IV Fluid/ Drug Administration Flashcards
What is the normal range of sodium ions?
135-145mmol/L
What are some common causes of hyponatraemia?
Hypovolaemic causes (loss of fluid and sodium together): - Extra-renal loss= diarrhoea, vomiting, burns. - Renal loss = thiazide diuretics Euvolaemic causes: - SIADH - Severe polydipsia Hypervolaemic causes: - Heart failure - Renal failure - Liver failure
What are some common causes of hypernatraemia?
- Poor fluid intake
- Excessive fluid output – dehydration, diarrhoea, vomiting, DI
- Excessive salt administration
What is the normal range for potassium ions?
3.5-5.3 mmol/L
What are some common causes of hypokalaemia?
- Diuretics – non potassium-sparing
- Poor dietary intake
- Diarrhoea and vomiting
What are some common causes of hyperkalaemia?
- Potassium-sparing diuretics
- CKD
- Trauma and burns
What is the normal range for calcium ions?
2.2-2.6 mmol/L
What are some common causes of hypocalcaemia?
- Vit D deficiency
- PTH deficiency
What are some common causes of hypercalcaemia?
- Hyperparathyroidism
What is the normal range for phosphate ions?
0.8-1.5 mmol/L
What are some common causes of hypophospataemia?
- DKA
- CKD
- Malnutrition
What are some common causes of hyperphospataemia?
- Burns
- Trauma
What is the normal range for magnesium ions?
0.7-1.0 mmol/L
What are some common causes of hypomagnesaemia?
- Malnutrition
- Alcoholism
What are some common causes of hypermagnesaemia?
- Renal failure
- Hypothyroidism
What is the normal range for chloride ions?
95-108 mmol/L
What are some common causes of hypochloraemia?
- Sweating
- Renal disease
What are some common causes of hyperchloraemia?
- Diarrhoea
- Hypernatraemia
What is the difference between sensible and insensible fluid losses?
Sensible fluid losses can be measured e.g. urine output, diarrhoea
Insensible fluid losses cannot be measured - estimated between 5-800ml/day depending on resp rate and temp.
What are the different compartments of water in the body?
Intracellular fluid = 2/3 (28L) Extracellular fluid =1/3 (14L): - Interstitial fluid = ¾ (10.5L) - Intravascular fluid = ¼ (3L) - Transcellular fluid (CSF, lymph, synovial fluid) = 0.5L
How does fluid move with regards to hypotonic solutions?
Fluid will move out of the hypotonic solution, across the semi-permeable membrane to the other solution to maintain equilibrium.
How does fluid move with regards to hypertonic solutions?
Fluid will move into the hypertonic solution across the semi-permeable membrane from the other solution to maintain equilibrium.
Name some different types of crystalloid?
- Isotonic (same tonicity as ICF) = 0.9% Saline, Harttmans, 5% dextrose – no movement of water across compartments
- Hypotonic (less tonicity than ICF) = NaCL 0.45%, Dextrose 2.5% - draws water into the cells
- Hypertonic (more tonicity than ICF) = 10% Dextrose, 4.5% NaCl – draws water out of the cells
How do colloids work?
Colloids contain large molecules that do not cross the semi-permeable membrane and so remain in the intravascular space, allowing them to draw water into the bloodstream– plasma expanders.
