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Social Studies > Issue 2: Living in a Diverse Society > Flashcards

Issue 2: Living in a Diverse Society Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 aspects of diversity?

A

Nationality
Race and ethnicity
Religion
Socio-economic status

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2
Q

People of the same nationality usually share the following traits. State 3 of these traits.

A

Share a common history
Share a common set of traditions
Share common practices
Share a common language
Live together in particular geographical area
Having a shared identity with those from the same country

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3
Q

What are the ways that expressions of national identity can be reflected through?

A

Lifestyle choices
Sports played
Cuisine preferences
Music preferences

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4
Q

As a Singapore national, what are 3 examples that reflect Singaporeans’ shared identity based on their nationality?

A 
Being part of a multicultural society
Celebrating National Day 
Commitment to bilingualism
Using English as a common language
Going for National Service
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5
Q

What is the difference between ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’?

A

Race: Classification of people according to physical characteristics that are biological in nature
Ethnicity: One’s ancestry, cultural practices, language, customs, food and dressing associated with an ethnic group

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6
Q

Race and ethnicity are used interchangeably in Singapore. What are the 4 main categories of race in Singapore?

A

Chinese
Malay
Indian
Others

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7
Q

Singapore implemented the registration of the double-barrelled race option on 1 January 2011. What does a double-barrelled race option mean?

A

Singaporean children born to parents of different races can have both races reflected in their Identity Card

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8
Q

What was the purpose of introducing the double-barrelled race option for Singaporeans?

A

To be more inclusive of the different races
To acknowledge the increasing rates of inter-ethnic marriages in Singapore
To celebrate diversity of the different races and ethnicities

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9
Q

What are some values promoted by the main religions in Singapore?

A

Compassion, sensitivity in interactions with others, respect for one another, love, care towards all beings, integrity in conduct

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10
Q

List 3 examples of religions in Singapore.

A 
Buddhism
Christianity
Hinduism
Islam
Sikhism
Taoism
Judaism
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11
Q

How will differing socio-economic status affect one’s life experiences?

A

It affects their choice of housing, food, entertainment and activities
Influence their social circle

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12
Q

Singapore is facing increasing income inequality. What is the indicator that indicates that our income inequality is widening?

A

GINI Coefficient. Singapore’s GINI Coefficient is 0.43 in 2014

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13
Q

To improve the social mobility of those in the low socio-economic status brackets, what has the Singapore government done? State 4 examples.

A 
Public Assistance
Medifund
Comcare
Workfare Income Supplement
MOE Financial Assistance Scheme
Bursary for Post-Secondary Students
Kindergarten and Student Care Subsidies
Additional CPF Housing Grant
GST Vouchers
Education, Healthcare and Housing Subsidies
Transport Concessions
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14
Q

Since the 1980s, Singapore has faced brain drain. Define brain drain and what is the consequence of brain drain on Singapore?

A

Brain drain: Migration of highly trained or educated people from a particular country to other countries at the expense of the country where these people originated

Loss of talented and educated individuals to contribute to the SG economy

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15
Q

The Singapore government has transformed its immigration policy from a labour-intensive economy towards a __________________ economy.

A

Knowledge-based economy

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16
Q

Singapore is facing an increasing ageing population. This will worsen Singapore’s age-dependency ratio. What is the age-dependency ratio? What is the consequence of an increasing age-dependency ratio?

A

Ratio of people older than 64 to the working-age population.

Less taxes are collected which affects the revenue of the government
Increasing burden on the working population to support the elderly

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17
Q

What is the reason for Singapore’s declining age-dependency ratio? Provide 2 reasons.

A

Increasing ageing population

Lower birthrates

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18
Q

What is the solution to the declining age-dependency ratio? Provide 1 solution.

A

Encouraging foreigners to come to Singapore
Boost birthrate of Singaporeans
Encourage the elderly to work beyond their retirement

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19
Q

Singapore attracts MNCs and foreigners due to its economic opportunities. What are the positive outcomes this will have on Singapore? Provide 3 positive outcomes.

A

SG remains competitive in the world
SG continues to be a place where investors see long-term growth
SG attracts global businesses to develop new industries
Increase in employment / jobs for locals
Increase in GDP / economic growth of SG
Attract foreigners to seek employment in SG
Increase in diversity in SG from influx of foreigners

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20
Q

What are the 3 aspects of Singapore’s socio-cultural environment that leads to greater diversity in Singapore?

A
  • Safe environment
  • Community Support
  • Education System
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21
Q

Community Support can come in the form of Immigrant Support Groups. Provide 3 examples of Immigrant Support Groups in Singapore for immigrant communities.

A

Australia and New Zealand Association Action Group
The Myanmar Club
Singapore Contractors Association Limited Recreation Centre
Golden Mile Complex for Thai immigrants
Clarke Quay / Liang Court for Japanese immigrants
Bukit Timah for Korean immigrants

22
Q

Immigrants and migrants consider safety and security when deciding on the country to live and work in. Provide 2 statistics to show that Singapore is a safe country.

