiency problems

Too much - toxicity and death

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9
Q

What would an essential element look like on a graph

A

Bell shapE

Optimal at top

Deficient on left
Toxic on right

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10
Q

What would a non essential element look like on a graph

A

Side way curve

Optimal at top and toxic at botttom

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11
Q

How can someone be exposed to a product

A 
Inhalation 
in water 
Ingestion 
foodchain
Skin contact
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12
Q

Exposure pathway ?

A

Source > pathway > receptor

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13
Q

Name examples of direct exposure

A

Inhalation of dust/soil/gas

Skin contact and dermal sorption

Ingestion of soil/dust

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14
Q

Why does the size of the product matter

A

The size/ fraction of product depends on how it enters the body

Nose <50um
Bronchioles <10um
Skin <250 microns

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15
Q

Name examples of indirect exposure pathways

A

Food Chain - biosphere

Ground and surface water ingestion - hydrosphere

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16
Q

Name examples of accidental involuntary intake of products

A

Attached to food/ hands/ water - WASH

air we breathe in

Soil getting into our house

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17
Q

Name examples of non accidental and deliberate intake of products

A

Pica - any form of abnormal ingestion which involves substances that aren’t normally regarded as edible - paint chips

Geophagy - deliberate and regular ingestion of soil - world wide

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18
Q

Why is geophagy and pica practiced

A

Medicinal purposes - mornjng sickness

Cultural uses - rituals

Craving generated by nutritional definitely

Detoxifying unplatable compounds

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19
Q

What are the negative implications of soil ingestion

A

Death

Off set nutrient / mineral balance

Toxic elements like lead and organic contaminants like dioxin

Eggs of parasitic worms

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20
Q

Why is lead (pb) dangerous to humans

A

It’s a neurotoxin

Harmful to developing brains and nervous systems of young people

21
Q

What animals practice geophagy

A

Parrots

Elephants

Cattle / goat / donkey
Sheep

22
Q

Give example of the negatives of direct exposure through dermal sorption

A

Cause podoconiosis or non filarial endemic elephantiasis.

Causes asymmetrical swelling of feet / lower limbs

Found im Africa and NW india

Due to blockage of lymph nodes by silica in soil contracted by not wearinf shoes

23
Q

Give examples of direct inhalation

A 
Airbourne dusts 
Quarrying 
Mining 
Volcanos emissions 
Industrial and vehicular emissions

More urbanisation create more pollution

24
Q

Give example of direct inhalation- volcanoes

A

Mount redoubt april 1990

Chaiten volcano, chile- mud/ash into sky during electrical storm

25
Q

Negatives of direct inhalation of dust/soil etc

A

Asphyxiation

Respiratory tract inflammation

Bronchitis
Fibrosis

Biological diseases eg valley fever usa- dust storms carry spore - laden first as far as 70”jn

26
Q

Why is mining bad for the inhalation of products by people

A

Creates smaller particles or silica and coal dust

Rich in pyrite generates reactive oxygen species ROS

27
Q

WhT chemicals are in the WHO top 10 that pose major health concern

A 
Arsenic 
Asbestos 
Mercury 
Lead
Dioxin 
Benezene 
Cadmium 
Air pollution 
Hazardous particles 
Fluoride
28
Q

What is asbestos

A

Trade name for a group of mineral silicates

Chrysotile - white
Amosite - brown
Crocidolite - blue
tremolite

Long/ Durable / thin / pathogenic
Length > 5um diamter <3

29
Q

Where do we find asbestos

A

Floor tiles

Piles

Panelling

Exposed fibres

Textured coating on ceiling

30
Q

An example of where asbestos was found

A

Libby mine montana

Asbestos mineral cause ing asbestosis and cancer - lung

Since 1961 there has been 200 deaths from lung cancer

31
Q

Over a life time how much asbestos will humans inhale ?

A

5 million fibres without any significant exposure to it

32
Q

What time of Element is arsenic

A

Non essential element

33
Q

What are the major uses that has arsenic in

A

Alloys / electrical decisions

Wood preservatives

Pesticides and herbicides

Paint

Naturally enriched in certain mineralised areas

34
Q

Example of where arsenic was found

A

Bangladesh and W Bengal

Consumption of contaminated groundwater led to death from cancers in liver/bladder/ kinds and cardiovascular disease

Arsenic skin lesions

From microbiallt induced reducing conditions facilitate entry of AS underground

35
Q

Where in the uk was arsenic found

A

Cornwall
S wales

In soil and house dusts from mining

36
Q

What type of element is lead

A

Non essential element in

37
Q

What are main sources of lead in environment

A

Lead pipes older homes

Roofing

Foreign old toys

Stained Glass window

38
Q

What harm does lead at low levels create

A

Decreased IQ and academic abilities

Attention related disorders

Anti social behaviour

Delayed puberty and growth

39
Q

What harm does lead create a higher levels

A

Encephalopathy
Nephropathy
Anaemia
Death

40
Q

How is Pb exposure a global problem

A

Found globally

In Nigeria more than 460 children died due to effects of lead posioning in 2009

41
Q

Lead in Newcastle allotments

A

Raised pb concentrations resulting from years of coal fire ash used in soil improver and ash bonfires containing old window frames in old paint

Not much pb in crops
High pb in soil high pb in veg

But overall low pb in people’s blood

42
Q

What is the common sense we should take on board when gardening

A

Keep soil out of home

Wash crops before eating

Peel root crops

Wash hands

Don’t burn paint on allotment

43
Q

What type of element is mercury

A

Non essential

44
Q

Name a disease cadmium causes

A

Itai-itai disease
Japan 1950s from Jinzu river

From rice
Mining related -once it gets in soil it’s readily taken up in foodchain

Victims post menopausal women with low iron

45
Q

Name a disease mercury causes

A

Minamata -neurological
Japan 1950-1969

From shellfish
Release of methyl Mercury in industrial waste water from factory
>2000 deaths

46
Q

Why are indoor dusts a problem

A

Fine Pm - readily absorbed

Young children at risk as higher absorption more hand to mouth contact

47
Q

Home biome - indoor air quality

A

Electrical fire
Home with smokers
Nee kitchen units built

48
Q

Home biome - indoor microbiome - where do get microbes from

A

Most indigenous to specific human body sites

Pathogenic - salmonella

Gender driven - L.SPP in female households

Pets

49
Q

name 4 sustainable development goals

A

clean water and sanitation

good health and wellbeing

reduced inequalities

affordable and clean energy

Environmental Geochemisty And Health (1 decks)

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