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Compound My Ass ( P2 Fall) > IV things (exam 2) > Flashcards

IV things (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of parenteral?

A

adj: administered by any way other than through the mouth: applied, for ex, to the introduction of drugs or other agents into the body by injection
para enteron: beside from the intestine

parenteral products must be sterile!!

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2
Q

Definition of aseptic technique

A

-the ability of personnel to manipulate sterile preparations, sterile packaging components, & sterile administration devices in a way that excludes the introduction of viable microorganisms

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3
Q

Intravenous injections

A
  • peripheral: injection to the arm or leg

* central: use of a central venous catheter)

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4
Q

Intra-arterial (IA)

A
  • uncommon for the administration of medication –> to the high pressure side of the circulatory system
  • testing (1st pass kinetics, arterial pressure)
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5
Q

Intramuscular (IM)

A

-injection to within muscle tissues

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6
Q

Intrathecal (IT)

A

-injection to the meninges of the spinal cord

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7
Q

Epidural

A

-injection to the tissues surrounding the spinal cord, not the spinal cord itself

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8
Q

intradermal (ID)

A

injection within the skin

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9
Q

Subcutaneous (Sc, SQ)

A

injection beneath the skin

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10
Q

Definition of Sterility

A
  • freedom from all living organisms, an absolute term & no such thing as almost sterile*
  • all parenteral & ophthalmic dosage forms must be sterile!
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11
Q

Health status in terms of sterility

A
  • sterile prep personnel should be free from infectious diseases
  • -> if you have a “cold” and are coughing and/or sneezing stay out of the sterile prep room!

(chills, fever)

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12
Q

Personal Prep for sterile room

A
  • cover both head and facial hair
  • remove cosmetics likely to flake

-remove finger and wrist jewelry

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13
Q

Hand-washing rules

A
  • scrub hands & arms to elbows
  • plain soap and water not enough for high risk situations (alcohol, chlorhexidine gluconate, iodophors, hexachliphene, parachlorometaxylenol & triclosan)
  • use 3-5ml for 30 secs
  • wash hands even if gloves are to be worn (leakage rate can be more than 50%) also wash hands after gloves removed
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14
Q

Gloves

A
  • selection based on type of compounding, material durability, reliability, comfort & protection from bacteria or hazardous drug penetration
  • for IV room- use SURGICAL gloves

-change ~1 hour

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15
Q

Glove composition**

A
  • latex
  • vinyl

-synthetic

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16
Q

Gowns

A
  • should be made of a low-particulate material that protects against bacterial passage and drug permeability
  • Tyvek: standard for non-permeable garments
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17
Q

other coverings (shoes & masks)

A
  • shoe covers & sticky mats (change frequently)
  • masks: don just prior to working in hood, change each time leaving compounding area, surgical masks offer no protection against inhaling of powdered or aerosolized hazardous drugs
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18
Q

LAFS horizontal flow hood

A
  • filtered air is directed toward the pharmacist/tech from a plenum (and HEPA filter) located at the back of the hood
  • most common for general purpose parenteral
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19
Q

BSC Vertical flow hood

A
  • filtered air is directed downward from a plenum (and HEPA filter) located at the top of the hood
  • used for chemo therapy

-provides more protection for the pharmacist/tech than does the horizontal hood

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20
Q

Laminar Air Flow

A
  • HEPA Filter removes 99.97% of all particles 0.3 microns or larger
  • operate for at least 15 min prior to use –> most institutions require 30 mins
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21
Q

What is the greatest disadvantage of a laminar air flow vibe?

A

a false sense of security

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22
Q

ISO classifications of particulate matter in room air

A

(0.5 um and >) theres a whole chart but basically the smaller the number- the higher the air quality

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23
Q

What are pyrogens?