A
  • In 2014, Singapore was ranked the second safest country in the world.
  • In 2014, Singapore was ranked tenth on categories like criminal justice and absence of corruption.
  • Crime rates have dropped to 6% over the past year in 2014.
  • Crime rates have been declining since 2005.
  • Almost 40% of major crimes are solved with assistance from the public.
23
Q

Singapore is known for its quality education. List 2 examples that show Singapore’s world-class education that attracts immigrants to Singapore.

A
  • Singapore’s education system is well-recognised and admired for its effectiveness and high standards.
  • MOE conducts annual admissions exercises for international students.
  • Popularity of SG’s tertiary institutions that offer a wide range of courses
  • SG is a well-known hub for education that has attracted 80,000 international students in 2014.
24
Q

What is a common space?

A

Refers to a physical space, shared values and common experiences that build our national identity

25
Q

Provide an example of how the government encourages positive interactions in a diverse society such as Singapore.

A
  • Inter-Racial and Religious Confidence Circles: Community inter-racial and inter-faith platforms that promote racial and religious harmony
  • OnePeople.sg: Programmes and initiatives to foster interactions and friendships among different ethnic communities (e.g. CampTeen)
  • People’s Association: Statutory Board to promote racial harmony and social cohesion and to act as a bridge between the government and the people
26
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the exchange and appreciation of culture seen in Singapore?

A

Food, music and fashion

27
Q

How does exchanges of skills and knowledge occur in Singapore as part of the exchange and appreciation in a diverse society? Provide 1 example.

A
  • For example, the Biomedical Research Council (BMRC) of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) funds and supports public research initiatives in Singapore. Under BMRC, internationally renowned scientists with the expertise and knowledge to jump-start the country’s biomedical sciences moved to Singapore.
  • The openness to learn and collaborate with overseas scientists has led to robust research, which in turn has led to significant discoveries made in Singapore, like the H1N1 flu vaccine
28
Q

Provide 3 negative impacts of having prejudices and misconceptions in Singapore society.

A
  • Negative sentiments arise from incorrect understandings and erroneous assumptions
  • Discriminatory behaviour against certain groups of people
  • Damage the social fabric of SG’s multiracial and multicultural society
  • Impression that Singaporeans are xenophobic
  • Growth of such negative conceptions on cyberspace that leads to its spread
29
Q

Singaporeans may feel negatively about the influx of foreigners as they perceive that foreigners compete with them for resources. What are some resources that Singaporeans feel that foreigners are competing with them over? State 3 of these resources.

A
  • Infrastructure: Public transport
  • Housing
  • Jobs
30
Q

State 1 way that shows that the Singapore government is addressing Singaporeans’ concerns over social mobility due to the influx of foreigners.

A
  • Singapore government emphasises re-training and the learning of new skills to enable Singaporeans of a lower income group to stay relevant to economic demands
  • Upholding the principle of meritocracy (Edusave Scholarship and merit Bursary Schemes)
31
Q

Define assimilation.

A
  • In a country where the government adopts a policy of assimilation, immigrants are expected to adopt the beliefs and practices of the majority group in the host country
  • Make the identity of the immigrants indistinguishable from the majority group in aspects such as cultural beliefs and practices
32
Q

France believes in the principle of laicite in line with their policy of assimilating immigrants into the country. What does laicite stand for?

A

Secularism: Clear separation of religious affairs from governance and no religion is favoured over another

33
Q

France has implemented assimilation in three areas. What are the three areas?

A
  • Education
  • Employment
  • Naturalisation processes
34
Q

List 2 examples to show how assimilation in French education is practised.

A
  • Secular education: No discussion about religions except in History and Philosophy class
  • Adaptation classes: Conducted for the children of immigrants to help them improve their French and eventually join regular French schools
35
Q

The French introduced the Diversity Charter. What is the Diversity Charter?

A
  • Companies to articulate their support for a discrimination-free workplace
  • Allow greater diversity to flourish in the workplace, which could support the assimilation of immigrants into French society
36
Q

To be eligible for French nationality, what do immigrants in France have to do? Provide 3 examples.

A
  • Undergo French language courses and show proficiency in the language
  • Attend a day of civic education about life in France
  • Demonstrate knowledge of history and culture of France
  • Pass a French cultural test
37
Q

Why are there tensions arising from the policy of assimilation in France?

A

Tension between upholding national identity and the impact of religion on identity and respecting the right for individuals to practise their religion

38
Q

Define integration.

A

Immigrants retain their unique identities while forging common ground with the groups already living in the host country

39
Q

State and elaborate 2 ways that Singapore has promoted integration among its citizens.

A
  • Bilingualism: Students are expected to learn English and one of the official Mother Tongue Languages. English: different ethnic groups a common language to communicate with one another while learning MT: allows us to preserve our cultural identity and heritage
  • Presidential Council of Minority Rights: Ensure that laws passed by Singapore’s Parliament are not discriminatory against any racial or religious community
  • Group Representation Constituency: Ensure that minority racial groups are represented in Singapore’s Parliament
  • Ethnic Integration Policy: To achieve a balanced ethnic mix in HDB estates and to prevent the formation of ethnic enclaves
40
Q

State and elaborate 2 ways that Singapore has promoted integration among immigrants who are becoming Singapore Permanent Residents / Singaporean citizens.

