issues and debates Flashcards
Ethical guidelines definition
principles set by BPS to help psychologists behave honestly and with integrity
Ethical issues definition
arise when conflict exists between the rights of the participants and the goads or researchers to produce valid data
Ethical implications definition
impact of psychological research on other people and participants
social sensitivity definiton
studies where there are potential consequences for participants or individuals represented by research
Evidence for ethical implications
milgram-participants were deceived
bowlby’s-make mothers feel guilty for working after having child
evidence for social sensitivity
milgram - people obeyed orders they didn’t want to follow
bowlby’s- make mothers guilty
What did Sieber and Stanley(1988) study?
4 aspects of scientific research that raise ethical implication in socially sensitive research
4 aspects of Sieber and Stanley
-research question
-methodology used
- institutional context
interpretation and application of finding
Ethical implications positives
- SS research benefit society
- legal system positives
- Sandra scare argues that SS research promotes better understanding of underrepresented groups - e.g. culture bias on schizophrenia diagnosis (voices in head in Africa) - encourages acceptance
- prevent miscarriages of justice in legal system - Ronald Cotton EWT research shows unreliability if not socially sensitive
Ethical implications negatives
-psychologists research
-psychologists need to be free to carry out important research - problematic if governments set laws stopping some research e.g. race-related research - research can be stopped for political reasons - mindful of SS research benefits outweighing costs
free will definition
humans can make choices that and are not determined by biological or external forces
how does humanistic approach link to free will?
free will doesnt deny biological and environmental forces but we are able to reject these for our own denstiny
determinism definition
an individual behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal or external forces rather than an individual will to do something
hard determinism definiton
free will isnt possible
soft determinism
behaviour can be determined by our conscious thoughts
biological determinism definition
behaviours is caused by biologism influences that we can’t control
examples of biological determinism
ANS during stress and anxiety
environmental determinism definition
behaviour is caused by features of the environment that we can’t control
examples of environmental determinism
parents
schools
government
psychic determinism definiton
behaviour is caused by unconscious conflict la that we cannot control
psychic determinism examples
‘slip of the tongue’
Determinism Strength
- consistent with science aims
- soft determinism
- hard= behaviour obeys laws - places psychology on same level as other sciences - behaviour can be predicted + controlled = treatments + therapies
- e.g. SLT = key environmental factors but fee to choose some things - interactionist may. be better which is a compromise
determinism limitation
- legal system position
- for offenders to be held accountable they have to have had free will to choose to do the crime = determinism has no real world application
free will strength
-practical application
-every day life - face validity - research says internal = better mental health suggests more free will = positive behaviour impact
Free will limitation
-brain scan
- libet et al 1983
- participants chose random moment to flick wrist while measured brain activity
- participants said when they felt conscious movement
- unconscious came half a second before conscious
- showing most basic experiences or free will are actually determined by brain
biological definiton
focus on hereditary, hormones and chemicals through the interaction with the environment is acknowledged
psychodynamic definiton
basic instinct drives such as sec and aggression drive behaviour but relationship with parents also important
cognitive definiton
innate info processing ability’s are constantly refined by experience
humanistic definiton
accepts the influence of basic physiological needs but the focus is on the persons experience of their own environment
behaviourist definition
mind is blank slate
behaviour determined by learning
idiographic approach definition
- individual personal experiences
- studies people independently
idiographic methods
- qualitative to allow insight into individual behaviour
- insight into unique ways of viewing world
idiographic approach examples
-humanistic approach/psychologist
not finding general laws
-rogers and maslow (documenting conscious experience of individual)
-
Nomothetic approach definition
- general laws based on study of large groups
- statistical techniques to analyse data
- allow future behaviour predicted
nomothetic approach methods
- quantitative /scientific
- easier for comparison
nomothetic approach example
- behaviourism -skinner rats-laws of learning
- cog-lab experiments
- biological-loc of functions generalisiation
idiographic approach combo whopper
-individuality leading to lack of generalisability
-complete account of individual
-HM- LTM evidence of different brain areas
HOWEVER
-idio supporters still recognise restricted nature of their work
-generalisations not made as not enough examples to compare behaviour to
- most concepts developed from individual studies such as little hans which can’t be generalised
-rely on interpretation leading to bias
nomothetic approach combo whopper
-scientific = not human enough
-more scientific from group data
-tests under standardised conditions
-enable typical behaviours to be established like - IQ average 100- psych scientific credibility
HOWEVER
-doesn’t include individual experiences
-e,g 1% risk in schizophrenia development tells us little about what the experience is like -overlooks human experience
idio and nomo hamburger
-both perspective
- both perspectives
- gender development research (sandra bern androgens scale) to establish patterns
- goal of modern psych to provide description of behaviour
