Italian Unification Flashcards
1
Q
What were the biggest powers in 1815?
A
Austria, Prussia, Russia, France and Britain
2
Q
Economy state of Italy 1815
A
Behind economically; 90% of population did labour work. There were poor conditions and transport
3
Q
Congress of Vienna 1815
Lombary and Venetia
A
- Francis I ruler
- Richest province
- Education was compulsory until 12
- Heavy taxes
- Conscription
- Important figures were Austrian
- German official language
- No freedom of speech
4
Q
Congress of Vienna 1815
The Kingdom of Two Sicilies (Naples & Siciliy)
A
- Ferdinand I ruler
- Expendential projects reduced
- Most economically underdeveloped province
- Jews faced discrimination and lived in ghettos
- Poverty
5
Q
Congress of Vienna 1815
The Papal States
A
- Pope Pious VII ruler
- Prisoners consigned in ghetto to maintain population
- Inqusition made it possible to punish people against catholism
6
Q
Congress of Vienna 1815
The Central Duchies
A
- Dukes and Duchies were rulers
- Included provinces of: Tuscany, Palma, Modena and Lucca
- Secret Police helped rule
7
Q
Congress of Vienna 1815
Kingdom of Piedmont
A
- Victor Emanuel I ruler
- Aimed to abolish French rule
- Light taxation (land given back, money given to church)
- Censhorship
- Mass was an obligation
- There was a dresscode
8
Q
Date of The Congress of Vienna
A
November 1814 - June 1815
9
Q
Who led the Congress of Vienna?
A
Klemens Von Metternich
10
Q
Who defeted France in the Napoleanic Wars?
A
Prussia, Austria, Britain and Russia
11
Q
What ended the Congress of Vienna?
A
The Treaty of Vienna
12
Q
Revolutions of 1830-31 similarities to those of 1820-21
A
- Moderna revolutions led by middle classman
- Parma revolutions led by students
- Leaders panicked and liberals had a moment of joy
- Duke Francis IV overtoke 2 states with the help of Austrian Power
- Disturbances were useless
13
Q
Revolutions of 1830-31
The Papal States
A
- Led by middle class professionals (bc of loss of independence in 1815)
-France lent little help - Austrian troops took Bologna on 21st of March
- Austrian army withdrawn July 17th
- Invasion of Austrian troops again in January 1832
14
Q
Why did the revolutions of 1830-31 fail?
A
- Only middle class protested (they would be easily swayed by the government because they weren’t a lot of people)
- Nothing was acomplished to the inital standard = no progress
15
Q
Changed due to the Revolutions of 1830-31?
A
- Traditional leaders became weaker
- Sicily was controlled by Naples
- Trade guilds abolished in 1821
- Autocracy re-established
- Russia and Prussia had interest in Italian affairs but also supported Austria
- Old secret societies failed
16
Q
Who was The Sword of the Italian Unification?
A
Garabaldi
17
Q
Who was The Heart of the Italian Unification?
A
Mazzini
18
Q
Who was The Head of the Italian Unification?
A
Cavour
19
Q
Mazzini General Knowledge
A
-Born in 1805 (middle class)
- Had a degree in law
- Inspired revolutions of 1821
- Founded secret society of “Young Italy” in 1831
- Was a writer
20
Q
Mazzini’s Ideologies
A
- Equality
- End xenophobia and imperialism
-Democracy
-Guarantee of individual rights - Greater equality for women
-End poverty - Taxation proportional to wealth
-Education compulsory but free - World Map needed to be re-drawn
- Unification of Italian States under one central government
- Unification should be reached from below
21
Q
What began The Revolutions in 1848?
A
Revolution in Paris triggered revolutions to occur throughout Europe.
22
Q
Traditionalist perspective of the unification
A
The growth of nationalism between 1815 and 1860 -Risorgimento (national awakening and rebirth) was the cause that resulted in the unification.
23
Q
Revisionist perspective of the unification
A
Nationalism was never that strong as there were numerous divisions amongst the Italians and it was the wars and outside help that ensure Italy’s unification.