A
  • metabolic products of living organisms, or the dead microorganisms themselves
  • chemically: lipopolysassharides, soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents

-aseptic technique (ideally) prevents the introduction of pyrogens to parenteral products

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24
Q

pharmacologic effects of pyrogens

A
  • vary with the microbial source of the pyrogen & pt receiving the injection
  • in man, pyrogenic reaction is fever & chills
  • following injection, latent period 45-90 mins, then rapid rise in body temp, chills, headache & malaise
  • anaphylaxis
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25
Q

Sources of pyrogens

A
  • water used as the solvent
  • containers used in preparation, packaging, storage or administration

-chemicals used in the preparation of the solution

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26
Q

Elimination of pyrogens

A
  • dry heat: for metal and glass containers
  • chemically: for solutions (disadvantage: can destroy drugs)

-synthetic filter media: 0.22 micron filter
Best approach: prevent them from occurring

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27
Q

unnecessary factors for when preparing sterile products

A

talking, laughing, chewing gum, eat/drink

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28
Q

CSP risk levels

A

-assigned according to relative possibility that a compounded sterile product might become contaminated

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29
Q

*LAFS

A

laminar airflow system

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30
Q

*BSC

A

biologic safety cabinet

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31
Q

RABS (CAI & CACI)

A

-restricted access barrier system
CAI: compounding aseptic isolator

CACI: compounding aseptic containment isolator

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32
Q

Clean rooms: an environment where contamination is limited/controlled to prevent:

A

particles, organisms & pyrogens

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33
Q

Clean rooms: environmental control:

A

temperature, humidity & relative barometric pressure

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34
Q

Clean room design (list all the things in there and they supplies they are made from)

A
  • layout: equipment & traffic flow
  • walls: epoxy coated
  • flooring: seamless, vinyl
  • ceiling system: gasketed, t-grid
  • filtreation/Air flow: HEPA, positive pressure
  • lighting: sealed, gasketed
  • easy clean surfaces
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35
Q

Clean room classifications: class 100,000

A
  • particle count not to exceed a total of 100,000 particles per cubic foot of a size 0.5 micron and larger
  • and/or 700 particles per cubic foot of a size 5 microns and larger
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36
Q

Clean room classifications: class 100

A
  • particle count not to exceed a total of 100 particles per cubic foot of a size 0.5 micron and larger
  • and/or 0.7 particles per cubic foot of a size 5 micron and larger
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37
Q

end product testing: product observation

A
  • container leaks & integrity
  • particulates in solution

-solution color, volume and odor

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38
Q

end product testing: retrospective check:

A
  • calculations
  • ingredients
  • quantities
  • containers
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39
Q

end product testing: analytical testing

A
  • evaluates the contents of prepared sterile products

- weight verification (specific gravity), refractometry verification, spectrometry, pH testing, microbial testing

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40
Q

Process Validation

A
  • systematically demonstrates that a process will reproducibly meet its claim
  • involves manipulation of microbial growth media according to the aseptic process being validated

-should schedule process under worst conditions

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41
Q

How to validate aseptic processes

A
  • a growth medium: is introduced with a sample of the process being evaluated (product/process sample)
  • the medium will support organisms introduced to the process by the operator
  • the sample must be a product of the same aseptic process being validated
  • should be conducted: at random intervals & without the operator’s knowledge*
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42
Q

more stability: 3 things in green

A
  • the extent to which a Rx preparation remains within specified limits in terms of: chemical composition, physical composition & microbiologic activity/contamination
  • at the time of use a medication must be: at the stated potency & safe for administration to the pt
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43
Q

Product stability:

A

is subject to specific storage conditions & is the primary basis for an expiration date/time

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44
Q

Lyophilization

A
  • drugs in solution tend to be less stable than those in dry or suspended form
  • a process of rapid freezing & drying under high vacuum (sublimation), the product is a dry powder
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45
Q

Sterilization

A
  • 0.22 micron filter

- autoclave

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46
Q

antioxidants

A
  • metasulfite & sulfite ions

- sodium salts, potassium salts (metabisulfite, bisulfite & sulfite)

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47
Q

Inert and semi-inert gasses

A

nitrogen, carbon dioxide & helium

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48
Q

Particulate matter

A

-may be present in parenteral products: undesirable, unintentional, potentially harmful to the pt, mobile, undissolved substances

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49
Q

Sources of particulate matter

A
  • IV solution and/or additives: manufacturing process
  • packaging components: paper, cardboard
  • IV tubing/sets and administration devices
  • preparation processes: laminar flow hood, patient bedside
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50
Q

IV fluid incompatibility*

A
  • occurs when a drug is combined with an IV fluid or another drug, to produce by physiochemical means, a product unsuitable for administration to the patient *
    ex: phenytoin in D5W (a physical & chemical incompatibility)
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51
Q

Therapeutic classification of incompatibilities

A

-2 or more drugs administered concurrently, result in undesirable antagonistic or synergistic pharmacologic action - drug/drug interaction

