Issue 2: Balliol and Edward I, 1292-1296 Flashcards
John and Edward
a
• Edward quickly became involved in Scottish affairs, reversing Legal decisions made by john and the
guardians
•This humiliated john and made Cleer that Scotland was inferior John protested and reminded
edward of the promises of Birgham though edward reminded john that. the treaty was invalid as no marrige had happended
•John was forced to publicly renounce the safeguards in birgnam and edward was free to meddle as he would
Why did balliol comply?
• John was no secure in his position as King, and Bruce was still brooding •Johns strategy was to comply with Edward, at least until he was in a more secure position.
Edward treated john as a fevdal Lord and rather than a king
King John balliol
King john had many issues to overcome as king, and ultimitaly his reign ended in failure by 1296
•He was an inexperienced politician, and never expected to become king •Scotland had had no king for 6 years and the administritive system had grown weak and the country poor. Many powerful lords did not accept John as king and it was hard to keep order
Even the greatest king greatest king ward have Struggled in this situation, and John was not the greatest king.
Rebellion in Scotland
• It was the prospect of war with france in 1294 that ignited rebellion in Scotland. John, as if an english earl, was ordered to mass troops and for edward This treatment was bad enough, but additionally france was Scotionds biggest trading partner
C
This was enough to encourage the Scottish hobies to rebel.
Return of the Guardian
new
In 1925 - 12 new guardians were appointed by community of the realm to defy edward.
the
Envoys were sent to frence to explain the
Situation
treaty
By 1296 a marige between scotland and france had been agreed
“It included a marridge clause
King John and the rebellion
The Scottish nobles, finally fed up with So many humiliating defeats decided to oppose edward.
The King, with the help of the Guardians finally had enough supporters to stand up to edward.
•Hove However, this rebellion would come to nothing and by 1296, Scotiona
would be defeated in a matter of
weeks.
The situation in 1296
England was at war with france and demanded Scottish troops
• Scotland refused, instead signing a treaty with france and storting a war with england •This conflict would not last long.
Berwick
•The scots rushed troops to berwick from Lothian and fife.
The force was large by scottish Standards approximately 10,000
Most of the Scottish Soilders were levies, farmers who served as part time soilders However, there were also retainers or full time Soilders and nobles. Morale and confidence were high
Edward acts
Edward crossed the tweed on the 12th march 1296 at the head of an impression
impressive army.
Berwick was their first target and the Scots soon realised the power of the Combined english army
my
Edward lay seige to berwick and begon by offering an honourable surrender to
the people and garrison
The defenders were quickly overon, and it was not long before they were forced
to Surrender
Treatment at Berwick
The garrison wasbeen treated well and surrendered in line with the Chivalric code
declined
• The townsfolk-who had be
the offer of Surrender were treated quite differently •There was butchery that (asted days and the town had to be repopulated from Northumbría “there was moss rape and pilage, and some Flemish merchants were burned alive in a building.
The siege of Berwick
Edward had mustered a very large army for the invasion
Edward had ships waiting to enter the harbour and attack
Edward fave the inhabitants three days to surrender
The castle garrison surrendered without reprisal
The townspeople refused to surrender
Edward’s troops were sent to take the town
The townspeople were slaughtered
The town was burned to the ground
The battle of dunbar
Earl warenne of Sorrey marched to Dunbar with the english vanguard
The castle though it had Surrendered, had been re-armed and a Scottish force war was marching to relieve it
•The english decided to meet the Scots head on and positioned themselves on good grand • The Scots, mistaking the english morement as a retreat attacked up the hill. •They were quickly and easily destroyed
Impact of dunbar
“The battle was a total disaster for the Scots Many of the guardians and 130 scottish nobles were taken prisoner.
“This destroyed the majority of the Scots Leadership as well as crushing morale and resourc Soon there was no will to keep fighting •The Scots were out thought, out matched and outmanoevered - and worst of all their King was absent.
Edward’s march north
Edward continued his march north, capturing Key castles such as Edinburgh and Stirling
with Little resistance.
this
•John offered no Leadership during the time He did not fight in any battles and he retreated socely to the wor post Dunbar. •John tried (unsucessfully to rally nobles at Kincardine. Out of options he sought terms from Edward
Edword accepted the defeat and prepared. a humiliating ceremony on 10th July 1296.
The surrender
John was forced to publicly surrender • The royal badge was ripped from his tabord This symbolised that he was no longer king of Scots
He was now called “Toom Tabord” - empay coat. •John and his son were under arrest for 3 years, before being handed over to the pope and then retired to france
• They refused to return to Scotland
Edward imposes his authority
Edward remored any indication that scotland was an independent Kingdom.
Documents relating to the scottish throne were removed by ship.
The Stone of destiny, on which all Scottish Kings were inaugurated, was taken from Scoone to westminister
The Scottish crown jewels were taken,
including the black rood of St Margaret
The ragmans roll
In august 1296 at Berwick, 1600 Leading Scottish nobles and burgess swore a personal path to king edward
This was unprecedented and showed total Control over Scottish politics.
This was called the “Ragmans roll”
Edward’s control
Edward held many scottish nobles in prison and filled importent decision with his own men De Warenne was named Leitenant of Scotland and was charged with keeping order (though The Soon returned to England, citing poor weathe) English judges ignorent of Scottish law were brought in
with
Scottish Sheriffs were replaced in english
Lords
As a result, english administration got a bad reputation and had no connection to the local population
Rebellion in the south and west
• In the western isles, the powerful McDougal family rebelled
Robert Wishert (Bishop of Glasgow) and
Robert Bruce also started a revolt in Callaway- • Robert had not Supported King John, but his Lands were confiscated and given to an english Lord, Henry Percy, anyway
Robert’s rebellion
Bruce and his allies, under the guidance of the bishop of Glasgow gathered an army Percys response was quick and decisive, outmaneuvering his opponents and forcing a quick (and bloodless) Surrender
Roberts short lived rebellion did provide a distraction for another Scot beginning a more dramatic rebellion, all in the name of King John.