24
Q
Reasons for increase in nationalism 1815-1860
A
- Young Italy was founded in 1831and had 50,000 members by 1833
-Operas of Verdi brought people together - Balbo published “Hopes of Italy” which depicted a want for Italian freedom from Austria
-Azeglio wrote about free trade and a need for greater freedom of speech - Piedmontese Churchman wrote a book to promote confederation of Italian states under Rome’s leadership
25
Reasons for decrease in nationalism in 1815-1860
- Peasants were concerend about social issues and land ownership; weren't concerned about the unification
- There was no national language by 1848
- The Biblioteca Italian wasn't inclusive to everyone, only educated middle class
26
What happened during the revolutions of 1848?
- Peasant discontent
- Middle class increase quality of life
-Failure of the revolutions
27
Peasant discontent - Revolutions 1848
- Fall in agriculture 1815
- Winter was a stuggle = no food and worked harder
- Increase in day labourers
- Land converted to cereal crops
- Food riots March 1848
- Land seixures in Tuscany
- Were subbed by machines
28
Middle class increase quality of life - Revolutions 1848
- Rise of prosperous middle class
- Railways linked citites e.g Milan and Venice (showed profit generated)
- Expansion on textile industry in northen Italy
- Desired self-rule
29
Main events of the revolutions of 1848
- Demonstration for Ferdinand II of Naples to agree to constitution
- Constitution in Florence, Turin and Rome
- French revolution February
- Metternich resigned
- Revolts broke out in Hungary
- Revolution in Milan in March
- Austrian forces withdrew 22nd of March
- Piedmont invaded Austrian territory with volunteers
- Provisional goverments became popular
- King of Piedmont created the unification
- Volunteers came to the north
- Mazzini influenced people
- France and Austria also had revolutions
- Britain supported Italian nationalism
30
Failure of the revolutions of 1848
- Formal deceleration against change passed by Pius IX
- End of revolution in Naples
- Restoration of Royal control
- Invasion by Alberto on Austria was unsuccessful
- Piedmont defeated by Austria 25 July
- Ceastfire signed with Austria
- Nationalist government elected in Tuscany
- Grand duke fled in 15 November
- Pope fled
- Alberto resumed war with Austria in Feb 1849
- Alberto abticated to his son Vittorio Emanuele II
- Austria occupied Lombary and Venetia
31
Wider causes for the revolution
- Reforming states
Alberto (Piedmont)introduced liberal press which reduced censorship; custom union with Papal States.
- A new middle class
Free trade was a idea that was demanted because of increase in communication and railways; expansion in finance and textile industries
-Frustration with Austria
People became angry with Austrian control because of harsh and repressive laws. (Tabacco taxes brough Austrians five million lire a year)
- Reforming Pope
Pius IX, liberal, was appointed and released all prisoners in the Papal states.
- Food shortages
Very bad seasonal havests in 1846 and 1847, specifically rye, and this resulted in wheat doubling in price. There was not enough food and the poor couldnt afford it either = starvation.
- Agricultural labour problems
Day labourers relied on finding work daily for their substances and couldnt rent out a place to stay.
- Common pastureland
Landowners stuggled to make money so pastureland to ceral crops. Rural workers couldnt rely on their common land for source of food in difficult times.
- Mechanisation
Labours became replaced with machines and this lead to "machine-breaking" protests.
- Desire for democracy
Frustration with conservative abolute monarchies grew.
32
Cavour Acomplishment
-Removed tarrifs because he believed in free trade and food prices became low in Piedmont
- Focused on expanded railways in Piedmont 1859
33
Crimean War 1853-1856
- First ever media driven war
- Human cost because of neglect and dieseases
25,000 British
100,000 French
1 million Russian
- Allience of Britian, Frane, Ottoman Empire and Piemdont against Russia
-Clash waws started because of religious disagreements
- Russia was humilated because of their loss in the war
34
Why did Piedmont get involved in the Crimean War?
- Strength great powers
-Italy's redepmtion
- 18,000 Piedmontese troops had to distinguish themselves so Cavour could bring that up in future peace conferences
-Britain and France wanted Piedmont on their side
35
Cavours opinion on the crimean war
- wanted piedmont to join the crimean war so that they would look good for future peace conferences
36
What did Piedmont do to help in the crimean war?
- joined april 1851
-18,000 troops
-4,000 calavry
-12 ships
- participated in the battle of chernaya
-aided british in the siege of sevastopol
-
37
Plombieres meeting 1858
Napolean would help Cavour and Piedmont go to war with Austria if Austria began it, they created 4 provinces in italy,
38
