ITP P2 Flashcards
1
Q
describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli.
A
Consciousness
2
Q
feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions.
A
Awareness of internal stimuli
3
Q
seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend.
A
Awareness of external stimuli
4
Q
is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness.
A
Sleep
5
Q
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.
A
Wakefulness
6
Q
o internal rhythms of biological activity.
A
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS
7
Q
biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours.
A
circadian rhythm
8
Q
the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
A
Homeostasis
9
Q
serves as the brain’s clock mechanism
A
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)-
10
Q
important regulator of sleep-wake cycles,Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light.
A
hormone melatonin
11
Q
how does melatonin release is stimulated
A
stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light
12
Q
refers to the brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.
A
Sleep regulation-
12
Q
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep
A
Pineal gland
13
Q
a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
A
Jet lag
14
Q
These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity
A
Person’s chronotype
15
Q
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time)
A
Insomnia
16
Q
symptoms of jetlag
A
fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia irritability, and insomnia
17
Q
refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.
A
Rotating shift work
18
Q
does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis
A
sleep debt-
18
Q
results of rotating shift work
A
depression and anxiety
19
Q
consequences of sleep
A
decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency.
20
Q
not getting enough sleep.
A
sleep deprivation
21
Q
a study that combines the results of many related studies,
A
meta-analysis
21
Q
evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation.
A
Homeostatic regulation of sleep
21
consequences of sleep deprived individual,
give 3
risk of type 2 diabetes
risk of heart disease
irritabiility
cognitive impairment
halluscinations
severe yawning
memory loss
22
state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness
Sleep-
23
refers to the fact that a sleep deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep
Sleep rebound
24
it secrete a number of hormones while sleeping
o The pineal and pituitary glands
25
why do we sleep? give 2
Adaptive function of sleep -evolutionary psychology -cognitive function of sleep
26
test that detects abnormalities in your brain waves, or in the electrical activity of your brain
electroencephalography (EEG)-
27
recording of several physical variables during sleep.
polysonograph (PSG)-
28
- is a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection.
Evolutionary psychology
29
sleep’s importance for cognitive function and memory formation
cognitive function of sleep
30
* characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-
31
what does rem sleep often reffered to? and why?
paradoxical sleep because this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone
32
o transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep
o the period during which we drift off to sleep
stage 1
32
what frequency does alpha wave is?
relatively low frequency (8–13Hz
33
what frequency does theta wave is?
even lower frequency (4–7 Hz
33
what does stage 1 associated with?
both alpha and theta waves
34
o body goes into a state of deep relaxation.
o Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles
stage 2
35
a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory
o sleep spindles
36
the actual content, or storyline, of a dream.
Manifest content
37
refers to the hidden meaning of a dream
Latent content
37
o a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders
INSOMNIA
38
may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep
INSOMNIA
38
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity
K-complex
39
o often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep
stage 4
40
the actual content, or storyline, of a dream.
Manifest content
40
is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone.
collective unconscious
41
refers to the hidden meaning of a dream
Latent content
42
aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state, they can control the dream’s content
Lucid dreams
43
a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors.
o Cognitive-behavioral therapy
44
treatments of insomnia
o Cognitive-behavioral therapy
o stress management techniques
o changes in problematic behaviors
45
one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/ or experiences during sleep play a role
PARASOMNIAS
46
examples of parasomnias
Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors
47
other term of sleepwalking
somnambulism
48
occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur, RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD
49
treatments of RBD
Clonazepam- an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties,
50
Sleepwalking or somnambulism
the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile
51
an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties,
clonazepam
52
behaviors of RBD
o kicking,
o punching,
o scratching,
o yelling,
o and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked.
53
result in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment
Night terrors
53
has uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep
restless leg syndrome
54
treatments of restless leg syndrome
benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants
55
defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops. These episodes can last 10–20 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal, they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods, common in overweight people
SLEEP APNEA
56
Two types of sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea
57
occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs.
Obstructive sleep apnea
58
disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing
central sleep apnea-
59
treatments of sleep apnea
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-
60
device includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open.
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
61
infant stops breathing during sleep and dies, Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)-
62
cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. These sleep episodes are often associated with cataplexy,
Narcolepsy
63
which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles.
Cataplexy
63
often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences.
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
64
involves changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use
Physical dependence
65
has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.
psychological dependence
66
linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.
Tolerance
67
includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.
Withdrawal-
68
these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. what is it and give an example
depressansta, barbiturates and benzodiazepines
68
a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity, Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines.
Depressant
69
drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system
Stimulants
69
drugs of stimulants
cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine.
70
mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release
Amphetamines
71
is a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available
Methamphetamine
72
commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Amphetamines
73
feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking
euphoric high
74
another stimulant drug. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death
Caffeine
75
highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers.
Nicotine
76
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences
Hallucinogen
77
one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.
Opioid
78
a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs.
Methadone
79
- Natural opioids, derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant.
Opiates-
80
help people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone
Methadone clinics
81
- act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment
MEDITATION
81
give the four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis
The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotist’s words or a ticking watch.
* The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy.
* The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go.
* The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination.
82
opioid with relatively low potency. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries.
Codeine-
82
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
HYPNOSIS
