itp Flashcards
What does ‘schemata’ refer to in Piaget’s theory?
Organized interactions with objects
Schemata also encompass current knowledge.
What is assimilation in cognitive development?
Applying old schema to new objects or problems
This involves adding new information to existing frameworks.
Define accommodation in Piaget’s theory.
Modifying old schema to fit new objects or problems
This process is essential for adapting to new experiences.
What is equilibration?
Establishing harmony or balance between assimilation and accommodation
It involves correcting information and behavior.
What characterizes Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
Simple motor responses to sensory stimuli
This stage occurs from birth to almost 2 years.
What is the significance of self-recognition in infants?
Infants show self-recognition by touching their nose in a mirror
This typically occurs before 1.5 years.
What is egocentrism in the preoperational stage?
A child sees the world as centered around themselves
They struggle to take another person’s perspective.
Define the term ‘theory of mind’.
Understanding that other people have their own thoughts and knowledge
This develops gradually in children.
What does ‘lack of conservation’ mean in cognitive development?
Failure to understand that certain properties remain constant despite changes in shape or arrangement
This includes properties like number, length, and volume.
At what age do children enter the concrete operations stage?
Around age 7
They begin to understand conservation of physical properties.
What is the zone of proximal development according to Vygotsky?
The range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not independently
Instruction should be tailored within this zone.
What are the four types of attachment identified by John Bowlby?
- Securely attached
- Anxious (or resistant)
- Avoidant
- Disorganized
These classifications help understand infant attachment styles.
What does ‘identity crisis’ refer to during adolescence?
Emotional turmoil experienced while developing a sense of identity
This period involves active exploration and decision-making.
Define identity moratorium.
Considering identity issues but not yet making decisions
It represents a safe zone for exploration.
What is the ‘personal fable’ in teenage development?
The belief that one is special and that their experiences are unique
This can lead to an optimistic outlook but also risky behavior.
What marks the transition into middle adulthood?
Physical decline but not significant stress
This stage typically occurs between ages 40 to 65.
What is ego integrity according to Erikson?
Feeling satisfied with one’s life in late adulthood
Those who are not satisfied experience despair.
What does terror-management theory suggest?
We cope with our fear of death by affirming a worldview that provides self-esteem and hope
This influences behaviors and attitudes across all ages.
What is behaviorism?
The position that psychology should focus only on observable behavior
It excludes thoughts, emotions, and internal states.
Define classical conditioning.
A process by which an organism learns a new association between two stimuli
It involves a neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
An event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response
This response is typically unlearned.
What does extinction mean in classical conditioning?
A conditioned response can be extinguished by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus alone
This leads to a decrease in the conditioned response.
What is spontaneous recovery?
A temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay
This may occur without any further conditioning.
Define reinforcement in operant conditioning.
The process of increasing the future probability of a behavior
This can be achieved through positive or negative reinforcement.
What is positive punishment?
Adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior to decrease its occurrence
This method aims to reduce unwanted behaviors.