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52
Q

Physical classification of incompatibilities

A

the combination of ONE or more drugs in solution resulting in compositional change & appearance (change in color, formation of turbidity, precipitation & evolution of a gas)

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53
Q

Chemical classification of incompatibilites

A

-degradation of drug substances as a result of being in solution & as a result of being in contact with other drugs

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54
Q

The greatest single factors (3) causing incompatibility between IV fluids and their contents:

A

variations in pH, solubility & stability

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55
Q

minimizing incompatibilities

A
  • use freshly prepared solutions whenever possible
  • encourage use of as few additions as possible
  • study to demonstrate proficiency in IV therapy
  • educate MDs/Rns
  • be skillfull with reference materials (Trissel’s, Clinical Pharmacology)
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56
Q

Parenteral administration advantages

A
  • fast
  • some drugs not effective orally
  • uncomplicated admin. where the pt is: uncooperative, nauseous, unconscious NPO
  • patient compliance: gives MD control of drug, pt must return for therapy, cant trust some pts to take medications
  • correction of fluid/electrolyte imbalance
  • TPN administration: when pt is NPO
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57
Q

Parenteral administration disadvantages

A
  • special training required (special procedure, aseptic)
  • invasive
  • pain
  • difficult to reverse
  • more expensive
  • incompatibilities
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58
Q

IV compatibility idk other green things to know

A
  • -in general, use smallest possible bag
  • refrigerate vs room temp
  • light sensitivity
  • pay attention to manufacture’s codes when provided*
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59
Q

sterility & integrity requirements for sterile IV admixtures

A

freedom from living organisms, freedom from dead organisms & pyrogens

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60
Q

H2O insoluble

A

dead organisms, parts of dead organisms & metabolic products of organisms

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61
Q

H2O soluble

A

lipopolysaccharides, metabolic products of organisms

62
Q

hypotonic

A

< 277 mM

63
Q

isotonic

A

~277 mM

64
Q

hypertonic

A

> 277 mM

65
Q

where does the central route access?

A
  • major veins
  • access to the venous system close to the heart

-superior vena cava, inferior vena cava & subclavian vein (PICC line)

66
Q

indications for peripheral admin.

A
  • administration of drugs
  • administration of fluids (maintain hydration & volume)
  • surgery (anesthesia, drugs)
  • transfusion
  • to maintain or correct electrolyte imbalance
  • administration of nutritional solutions
67
Q

advantages of peripheral admin (with respect to central**

A
  • veins are relatively easy to access
  • drugs, solutions and blood can be administered quickly

-administration is easy to see and monitor

68
Q

Disadvantages of peripheral admin (with respect to central) **

A
  • short term access
  • immobilization of the limb

-less forgiving of tonicity extremes

69
Q

indications for central admin

A
  • large volume fluids
  • hypo/hypertonic fluids

-pH imbalanced fluids

70
Q

**advantages of central admin (compared to peripheral)

A

1-rapid infusion of large volumes
2-a means of measuring CVP (*central venous pressure)

3-eliminates repeat peripheral venipuncture (decreased vein irritation & vein damage)
4-decrease patient discomfort

71
Q

**disadvantages of central admin. (with respect to peripheral)

A

risk of complications: pneumothorax, sepsis, thrombosis/embolism, organ perforation
-decreased in patient mobility

-surgical implant

72
Q

intra-aeticular

A

*injection to the joints

73
Q

intra-synovial

A

*injection to the joint fluid areas

74
Q

intraventicular

A

*injection to the ventricles of the brain

75
Q

intra-cardiac

A

*injection to the heart (epi)

76
Q

Potential complications of IV therapy

A
  • bad news: most medical & pharmacologic interventions present some risk to patient
  • parenteral therapies are more likely to have serious complications
  • good news: most complications can be prevented or minimized
  • precautions
77
Q

phlebitis

A
  • inflammation of the veins
  • can be induced by insertion of VADs vascular access device
  • characterized by tenderness, redness, puffiness, hardness & increased temp
  • at tip of VAD & in the direction of blood flow
78
Q

extravasation

A
  • undesirable
  • liquids are infused into peripheral space surrounding vein

-misplaced VAD

79
Q

infiltration

A
  • undesirable

- extravasation fluids are absorbed by surrounding tissues

80
Q

Extravasation/Infiltration (general signs and symptoms)

A

-at the IV site: pain, discomfort, burning, feeling of tightness, decreased temp, cant back flow blood, decreased flow rate

