Jan 17-27 Flashcards
Describe GROUND tissue and where it is found
FOUND: a space filler between top and bottom epidermis
- most abundant of tissue
- consists of all three cell types, but mostly parenchyma
- site of photosynthesis
- storage of nutrients
- is a space filler
What type of growth increases the root or stem girth?
Secondary growth
What is a stomata?
- opening in a leaf (usually bottom of leaf) that allows for O2 and CO2 gas exhchange
Describe VASCULAR tissue and name the two types and their functions
FOUND: throughout entire plant
- transports water and nutrients
1) Xylem: transports water/nutrients up the plant (from roots)
Conducting cells
2) Phloem: transports sugar from leaves - multi-directionally
Conducting cells
Characteristics and function of collenchyma cells
- primary cell walls that are thickened at the corners
- alive at maturity
- cells found around celery/rhubarb ridges
- NOT found in roots
FUNCTION: they provide support against gravity (esp. for young stems and leaves
Charateristics of sclerenchyma cells
- dead at maturity (lose organelles)
- secondary cell walls made of cellulose and lignin
- found in wood, bark, seed coats, pits of fruit, fibres (i.e. hemp)
- found in stems and roots
FUNCTION: Support and transport
Name four types of phloem cells
1) sieve element
2) companion cells
3) parenchyma
4) sclerenchyma
List the hierarchy
Kingdoms Divisions Classes Orders Families Genus Species
5 features of dicot
dicotyledonae
- two cotyledons
- net pattern leaf veins
- vascular bundles in a ring within stem
- usually has one main taproot from which smaller roots branch off
- flowers in 4 or 5, or multiples of four or five
- more variety of dicots than monocots
- primary and secondary growth occur
Name the 5 kingdoms of all living things
Protista Eubacteria Fungi Animalia Plantae
What is a mitochondria?
The place in a cell where cellular respiration takes place.
Sugar turns to energy.
Describe EPIDERMAL tissue and where it is found.
FOUND: around outside of stem, leaf, roots
- protects from water loss and provides protection
- one layer of tightly packed parenchyma cells
- in woody plants, it becomes the periderm
- may form trichomes (little hairs)
- clear, contains no chlorophyll
- some cells may secrete a waxy cuticle to further protect against water loss (i.e. in evergreens)
Describe mitosis and it’s purpose
- parent cell clones and then split into two daughter cells
- daughter cells are identical to parent and each other
- cells are diploid (2n) - two sets of chromosomes
- most plant cells are diploid
- asexual reproduction
PURPOSE: growth and repair
Describe spongy mesophyll
- loosely arranged parenchyma cells
- allows for space for air flow/gas exchange, water vapour
- catches some light that passes through the palisade mesophyll
- photosynthesis
What is a compound leaf and what are the two types?
- when a blade (leaf) is subdivided into leaflets
1) palmate
2) pinnate
What is the purpose of trichomes? (3)
- reduces water loss by trapping a layer of humid air around the blade
- is a pest deterrent
- reflects sunlight
What is a petiole?
A leaf stalk that attaches a blade to a stem
What is the midrib on a leaf?
A large vein of tightly packed xylem and phloem cells
Name all the parts off a leaf cross section
1) waxy cuticle
2) epidermis
3) palisade mesophyll
4) vascular bundles
5) spongy mesophyll
6) guard cells
7) trichomes
8) stomata
Name three types of plant tissue
1) epidermal
2) ground
3) vascular
What is a compound leaf?
A leaf whose leaflets are attached to the middle vein but have their own petioles
What is the function of a leaf?
Photosynthesis
What is the lateral meristem that runs between a xylem and phloem?
Vascular cambium
What is a rachis?
The part of a stem between two petioles on a compound leaf
What is an intercalary meristem?
A place where grass grows from that is found between the blade and the stem.
- Only found in monocots.
Name two advantages of compound leaves
1) they allow light to pass through to lower leaves
2) they weigh less and require less support from the stalk
Where is cork cambium and what does it form?
- forms from the epidermis
- forms bark and cork
Name 5 divisions of kingdom plantae
Bryophyta (mosses) Pterophyta (ferns) Sphenophyta (horsetail) Coniferophyta (gymnosperm) Anthophyta (angiosperms)
Describe meiosis and it’s purpose
- parent cell replicates and produce 4 daughter cells
- daughter cells are genetically different than parent and each other
- cells are haploid (1n) - one set of chromosomes
- sexual reproduction
PURPOSE: for producing gametes
Name three types of leaf attachment to a stem
1) alternate
2) opposite
3) whorled
What kind of tissue is the palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll made of?
Ground tissue
What is a compound leaf?
A leaf whose leaflets are attached to the middle vein but have their own petioles
What do guard cells do and when?
- surround each stomata and control the opening and closing of it
- open during the day when the sun is out, close at night when there is no photosynthesizing
Name 7 identifying features of a leaf
1) Venation
2) Colour
3) Hairy leaves
4) Leaf shape
5) Leaf margin
6) Tips and bases of leaf
7) Attachments (i.e. opposite, alternating, whorled)
Describe palisade mesophyll
- tightly packed, elongated cells just below the top epidermis
- contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
- catch the light when it first hits the leaf
Name the area where a plant grows vertically either up (stem) or down (root) and what type of cells make up the area?
Apical meristems - clusters of parenchyma cells
Characteristics and function of parenchyma cells
- most abundant in plant
- have thin primary walls (flexibility)
- alive at maturity (contain nucleus, organelles)
- found in all three tissue types
FUNCTION: wound healing, storing nutrients, photosynthesis, space filler
What is a palmate compound leaf?
A leaf whose leaflets are arise from one point at the tip of a petiole
Where is vascular cambium and what does it form?
- found between the phloem and xylem
- forms wood
What is primary growth?
Plant grows lengthwise (vertically) - roots deeper, stems taller
What are chloroplasts and what is their function?
Organelles that contain chlorophyll
FUNCTION: photosynthesis
Describe a simple leaf
One blade attached to a stem by a petiole
5 features of monocot
monocotydonae
one cotyledon
parallel leaf veins
vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
flower petals in threes or multiples of 3
fibrous root system
*most monocots are herbaceous - no woody stem - therefore no secondary growth
Name four types of xylem cells
1) vessels
2) tracheids
3) parenchyma
4) sclerenchyma
What is a pinnately compound leaf?
A leaf whose leaflets are arranged along a single axis
Describe secondary growth
- does NOT occur in monocots
- growth of thickness or diameter (of a stem or root)
- the process how wood and bark are formed
- lateral meristems are in a circular pattern
What is a sheath?
Part of a grass leaf that encircles the stem
How does a needle or scale (modified leaf) help reduce water loss?
- smaller surface area
- has waxy cuticle
What is a sessile leaf?
A blade that is directly attached to the stem
Name three benefits that a petiole offers to a plant?
1) contributes to spacing of leaves for sun exposure
2) turns the leaves to follow the sun
2) provides greater flexibility during heavy wind/rain storms
What is venation?
Name three types of venation on a simple leaf.
The pattern of veins on a blade (leaf)
1) pinnate venation
2) palmate venation
3) parallel venation
What is a scale and a needle?
Small modified leaves, often on conifers
What is a leaf lobe?
Projections of a blade with gaps between them
