IT support glossary Flashcards
learn terminology
1
Q
What is ABSTRACTION?
A
To take a relatively complex system and simplify it for our use.
2
Q
What is an ALGORITHYM?
A
A series of steps that solves specific problems.
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Q
What is ACII, why is it important?
A
The oldest character encoding standard used, representing the English alphabet, digits, and punctuation marks.
4
Q
What is a BINARY SYSTEM?
A
The communication that a computer uses, also known as the “base-2” numeral system.
5
Q
What does the term BYTE mean, why is it crucial in encoding?
A
A group of 8 BITS.
Character encoding: Used to assign binary values to characters so that we as humans can read them.
6
Q
What does a COMPUTER do and mean, in IT?
A
A device that stores and processes data by performing calculations.
7
Q
What is CRYPTOGRAPHY?
A
The practice of coding and hiding messages from third parties.
8
Q
What is a DECIMAL FORM BASE 10 SYSTEM?
A
In the decimal system, there are 10 possible numbers ranging from zero to nine.
9
Q
What is the Digital Divide?
A
The growing skills gap between people with and without digital literacy skills.
10
Q
What is INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY?
A
The use of digital technology, like computers and the internet, to store and process data into useful information.
11
Q
What is LINUX OS?
A
One of the largest open-source operating systems used heavily in business infrastructure and the consumer space.
12
Q
What are LOGIC GATES?
A
Allow transistors to perform more complex tasks, like deciding where to send electrical signals depending on logical conditions.
13
Q
What does OPEN SOURCE mean?
A
Developers share, modify, and distribute their software for free.
14
Q
What does PDA stand for
A
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant): Allows computing to go mobile.
15
Q
404 NOT FOUND
A
An error message you might see on websites that have been moved or deleted.
16
Q
802.1X
A
It is the IEEE standard for encapsulating EAP or Extensible Authentication Protocol traffic over the 802 networks.
17
Q
802.1X with EAP-TLS
A
Offers arguably the best security available, assuming proper and secure handling of the PKI aspects of it.
18
Q
AAA (authentication, authorisation, accounting)
A
The services that the directory services provide to all the computers within a company or organisation.
19
Q
ABSOLUTE PATH
A
It is one that starts from the main directory.
20
Q
ACCESS CONTROL ENTRIES
A
The individual access permissions per object that make up the ACL
21
Q
ACCESS CONTROL LIST (ACL)
A
It is a way of defining permissions or authorizations for objects
22
Q
ACCOUNTING
A
Keeping records of what resources and services your users access or what they did when they were using your systems
23
Q
ACL
A
Access control lists
24
Q
ACK FLAG
A
One of the TCP control flags.
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What is ACK short for?
Acknowledge. A value of one in this field means that the acknowledgment number field should be examined.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER
The number of the next expected segment in a TCP sequence
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ACTIVATION THRESHOLD
Triggers a pre-configured action when it is reached and will typically block the identified attack traffic for a specific amount of time
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ACTIVE DIRECTORY USERS AND COMPUTERS (ADUC)
The client tools that are used for accessing and administering a directory server
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ADDRESS BUS
Connects the CPU to the MCC and sends over the location of the data, but not the data itself.
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ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL (ARP)
A protocol used to discover the hardware address of a node with a certain IP address
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ADDRESS CLASS SYSTEM
A system which defines how the global IP address space is split up.
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AD-HOC NETWORK
A network configuration without supporting network infrastructure. Every device involved with THE NETWORK communicates with every other device within range, and all nodes help pass along messages
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ADMINISTRATOR
A user that has complete control over a machine
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ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES)
The first and only public cipher that's approved for use with top secret information by the United States National Security Agency
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ADVANCED GROUP POLICY MANAGEMENT (AGPM)
A set of add-on tools from Microsoft that gives some added provision control abilities in GPMC
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ADWARE
Software that displays advertisements and collects data
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ALIAS
A nickname for common commands
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ANALYSING LOGS
The practice of collecting logs from different network and sometimes client devices on your network, then performing an automated analysis on them
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ANDROID
A mobile operating system based on LINUX
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ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE
It monitors and analyse things like new files being created or being modified on the system in order to watch for any behaviour that matches a known malware signature
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ANYCAST
A technique that's used to route traffic to different destinations depending on factors like location, congestion, or link health.
