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MCB2050 > j. Lecture 9 Slide Deck (February 3rd) > Flashcards

j. Lecture 9 Slide Deck (February 3rd) Flashcards

1
Q

a) What does GPCR stand for?
b) what is it?

A

a) G Protien-coupled receptors
b) receptors that activate G proteins when a ligand binds to it

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2
Q

ANS the following wrt hydrophobic hormones
a) where are the receptors found
b) does this involve signal transduction pathways? Why?
c) does this lead to long-term or short-term effects? How do you know?

A

a) in the cytoplasm or nucleus
b) no, bc it can influence what happens in the cell directly
c) long-term b/c it acts a transcription factor that can directly influence the transcription of a certain gene

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3
Q

ANS the following wrt hydrophilic hormones
a) where are the receptors found
b) does this involve signal transduction pathways? Why?
c) does this lead to long-term or short-term effects? How do you know?

A

a) on the membrane
b) yes, b/c it is unable to directly influence what is happening in the cell thus it needs to use other intracellular proteins
c) short-term, b/c its signal is cascaded and amplified but very short

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4
Q

T or F - both effector enzymes and kinases can be plasma membrane receptors

A

T

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5
Q

What are the two kinds of changes that occur after;
a) a hydrophobic hormone binds to its receptor?
b) a hydrophilic hormone binds to its receptor?

A

a) changes in gene expression
b) changes in cellular metabolism

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6
Q

Describe signal transduction

A

a process of sensing external stimuli and conveying the info to intracellular targets (extracellular signal -> intracellular response)

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7
Q

Dexamethasone is an example of a
a) glucocorticoid receptor
b) hydrophobic hormone
c) hydrophilic hormone
e) chaperone protein

A

b

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8
Q

Describe the steps involved in hydrophilic signaling including the terms; ligand, plasma membrane receptor, conformational change, signal transduction proteins, second messengers, effector proteins, negative feedback

A
  1. the ligand binds to its plasma membrane receptor
  2. the receptors change conformation activating it
  3. the receptor activates a cascade of signal transduction proteins and second messengers
  4. the effector proteins get activated leading to a response
  5. A negative feedback occurs causing the removal of the ligand
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9
Q

T or F - 1 membrane receptors can bind to many different types of ligands depending on which one is available

A

F - 1 type of receptor for 1 type of ligand

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10
Q

What are the three types of hydrophilic signaling molecules (ligands). Match them to the following
a) Glucagon
b) insulin
c) adrenaline

A

a) short peptides
b) long proteins
c) small organic molecules

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11
Q

Describe the 4 types of extracellular signaling.

A
  1. endocrine = secreting cell (SC) sends signaling hormones to the target cell (TC) via BV
  2. paracrine = SC sends signaling hormones to adjacent TC
  3. autocrine = SC sends signaling hormones to self externally (SC=TC)
  4. Signaling by plasma membrane-attached proteins = SC directly attaches its mem to the TCs mem via proteins and sends a signal that way
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12
Q

This image is demonstrating which of the following
a) endocrine signaling
b) paracrine signaling
c) autocrine signaling
d) signaling by plasma membrane-attached proteins

A

a

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13
Q

This image is demonstrating which of the following
a) endocrine signaling
b) paracrine signaling
c) autocrine signaling
d) signaling by plasma membrane-attached proteins

A

b

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14
Q

This image is demonstrating which of the following
a) endocrine signaling
b) paracrine signaling
c) autocrine signaling
d) signaling by plasma membrane-attached proteins

A

c

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15
Q

This image is demonstrating which of the following
a) endocrine signaling
b) paracrine signaling
c) autocrine signaling
d) signaling by plasma membrane-attached proteins

A

d

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16
Q

Describe the following enzymes
a) kinases
b) phosphatases

A

a) an enzyme that phosphorylates target molecules by adding a phosphate gr
b) an enzyme that dephosphorylates a target molecule by removing a phosphate gr

17
Q

What does phosphorylation do?

A

it causes a conformational change due to adding a phosphate gr

18
Q

T or F - phosphorylating a target protein will always result in its activation

A

F - it can sometimes result in its inhibition

19
Q

______ activates _______
a) G-proteins, GPCR
b) GPCR, G-proteins
c) GPCR, hydrophilic homornes
d) hydrophobic hormones, GPCR

A

b

20
Q

a) what is the fxn of GTPase
b) what is the fxn of GAPs
c) does this result in activation or inactivation
d) where are these located wrt the G-protein

A

a) it hydrolyses GTP to GDP
b) GTPase-accelerating protein = proteins that speed up the GTPase process
c) inactivation
d) w/in the G-proteins themselves

21
Q

a) What does GEF stand for?
b) What is the fxn of GEF?
c) does this result in activation or inactivation?
d) where are these located wrt the G-protein

A

a) guanine nucleotide exchange factor
b) to swap the GDP w/in a G-protein w/ a GTP
c) activation
d) done by the a protein that binds to the G-protein

22
Q

Match the following
a) GEF
b) GAP
1. activation
2. inactivation

A

a) 1
b) 2

23
Q

Inactive G-proteins are capable of interacting w/ ______. While active G-proteins are capable of interacting w/ __________.
a) upstream effector proteins, downstream activators
b) downstream effector proteins, upstream activators
c) downstream activators, upstream effector proteins
d) upstream activators, downstream effector proteins

A

d

24
Q

What are the types of kinases?

A
  1. tyrosine
  2. serine
25
Q

What are the 4 types of second messengers

A
  1. cAMP
  2. cGMP
  3. DAG
  4. inesitol (IP3)
26
Q

What do the following secondary messengers activate
a) cAMP
b) cGMP
c) DAG
d) IP3

A

a) PKA = protein kinase A
b) PKG = protein kinase G
c) PKC = protein kinase C
d) opens Ca channels

27
Q

Which of the following are water-soluble vs lipid-soluble
a) Ca ions
b) No
c) cAMP
d) DAG
e) cGMP
f) IP3

A
  1. water = a, c, e, f
  2. lipid = d, b
28
Q

All secondary messengers are what? (3)

A
  1. small short-lived molecules
  2. diffuse rapidly
  3. allow for enzymatic amplification
29
Q

We all know how the AC is activated but what process inactivates it? (3 steps)

A
  1. inhibitory hormones bind to its receptor
  2. an inhibitory G-protein complex gets activated
  3. the alpha subunit disassociates and interacts w/ AC inactivating it
30
Q

a) how is cAMP synthesized?
b) how is cAMP hydrolysed?

A

a) an adenylyl cyclase removes 2 phosphates from ATP while the remaining phosphate forms a bond w/ itself
b) phosphodiesterase uses water to break the bond resulting in an AMP

MCB2050 (18 decks)

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