81
Q

Extravasation/Infiltration (drug specific signs & symptoms)

A
  • tonicity & pH extremes (hypo/hypertonic solutions)–> v irritating
  • tissue necrosis: chemo, dopamine, epinephrine
82
Q

infection

A

local: contaminated IV site and/or tissues near VAD, sterile and non-sterile necrosis & sepsis (tissue destruction)
Systemic: fever, chills, malaise & septicemia

83
Q

Air Embolism

A
  • an object blocking a blood vessel- blood clot, fat, amniotic fluid, air, other objects –> MI
  • > 5ml of air- right ventricle of the heart, cavitation & fatal
84
Q

Air embolism (signs and symptoms)

A

-respiratory distress, weak pulse, increased CVP, decreased BP & unconsciousness

85
Q

Allergic reactions

A

-histamine release: itching, tearing, runny nose, coughing, wheezing, anaphylaxis

86
Q

Injection def:

A

-a drug in solution or lyophilized powder in a suitable vehicle intended for parenteral administration

87
Q

Infusion fluid

A
  • IVF, intermittent, single, small volume dose (50 ml, 100 ml) *
  • continuous infusion, single large volume dose (ex: D5W- 1000 mL)
88
Q

Sterile solids labeled: sterile drug

A

-no buffers, no diluents, no added substances

89
Q

Sterile solids labeled: drug for injection

A

-buffers, diluents, added substances

90
Q

Sterile suspension

A
  • drug is initially in dry (lyophilized) form
  • will yield a suspension after reconstitution with a suitable vehicle
    ex: Unasyn (amp/sulb)
91
Q

solutions of irrigation:

A
  • used to bathe or flush open wounds and body cavities (dressings, surgical procedures)
  • never use parenterally
92
Q

what are vehicles (when used for injections):

A
  • water
  • sterile water
  • bacteriostatic water
  • oils (sesame oil)
93
Q

what are some solubilizing agents? (4)

A

polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin & ethyl alcohol

94
Q

what is an admixture?

A

-the combination of 2 or more parenteral dosage forms for administration as a single entity
Additives: when a small volume drug is added to a larger volume vehicle, the drug may be referred to as an additive
-large volume solutions: often used to administer electrolytes, often administered alone

95
Q

what is an advantage of an ampule?

A

do not require preservatives

96
Q

what is a disadvantage of ampules?

A

contamination by glass shards upon opening, filtration required

97
Q

what are some advantages of vials?

A

dosing flexibility, decreased waste-multi-dose vial

98
Q

what are some disadvantages of vials?

A
  • coring (going thru that latex rubber stopper)
  • drug interaction with latex
  • latex allergy
  • increased waste- single dose vial*
99
Q

what is dead space?

A

-space collectively occupied by: needle bore, needle hub, luer couplings and all fluid occupying space in a syringe when the plunger is set to zero ml

100
Q

what is vascular pressure?

A
  • pressure within a blood vessel
  • a function of: myocardial contraction, smooth muscle activity in vasculature, hydrostatic force (due to gravity)*
  • applies to venous and arterial vessels
101
Q

infusion pressure

A
  • gravity: drip chamber must be at sufficient height above the infusion site
  • hydrostatic pressure: ex* IA infusion: 140 mm x 13.534 = 1894.76 mm ~ 75”
102
Q

what is resistance?

A

a function of:

  • diameter and length of IV tubing
  • -> resistance to flow increases as tubing diameter decreases, as tubing length increases
  • -> resistance to flow decreases as tubing diameter increases and as tubing length decreases
103
Q

when are infusion pumps indicated?

A
  • a greater degree of infusion accuracy is required (PCA, complicated regimens)
  • higher pressures are required (intra arterial infusion, when multiple resistance factors are present)
  • risk of fluid over load or drug overdose
104
Q

small volume parenteral (SVP)

A

< 150ml*

-piggy back bags, prefilled syringes

105
Q

large volume parenteral (LVP)

A

> 150ml*

-hydration fluids (electrolytes) & TPN

106
Q

glass IV container types

A
  • based upon resistance to water attack, release of alkali

- availability: 1 ml to 3,000 ml

107
Q

advantages of glass containers

A
  • -protection against gas and vapor permeation
  • protection against punctures
  • easy to inspect contents
108
Q

disadvantages of glass containers

A
  • -pH changes due to ion leaching
  • flaking due to: phosphates, citrates, tartrates
  • breakable
  • storage and disposal complications
  • difficult to detect hairline fractures
109
Q