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APPENDING FLAGS
A way to add the data of the file without erasing existing data
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APPLICATION
A computer program designed for a specific use
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APPLICATION LAYER
The layer that allows network applications to communicate in a way they understand
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APPLICATION LAYER PAYLOAD
The entire contents of whatever data applications want to send to each other
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Any software created to fulfil a specific need, like a text, editor ,web browser, or graphics editor
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APPLICATION POLICIES
Defines boundaries of what applications are permitted or not, but they also help teach how to use software more securely
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APP STORE APPS
A package manager that acts as a repository
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APP STORE REPOSITORY
A app store service that also as a repository
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APP STORES
A central managed marketplace for app developers to publish and sell mobile apps
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ARCHIVE
An archive is cp,[rosed of one or more files that are compressed into a single file for verb agreement
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A RECORD
The most common resource record, used to point a certain domain name at a certain IPv4 IP address
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APPX
An APPX is another way to package contents of a file to act like a unit of distribution
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ARPANET
The earliest version of the Internet that we see today, created by the US government project DARPA in the 1960s
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ARP TABLE
A list of IP addresses and the MAC addresses associated with them
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ASii
the oldest character encoding the standard. It represents the English alphabet, digits, and punctuation marks
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ATTACK VECTOR
Method or mechanism by which an attacker or malware gains access to a network or system
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ASN
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM NUMBER is a number assigned to an individual AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM
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ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL)
A device that establishes data connections across phone lines and different speeds for uploading and downloading data
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ATTACK
An actual attempt at causing harm to a system
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ATA
The most common interface that hard drives use to connect to our system
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ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION
Systems where different keys are used to encrypt and decrypt
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ATTACK SURFACE
It's the sum of all the different attack vectors in a given system
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ATX
(ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED) the most common form factor for motherboards
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AUDITING
It involves reviewing records to ensure that nothing is out of the ordinary
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AUTHENTICATION
A crucial application for cryptographic hash functions
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AUTHENICATION SERVER (AS)
It includes the user ID of the authenticating user
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AUTHORISATION
It describes to what the user account has access to or doesn't have access to
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AUTOMATIC ALLOCATION
A range of IP addresses is set aside for assignment purposes
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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
A language that allowed computer scientists to use human readable instructions, assembled into code that the machines could understand
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AUTOMATION
It makes processes work automatically
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What is AUTOSCALING
A system that allows the service to increase or reduce capacity as needed, while the service owner only pays for the cost of the machines that are in use at any given time
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BACKDOOR
A way to get into a system if the other methods to get in a system aren't allowed it's a secret entryway for attackers
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BACKGROUND PROCESSES/DAEMON PROCESSES
Processes that run or take place in the background
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AVAILABILITY
Means that the information we have is readily accessible to those people that should have it
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BACKUP & RESTORE
A Microsoft offer and first party solution that has modes of operation, as a file based version where files are backed up to a zip archive
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BACKWARD COMPATIBLE
It means older hardware works with newer hardware
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BAITING
An attack that happens through actual physical contact, enticing a victim to do something
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BASTION HOSTS OR NETWORKS
A server used to provide access to a private network from an external network
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BASH
The language used to interact with the shell
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BAUD RATE
A measurement of how many bits could be passed across a phone line in a second
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BINARY WHITELISTING SOFTWARE
It's a list of known good and trusted software and only things that are on the list are permitted to run
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BIND
It is how clients authenticates to the server
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BIND OPERATION
The operation which authenticates clients to the directory server
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BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION
authentication that uses biometric data
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BIOMETRIC DATA
A way of protecting your accounts and information using biometric data such as facial recognition and fingerprint
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BIOS/UEFI
A low level software that initialises our computer's hardware to make sure everything is good to go
81
BIOS
(BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SERVICES) the BIOS is software that helps initialise the hardware computer's hardware to make sure everything is good to go
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BIT
The smallest representation of data that a computer can understand
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BLOCK CIPHERS
The cipher takes data in, places that into a bucket or block of data that's a fixed size, then encodes that entire block as one unit
83
BLOCK DEVICES
A system that acts like USB drives and hard drive by transmitting data
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BLUETOOTH
The most common short range network
84
BLOCK STORAGE
It improves faster handling of data because the data isn't stored in one long piece but in blocks, so it can be accessed more quickly
85
BOOT
to start up a computer
86
BOOTLOADER
A small program that loads the operating system
87
BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL (BGP)
A protocol by which routers share data with each other
88
BOTNET
A collection of one or more Bots
89
BOTS
machines comprised by malware that are utilised to perform tasks centrally controlled by an attacker
90
BROADBAND
Any connectivity technology that isn't dial-up internet
91
BROADCAST
A type of Ethernet transmission, sent to every single device on a LAN
92
BROADCAST ADDRESS
A special destination used by an Ethernet broadcast composed by all Fs
93
BROWSER
A user interface for displaying and interacting with web pages
94
BRUTE FORCE ATTACKS
A common password attack which consists of just continuously trying different combinations of characters and letters until one gets access
95
BYOD
(BRING YOUR OWN DEVICE) refers to practise of allowing people to use their own personal devices for work
96
CA
CERTIFICATION AUTHORITY It's the entity that's responsible for storing, issuing, and signing certificates. It's a crucial component of the PKI system
97
CABLE CATEGORIES
Groups of cables that are made with the same material. Most network cables used today can be split into two categories, copper and fiber
98
CABLE MODEM
A device that sits at the edge of a consumer's network and connects it to the cable modem termination system
99
CABLE MODEM TERMINATION SYSTEM
Connects lots of different cable connections to an ISP's core network
100
CABLES
Insulated wires that connect different devices to each other allowing data to be transmitted over them
101
CACHE
The assigned stored location for recently or frequently accessed data; on a mobile app it is where anything that was changed or created with that app is stored
102
CACHING AND RECURSIVE NAME SERVERS
They are generally provided by an ISP or your local network, and their purpose is to store domain name lookups for a certain amount of time
103
CAESAR CYPHER
A substitution alphabet, where you replace characters in the alphabet with others usually by shifting or rotating the alphabet, a set of numbers or characters
103
what is CSMA/CD stand for and what is it use for?
CARRIER-SENSE MULTIPLE ACESS WITH COLLISION DETECTION
Is used to determine when the communications channels and when the device is free to transmit data
104
CBC-MAC (Cipher block chaining message authentication codes)
A mechanism for building MACs using block ciphers
105
central management
A central service that provides instructions to all the different parts of my IT infrastructure.
105
CCMP (counter mode CBC-MAC protocol)
A mode of operation for block ciphers that allows for authenticated encryption
106
Centralized logging
syntax analysing logs in one central location
107
central repository:
It is needed to securely store and index keys and a certificate management system of some sort makes managing access to storage certificates and issuance of certificates easier
108
Central Fingerprints
hash digests of the whole certificate and aren't actually fields. Not in the certificate itself buat are computed by clients when validating or inspecting certificates
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