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ITEC36 (Sir Noel) Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to the suppression
of details of data organization and
storage, and the highlighting of the
essential features for an improved
understanding of data.

A

Data Abstraction

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2
Q

a collection of concepts that can be used to
describe the structure of a database -
provides the necessary means to achieve
this abstraction.

A

Data Model

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3
Q

CATEGORIES OF DATA MODEL

A
  1. High-level or Conceptual Data
    Models
  2. Low-level or Physical Data Models
  3. Representational (or
    implementation) Data Models
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4
Q

provide concepts that are close to the
way many users perceive data

Conceptual data models use concepts
such as entities, attributes, and
relationships.

A

High-level or Conceptual Data
Models

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5
Q

represents a real-world object or
concept

A

Entity

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6
Q

represents some property of
interest that further describes an entity

A

Attribute

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7
Q

among two or more entities
represents an association among the
entities,

A

Relationship

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8
Q

provide concepts that describe the
details of how data is stored on the
computer storage media, typically
magnetic disks.

A

Low-level or Physical Data
Models

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9
Q

provide concepts that may be easily
understood by end users but that are not
too far removed from the way data is
organized in computer storage

A

Representational (or
implementation) Data Models

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10
Q

represents the logical configuration of
all part of a relational database. It can
exist both as visual representation and
as a set of formulas known as integrity
constraints that govern a database

A

DATABASE SCHEMA

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11
Q

A displayed schema is called a what

A

Schema Diagram

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12
Q

Refers to the content of a database at
a moment in time.

It is also called the current set of
occurrences or instances in the
database.

A

DATABASE STATE or
SNAPSHOT

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13
Q

is property of
DBMS that helps you to change the
Database schema at one level of a
database system without requiring to
change the schema at the next higher
level. it also helps you to
keep data separated from all programs
that make use of it.

A

DATA INDEPENDENCE

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14
Q

is the capacity to change the
conceptual schema without having to
change external schemas or
application programs.

A

Logical data independence

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15
Q

is the capacity to change the internal
schema without having to change the
conceptual schema

A

Physical data independence

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16
Q

are the set of
statements, that are used to define and
manipulate a database.

A

Database Languages

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17
Q

has appropriate languages
and interfaces to express database
queries and updates.

A

DBMS

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18
Q

defines the statements to
implement the database schema.

A

DDL (Data Definition Language)

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19
Q

is a Database Management
System (DBMS) from Microsoft that combines
the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine
with a graphical user interface and software
development tools.

A

Microsoft Access

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20
Q

stores information which
is called a database.

A

Microsoft Access

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21
Q

is an object that is used to
define and store data.

A

Tables

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22
Q

An object that provides a custom view
of data from one or more tables.

A

Query

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23
Q

is an object in a desktop database
designed primarily for data input or
display or for control of application
execution.

A

Form

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24
Q

is an object in desktop
databases designed for
formatting, calculating,
printing, and summarizing
selected data.