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

A
  • contains plasticizers (softens container, pliability & may leach into preparation)
  • drug sorption (surface adherence & integration with plastic)
  • incineration
110
Q

Polyolefin

A
  • contains no plasticizers (rigidity or semi-rigidity)
  • no drug soption problems
  • incineration
  • impermeability to air
  • a mixture of polyethylene and polypropylene
111
Q

advantages of plastic containers

A

*disposable, lightweight, inexpensive, unbreakable, minimal storage space, can be frozen & no venting is required (airborne contamination less likely)

112
Q

disadvantages of plastic containers

A

*ports awkward to manipulate (increases touch contamination), absorption/adsoprtion/leaching concerns (PVC), permeability (PVC), difficult to determine fluid levels, difficult to detect particulates, puncture easily (PVC)

113
Q

primary IV set

A
  • usually for a single (primary) fluid
  • for continuous infusion (can be used for intermittent infusions too)
  • exceptions: TPN
114
Q

secondary IV set

A

(never used alone, always with primary)

  • attaches to a primary set at a Y site
  • for continuous or intermittent infusion
115
Q

4 filters and their green def

A

5 micorn: filters most non-living particles

  1. 2 micron: filters most non-living particles, candida
  2. 45 micron: filters gross particulates, filters most fungi and bacteria
  3. 22 micron: filters all bacteria except rickettsia, does not filter pyrogens or viruses
116
Q

Parenteral Nutrition

A
  • the provision of all basic metabolic and nutritional requirements via the IV route
  • central administration (most common & preferred over peripheral)
117
Q

Benefits of parenteral nurition

A
  • all nutrients mixed in single daily container: dextrose, amino acids, fat, electrolytes, trace elements, insulin, drugs
  • one IV pump
  • one administration set
  • touch/manipulation contamination is minimized due to single bag
118
Q

disadvantages of parenteral nutrition

A
  • not all nutrient admixtures are physically and chemically stable
  • some potential combinations *will precipitate and or will crack (fat emulsion)
119
Q

Peripheral parenteral nutrition

A
  • less preferred than central TPN
  • relatively uncommon
  • peripheral route provides low-risk nutritional support for supplement until enteral nutrition established
  • gut may work, but not sufficiently to meet all the patients nutritional needs
120
Q

Harris-Benedict equations

A

Men: BEE = 66.67 + (13.75 * kg) + (5 * ht) - (6.76 * age)
Women: 655.1 + (9.56 * kg) + (1.85 *ht) - (4.68 * age)

121
Q

Caloric TPN Sources

A
  • amino acids (protein): 4 kcal/gram
  • dextrose (glucose): 3.4 kcal/gram
  • fat (lipids): 9 kcal/gram
122
Q

Quick estimate/ short cuts for BEE, maintenance & anabolism

A

BEE = 25 * wt in kg
Maintenance: 30 * wt in kg
anabolism: 35 * wt in kg

123
Q

what to use when administering drugs/fluids to the venous system use:

A
  • needles/syringes, catheters, implanted ports

- establish a connection

124
Q

General considerations for vascular access devices:

A

*vein location, condition and availability, specific indication, infusion rate, tonicity, pH and vesicant potential, duration of therapy, patient compliance/cooperation

125
Q

Venipuncture

A
  • access to arm or hand (leg or foot)
  • metacarpal, cephalic, basilic*
  • safest form of vascular access
  • lowest risk of life threatening complications
  • for short term therapy
126
Q

venipuncture device selection criteria:

A

-catheter length, lumen diameter, infusion rate, osmolarity/ pH of infusion fluids, length of therapy, pt activity level, pts age & body image/scarring

127
Q

Central Venous access

A
  • an indirect connection to: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
  • most commonly through the subclavian vein: *over the needle, through the needle & over a guidewire (most common)
128
Q

what are used for short term catheres?

A
  • polyurethane, PVC (can pushed into the lumen of the vein into which it is being placed)
129
Q

what is used for long terms catheres?

