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History > Italy Booket 1 > Flashcards

Italy Booket 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Congress of Vienna

A

A meeting of the great powers following the defeat of napoleon bonaparte

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2
Q

Who were the great powers?

A

France, Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia

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3
Q

Define Risorgimento

A

‘Rising again’ a national uprising which helped arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people
Idealogical and literary movement

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4
Q

Define federation

A

Where all states of the peninsula could join together with a common leadership, but still retain some state freedoms

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5
Q

Define reactionary

A

A political view for maintaining the status quo, no unification

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6
Q

Define progressive

A

A political view favouring reform and more liberal ideas

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7
Q

Define republicanism

A

People having the right to vote for an elected leader with no monarch

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8
Q

Define constitutional monarchy

A

The monarch retains their role but is answerable to the people

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9
Q

Define conservatism

A

Believing in traditions and being resistant to change

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10
Q

Define liberalism

A

Believing in reform, progress and individual freedoms

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11
Q

Define Nationalism

A

A strong love of your country , wanting to be free from foreign rule

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12
Q

What happened in 1815?

A

The congress of Vienna- restoring mainly reactionary monarchs to the states

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13
Q

What was the land and economy like in the N and S?

A

N- near alps, wet and green, more cereal crops, under more influence of Austria and France, richer

S- browner and dryer, more arid, fruit trees and wine production, poor

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14
Q

What was the central duchies and who ruled them? 1815

A

Tuscany, Parma, Modena
Satellites of Austria (indirect control)
House of Lorraine related to Habsburgs

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15
Q

Piedmont rulers and capitalism 1815

A

House of Savoy, Turin

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16
Q

Lombardy rulers, capital and population 1815

A

Reps of the Austrian empire, Milan, 130,000

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17
Q

Venetian rule 1815

A

Under Austrian rule, dominated by local aristocracy

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18
Q

Papal States 1815

A

Umbria, romana, the marches
Covered most of central Italy, weak economically, relied on foreign support

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19
Q

Naples 1815

A

Ruled by bourbons, poorest region but largest, king ruled Sicily with a viceroy

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20
Q

Pre 1830 Context

A

Napoleon took over whole peninsula by defeating Austrian army- abolished most old states and made four republics
CoV returned state boundaries ‘restored order’

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21
Q

Conscripts under the French

A

27,000 went to Moscow and 1,000 returned
Long term shared hatred of foreign powers

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22
Q

How much tax revenue went to the French military under napoleon?

A

60% with higher taxes

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23
Q

What did Metternich say and who was he?

A

Austrian chancellor- put in charge after CoV
‘Italian affairs do not exist’

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24
Q

Hope for unification pre 1830

A

Unlikely- lots of leaders, Austrias claws in all states, no clear thinking between them all. But there was shared hatred for Austria and napoleon proved it was possible to overcome them

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25
Q

What made the north south divide so bad?

A

S crippled by malaria, bad soil , not much natural power for machinery
N some industrial development in textiles and light, more agriculture, less disease, more peasant land ownership

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26
Q

What percent of Italians worked on the land?

A

90%

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27
Q

How was the politics of the states an impediment to unification?

A

Low classes politically apathetic
Lack of central authority
Some states under direct Austrian control

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28
Q

How were the social features of the states an impediment to unification?

A

No sense of national identity
Diff regions had diff culture and dialect
Rich v poor states had opposing interests
No inspiring leader figure yet

29
Q

How was the economy of the states an impediment to unification?

A

Large inconsistencies between states
Hindered cooperation as places like Florence would have to spread their wealth across the country

30
Q

Biggest division for challenging the restored order?

A

Austria’s control
Had its claws in all states and aspects
It’s impossible to make headway without a foreign power
Austria wants Italy separated so it’s easier to control

31
Q

How did French control increase nationalism?

A

Unified it into 2 republics, closed monasteries, took high tax for French army

32
Q

What did liberals want?

A

Free speech, constitutional monarchy, no violence

33
Q

What did radicals want?

A

Free from Austrian control
Redistribution of wealth
Democratic republic - no women or peasants
Would use violence

34
Q

How did Ferdinand III allow Tuscany to become more enlightened?

A

Spent on girls education, reorganised Pisa and Siena unis, expanded health facilities

35
Q

How was Ferdinand of Naples reactionary?

A

Cancelled the Sicilian constitution of 1812, persecuted advocates for unification, against constitutionalism

36
Q

Define jesuits

A

Extreme catholics, known for assassinating people who went against the church

37
Q

Define zealots

A

A line of strict catholic popes

38
Q

Define the inquisition

A

A catholic court to put heretics on trial

39
Q

Who was the king of piedmont?

A

Victor Emmanuel I

40
Q

What could get you shot as a rebel in piedmont?