A

Report

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25
This object is a structured definition of one or more actions that you want Access to perform in response to a defined event.
Macro
26
is an object in desktop databases containing custom procedures that you code using Visual Basic. provide a more discrete flow of actions and allow you to trap errors.
Module
27
Every relation has some conditions that must hold for it to be a valid relation.
Relational Integrity Constraints.
28
three main relational Integrity constraints
Key constraints Domain constraints Referential integrity constraints
29
An attribute that can uniquely identify a tuple in a relation is called the key to the table. are also referred to as Entity Constraints.
KEY CONSTRAINTS
30
can be violated if an attribute value is not appearing in the corresponding domain, or it is not of the appropriate data type.
DOMAIN CONSTRAINTS
31
specify that within each tuple, and the value of each attribute must be unique.
DOMAIN CONSTRAINTS
32
is an important attribute of a relation which should be referred to in other relationships.
foreign key
33
is an arrangement of relation states in such a manner that every relational database state fulfills the integrity constraints set on a relational database schema.
RELATIONAL DATABASE SCHEMA
34
Defines the numerical attributes of the relationship between two entities or entity sets.
CARDINALITY
35
represents a real-world object or concept
Entity
36
Types of Attributes
Simple Attributes Composite Attributes Multi-valued Attributes Derived Attributes
37
represents some property of interest that further describes an entity
Attribute
38
are atomic values, which cannot be divided further. they are also called single-valued attributes.
Simple attributes
39
are made of more than one simple attribute.
Composite attributes
40
may contain more than one values.
Multi-value attribute
41
are the attributes that do not exist in the physical database, but their values are derived from other attributes present in the database.
Derived attributes
42
a single instance of an entity is associated with a single instance of another entity
One-to-One Relationships
43
a single instance of an entity is associated with more than one instances of another entity
One-to-Many Relationships
44
more than one instances of an entity is associated with a single instance of another entity
Many-to-One Relationships
45
more than one instances of an entity is associated with more than one instances of another entity
Many-to-Many Relationships
46
provides operations that handle user requests, offering a way to access and manipulate the data that users store within a database.
Data manipulation language (DML)
47
are set-oriented and specify what data to retrieve than how to retrieve. Also called declarative languages.
High Level or Non-procedural Languages
48
record-at-a-time; they specify how to retrieve data and include constructs such as looping
Low Level or Procedural Languages
49
is a user interface which allows for the ability to input queries to a database without using the query language itself. could be a web client, a local client that runs on a desktop computer, or even a mobile app.
DBMS INTERFACE
50
These interfaces present the user with lists of options (called menus) that lead the user through the formulation of a request.
Menu-Based Interfaces for Web Clients or Browsing.
51
displays a form to each user.
Forms-Based Interfaces
52
typically displays a schema to the user in diagrammatic form.
Graphical User Interfaces
53
These interfaces accept requests written in English or some other language and attempt to understand them.
Natural Language Interfaces
54
The speech input is detected using a library of predefined words and used to set up the parameters that are supplied to the queries. For output, a similar conversion from text or numbers into speech takes place
Speech Input and Output.
55
Parametric users, such as bank tellers, often have a small set of operations that they must perform repeatedly
Interfaces for Parametric Users
56
it is a collective system of components that comprise and regulates the group of data, management and use of data which consist of software, hardware, people, techniques of handling database and the data also
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
57
is used to load existing data files—such as text files or sequential files—into the database.
loading utility
58
creates a backup copy of the database, usually by dumping the entire database onto tape or other mass storage medium.
backup
59
This utility can be used to reorganize a set of database files into different file organizations and create new access paths to improve performance.
DATABASE STORAGE REORGANIZATION
60
used in the design phase of database systems
CASE TOOLS
61
this is another tool that can be quite useful in large organizations also called information repository
DATA DICTIONARY (or DATA REPOSITORY) SYSTEM.
62
These systems provide an environment for developing database applications and include facilities that help in many facets of database systems, including database design, GUI development, querying and updating, and application program development.
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS
63
combines everything into single system including- DBMS software, hardware, application programs and user interface processing software.
CENTRALIZED DBMS
64
The client/server architecture was developed to deal with computing environments in which a large number of PCs, workstations, file servers, printers, data base servers, Web servers, e-mail servers, and other software and equipment are
BASIC CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURES
65
The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture. It can be centralized or decentralized or hierarchical.
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
66
the DBMS is the only entity where the user directly sits on the DBMS and uses it. Any changes done here will directly be done on the DBMS itself. It does not provide handy tools for end-users. Database designers and programmers normally prefer to use the single-tier architecture.
TIER 1
67
the it must have an application through which the DBMS can be accessed. Programmers use 2-tier architecture where they access the DBMS by means of an application. Here the application tier is entirely independent of the database in terms of operation, design and programming
TIER 2
68
separates its tiers from each other based on the complexity of the users and how they use the data present in the database. It is most widely used architecture to design a DBMS
TIER 3
69
At this tier, the database resides along its query processing languages. We also have the relations that define the date and their constraints at this level.
Database (Data) Tier
70
At this tier reside the application server and the programs that access the database
Application (Middle) Tier
71
End-users operate on this tier, and they know nothing about any existence of the database beyond this layer
User (Presentation) Tier
72
The relational data model was introduced by who?
Edgar. F. Codd in 1969.
73
is the primary data model, which is used widely around the world for data storage and processing. This model is simple, and it has all the properties and capabilities required to process data with storage efficiency.
RELATIONAL DATA MODEL
74
represents records
rows
75
represent the attributes
column
76
A single row of a table, which contains a single record for that relation is called a what?
Tuple
77
A finite set of tuples in the relational database system represents what
Relation Instance
78
describes the relation's name (table name), attributes, and their names.
Relation Schema
79
Each row has one or more attributes, which can identify the row in the relation (table) uniquely.
Relation Key
80
Every attribute has some pre-defined value scope,
Attribute Domain
81
is the original sets of atomic values used to model data.
Domain
82
we mean that each value in the domain is indivisible as far as the relational model is concerned.
atomic value
83

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