A

silicone rubber - more flexible so it cannot bt manipulated into some way

130
Q

disadvantages of short-term catheters

A

*tissue irritation, local infection, systemic infection, thrombus formation (PVC), vessel rupture

131
Q

long term catheters (advantage & disadvantage)

A
  • made of silicone rubber: much less thrombogenic than polyurethane or PVC
  • more flexible than short term
  • advantage: physiologically more compatible
  • disadvantage: insertion more difficult than short term catheters
132
Q

Hickman catheter

A
  • silicone rubber
  • single or multiple lumen
  • open ended, tears/kinks easily (disadvantage)
  • requires routine Heparin flush (disadvantage)
  • indicated for ling-term CV access & home therapy
133
Q

Broviac catheter

A
  • single lumen

- small inner lumen: pediatric, elderly, slower infusion rates

134
Q

Groshong catheter

A
  • silicone rubber
  • closed end –> pressure sensitive 2 way valve
  • tears or kinks easily
  • indications: long-term CV access, use for heparin allergy*
135
Q

PICC

A
  • peripherally inserted central venous catheter*
  • silicone rubber
  • beside insertion (advantage)
  • may occlude peripheral vessels, long path to CV circulation (disadvantage)
  • indications: long-terms CV access, head and/or neck injury
136
Q

Cytotoxic drugs

A

-a drug that damage or destroys cells and is used to treat various types of cancer
AKA: chemotherapeutic drugs, antineoplastic drugs, antimetabolic drugs,

137
Q

MOA of cytotoxic drugs

A

-inhibition of cell growth and/or division of cancer cells

Selective towards: * cancers, tumors, bone marrow, skin, epithelial tissues, fetal tissue, hair follicles & fingernails

138
Q

therapeutic index of cytotoxic drugs

A
  • the dosage range of a particular drug in which a desired pharmacologic effect is realized without introducing toxicity to the pt
  • VERY narrow!, rescue therapy must be initiated following chemotherapy in order to restart DNA, RNA and protein synthesis*
139
Q

certain chemo drugs are known to:

A
  • be teratogenic (particularly in the 1st trimester)
  • *known to suppress testicular function, spermatogenesis
  • pregnant or breast-feeding women should be excused from preparing hazardous drugs & consider excusing men actively trying to father a child for a specified time period
140
Q

what 2 precautions must be taken:

A
  • 1) use of a vertical flow hood

2) proper handling technique

141
Q

Vertical flow hood

A
  • HEPA filter and fan plenum
  • moves air: *downward direction, away from the operator
  • purpose: protection of personnel/pharmacist, prevent release of aerosolized drug*
142
Q

Type A cabinet

A
  • 70% back into the cabinet through HEPA filter, remainder returns to room through HEPA filter
  • under positive pressure: disadvantage! (if there is a breach- there is a tendency for the contamination to come out and go into the room)
143
Q

Type B1 cabinet

A
  • 30% back into the cabinet through HEPA filter, remainder vented to the outside through HEPA filter
  • under negative pressure
144
Q

Type B2 cabinet

A
  • 100% vented to the outside

* under negative pressure

145
Q

Type B3 cabinet

A
  • 70% through HEPA filters back into the cabinet, remainder vented to the outside
  • under negative pressure
146
Q

Biological safety cabinet leave on & operating:

A

*24 hours per day & 7 days per week
Turning off blower will cause recirculation of contaminants into clean room
if really need to turn off: throughly clean before shutdown, cover operator opening with plastic and tape before shutdown

147
Q

Chemo glove rules

A
  • 2 fresh pairs at beginning of task: 1 pair under gown & 1 pair over cuffs
    change: **
    1) outer pair immediately if mildly contaminated
    2) both pairs if outer pair is torn or punctured
    3) both pairs in the event of a spill
    4) both pairs after each hour of use
148
Q

Ampules (steps)

A

-ensure tip contents transferred to main body: gentle tapping against work surface, swirling, gentle finger snap

149
Q

Type 1 glass container

A
  • borosilicate glass
  • highly resistant to H2O attack
  • high chemical stability
  • low thermal expansion coefficient –> high resistance to thermal shock
  • may be sterilized before or after filling
150
Q

Type 2 glass container

A
  • glass is treated with soda lime
  • sterilization with dry heat prior to filing is preferred
  • pH of contents must be <7 –> for entire time prior to expiration date
  • suitable for: solutions, powders and oils
151
Q

Type 3 glass container

A
  • soda lime glass
  • sterilization with dry heat prior to filing is REQUIRED
  • pH of contents must be <7 –> for entire time prior to expiration date
  • suitable for: solutions, powders, oils

Compound My Ass ( P2 Fall) (4 decks)

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