IT Fundamentals Flashcards
Act as a translator between keyboard characters and binary.
ASCII or American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Anything you can touch in a computer.
Computer Hardware
Written set of instructions that tell what to do.
Software
Software composed of:
OS, applications, programs
Importance of OS
Without OS, the hardware is just a piece of brick
Software which runs on top of hardware
Operating System
The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined….
Application Program Interface
Two types of interaction within OS
Command Line and GUI
OS’s other function include:
batch jobs, parallel processing, and provide status of operation
Types of OS
Redhat, Windows, Apple MacOS, Ubuntu, Android, IOS
Pathway Sequence
User -> Application Software -> Operating System -> Hardware
The heart of the operating system
Kernel
Kernel track ___, starts _____, and ____ them concurrently, _____ memory
files, programs, run, assign
Main function of kernel is to prevent….
Prevent anyone from accessing the hardware directly.
The tools provided by the kernel are used via…
System Calls
__________ and all other programs, run ‘on the top of the kernel’, in what is called the user mode.
System Programs
OS can also contain….
Compilers and corresponding libraries
Linux parts:
- Process Management
- Memory Management
- Hardware Device Drivers
- Filesystem Drivers
- Network Management
Two important kernel parts
Memory and Process Management
Temporary data storage area for future use
Cache
Computer to talk to another computer
Networking
Organized and systematic collection of data stored and accessed electronically from a computer system.
Database
Types of drive
HDD and SSD
Used to utilize resources and not waste it and share these resources among all the OS that runs in the physical server
Virtualizing
Uses a disk as an extension of RAM so that the effective size of usable memory grows correspondingly.
Virtual Memory
The part of the hard disk that is used as a virtual memory is….
Swap space
Linux can use this two memory management…
normal file in the file system or separate partition of swap space
Fixed sized parts of memory
paging
Bootstrap process
electricity -> motherboard -> CPU -> BIOS -> CMOS
BIOS stands for
Basic Input/Output System
CMOS stands for
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
It stores the BIOS setting, including system time, date and hardware setting
CMOS
What is POST?
Power-on Self Test
tells CPU to go over everyone and make sure they are working
MBR?
Master Boot Record: OS to operate
How the computer is going to start…
Bootstrap
Every computer have this that comes with a chip which has a low-level software (BIOS) that instructs the computer how to boot
UEFI or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
Operational software that is embedded within ROM chip on the motherboard
Firmware
Brings computer device and peripherals to life
Device Drivers
To connect to the internet and other computers on a network, a computer must have…
NIC or Network Interface Card and a Network Cable
Numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer
IP (Internet Protocol) Address
IPv4 are usually represented in a….
Dot-decimal rotation, 0 to 254
What is DHCP?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
What does DHCP do?
changes whenever you connect from the modem
What is DNS?
Domain Name System
TCP stands for…
Transmission Control Protocol
TCP is for…
Data delivery
IP is for…
obtain the address
Managing the connections between a client and a server
TCP
A hardware that act as a “gate” between two networks
gateway
Local subdivision of IP network
Subnet Mask
Used by TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a host is on the local subnet or on a remote network
Subnet Mask
Given to a network adapter when it is manufactured
Mac Address
It is the theoretical or reference model that the computer system uses to communicate over a network.
OSI Layer or Open System Interconnection
Layers of OSI
Physical
Datalink
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Set of rules governing exchange of information in an easy, reliable and secure way.
Protocol