A

Long hair / a beard

41
Q

How much of Austrian tax revenue was from Lombardy / Venetia in 1830?

A

25%

42
Q

In Lombardy / Venetia what jobs were reserved for Austrians?

A

Judges, civil servants, police, army officers

43
Q

How many customs points were along the river po in 1830?

A

22 (when you have to stop and pay a tariff, shows not unified)

44
Q

What percent of the population spoke Italian in 1830?

A

2.5%

45
Q

What percent of Italians were Roman Catholic?

A

Over 90%

46
Q

Catholic Church 1815-30

A

Restored its self after the anti-clerical French, fear ruled with the Jesuits, zealots and the inquisition, life was backwards and poor

47
Q

What percent of the population were lower class?

A

Around 95%

48
Q

What role did the great power have in preventing progress?

A

Austria, Russia and Prussia were strongly linked- large army
Allies wouldn’t have had resources to help after Bonapartes conquest and not wanting to tip the balance of power and threaten the others

49
Q

How did Austria prevent progress in unification?

A

It controlled the postal system
Good relationship with the pope
Spies listened for rebellious gossip

50
Q

What did Austria think of the emerging political groups?

A

Entirely negative, dangerous ideas that could threaten to break up their empire, easy to control divided peninsula with people who preferred local loyalties

51
Q

Why were the political groups unable to make progress?

A

Reactionary church and leaders intimidating, could be killed for defying
Only small groups were willing to make the sacrifices

52
Q

What did the nationalists, radicals and liberals want in common?

A

To get rid of Austrian control- either for unification, a republic or free speech

53
Q

Why might Italians have started revolting after the events in France?

A

Very similar- cruel leadership, poverty, high taxes, censorship, showed it’s possible to overcome it with people power

54
Q

What were the strengths of the secret societies?

A

Was mostly literate higher class men, could discuss ideas and light sparks, the ideas spread, the carbonari was based on Naples but got members in piedmont

55
Q

Weaknesses of the secret societies

A

Not large groups
Members were teachers, doctors, students- not fighters
Unprepared to work together, lacked organisation
Wanted adventure more than change
Some only wanted more rights from the monarchs

56
Q

The carbonari / charcoal burners

A

60k members in Naples, 5% of adult males
Swore allegiance to leaders, catholic and not republicans
Wanted constitutions

57
Q

The federati

A

Mainly in N
Led by Federico Confalonieri
Favoured constitutional monarchy
Members unmasked and jailed 1823

58
Q

Four other secret societies

A

Aldelfi
Spillo negro
Latinisi
Bersaglieri
Little known, anti Austrian

59
Q

What was Italy in this booklet?

A

The Italian peninsula- don’t say italy!

60
Q

Why was it crucial to get a liberal pope?

A

Peasants would listen to their priest over a local official
Could educate people and sway them
Could supply troops / money and spread the message easily
Austria would have to be with it or go against the church

61
Q

What happened to attempts at revolutions in Naples, Sicily and piedmont in 1820?

A

Crushed by Austrian strength and revolutionary weaknesses

62
Q

What did revolutions in France in 1830 mean for Italy?

A

Charles X abdicated, replaced with Louis Philippe who was more liberal
Hoped he would support revolutions in italy

63
Q

Modena revolutions 1830-32

A

Led by Enrico Misley, loyal to duke Francis IV
Revealed grand plans for United Italy with him as king but he swiftly had him arrested
He then travelled to Austria to ask for help for future revolts
While gone the revolutionaries took over Modena and made provisional government

64
Q

Parma revolutions 1830-32

A

Encouraged by students in Modena, ones in Parma rioted and demanded a constitution
Duchess Marie- Louise fled
Provisional government established
Contact made with Modena and a joint army commander was appointed

65
Q

What happened to the revolutions in Modena and Parma?

A

Within a month Francis IV returned with an Austrian army and defeated them
Rebels imprisoned, exiled or executed
Same in Parma and duchess returned

66
Q

Papal States revolutions 1830-32

A

Organised by professional classes who were anti clerical, less about unification
Provisional gov called ‘the government of the Italian provinces’ formed in Bologna 1831
Refused to send help to Modena
Austrian army violently suppressed it

67
Q

Reasons for failure of the revolutions of 1830-32 (7)

A

Local affairs, not national
No organisation between them
Too reliant on small secret societies
Didn’t use violence
Divided aims
Austrias military strength as it didn’t want any constitutions granted
France not interested in helping

68
Q

Origins of the Risorgimento

A

Romans- Cicero first referred to it as Italy
Herder believed in romantic nationalism and VOLK (people)
Him and Alfieri influenced Mazzini
General whisper of what’s to come

History (8 decks)

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