A
  • Naturalisation Programmes: Singapore Citizenship Journey - 3-part programme designed through collaboration between the National Integration Council (NIC), the People’s Association (PA) and the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority of Singapore (lCA), helping the new Singapore citizens learn about their new home as they explore the key historical, cultural and relational experiences in Singapore
  • Common experiences: new Singapore Permanent Resident (SPR) quota was introduced for non-Malaysian SPR households buying HDB flats / National Service (NS) where all male Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents are required to serve NS for a period of two years, to ensure Singapore’s security and sovereignty
  • Community support: CIF Funded projects that focus on different and important aspects of adapting to the Singapore way of life / Initiatives by PA - Block parties, festive celebrations, home visits, orientation tours, Integration and Naturalisation Champions
41
Q

USA’s healthcare system takes a market-based approach. What is a market-based approach?

A

The government gives citizens the freedom to decide how much they wish to pay for healthcare and allows the market to determine the provision of services to meet health care needs

42
Q

Provide details of 2 policies that the US government has provided to help the lower income groups with healthcare.

A
  • Medicare: Health insurance for Americans aged 65 or older, but also covers those under the age of 65 who have disabilities and permanent kidney failure
  • Medicaid: health insurance available to people and families who have limited income or have disabilities
  • Legislation on Emergency Medical Treatment: Ensure patient access to emergency medical care and to prevent the practice of patient dumping
  • Affordable Care Act: Families with low to moderate income are now eligible for financial assistance in obtaining insurance coverage
43
Q

What are some of the negative impacts of the market-based approach on American citizens? Provide 2 negative impacts.

A
  • High prices for medical services
  • Inability to afford medical insurance to cope with the high medical costs
  • Financial burden on companies to provide medical insurance
  • Medical insurance deducted from the salary of the low income workers
  • Employment tied to medical insurance causing them to lose the medical insurance when they lose their jobs
44
Q

Singapore practises the shared responsibility approach towards healthcare. What is the shared responsibility approach?

A

The government intervenes through the provision of basic healthcare services and shares the costs of some aspects of healthcare

45
Q

How does the Singapore government keep healthcare affordable under the shared responsibility approach? State and elaborate on 2 examples.

A
  • Healthcare subsidies: Subsidised treatments are available in polyclinics, public hospitals, community hospitals and nursing homes. Lower to middle income groups can also receive additional means tested subsidies at public hospital outpatient clinics and selected private GP and dental clinics under CHAS
  • Medisave: Compulsory individual medical savings account scheme that encourages patients to take personal responsibility for their healthcare choices
  • MediShield Life: Health insurance plan for all Singaporeans to help pay for large hospitalisation bills, for life. Singaporeans can risk pool the cost of medical bills
  • Medifund: endowment fund that acts as a safety net for needy Singaporeans who cannot afford to pay their medical bills even after heavy subsidies, MediShield Life and Medisave
  • Top up of Medisave for Pioneer Generation
46
Q

What are some challenges faced by the healthcare system in Singapore? List 2 challenges and elaborate on them.

A
  • Singapore’s ageing population: Elderly need more intensive medical care
  • Increasing life expectancy and sedentary lifestyles: Greater need for treatment for chronic diseases
  • Rising healthcare costs: Global healthcare inflation
  • Use of branded drugs by Singaporeans while generic brand drugs are less costly and equally effective
47
Q

Sweden practises the government-financed approach in its healthcare. What is the government-financed approach?

A

The government provides substantial subsidies and services for most of the healthcare needs of its citizens

48
Q

Provide 2 examples of the policies introduced by the Swedish government in its healthcare under the government-financed approach.

A
  • Universal access to healthcare: Every Swede has equal access to healthcare services regardless of social class, income or place of residence
  • Public healthcare largely owned and financed by the government: Public and private providers are financed largely from public funds, people pay a nominal sum of money for healthcare as part of co-payment
  • Voluntary health insurance: Private insurance policy offered as a supplement
    to publicly financed healthcare
49
Q

How has the Swedish government ensured that healthcare remains affordable for lower income groups in Sweden? Provide 3 examples.

A
  • Patients above 20 years of age are charged about €9 per day for hospitalisation
  • The national ceiling for out-of- pocket payments for healthcare visits is €122. The patient has to pay the full cost of prescribed drugs up to €122, after which the subsidy becomes 100%
  • For a household, all children are covered by the same protection scheme for prescription drugs, providing a maximum of €244 for all children within the same household during a 12-month period
  • Private individual insurance in healthcare is supplementary and it is to be able to get quick access to a specialist in outpatient care and to avoid waiting lists for treatment
50
Q

State and elaborate on 2 challenges faced by Sweden’s healthcare system.

A
  • High taxation for low healthcare costs: High personal income tax rate (from 31% up to 56%) and high Value Added Tax at 25%
  • Growing number of people needing healthcare: European Union member countries eligible for some aspects of Sweden’s heavily subsidised healthcare
  • Increasing ageing population: Competition for existing healthcare resources as age-dependency ratio reduces

Social Studies (3 decks)

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