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Higher History (Scottish Unit) <3 > Issue 1 - Immigrants into Scotland > Flashcards

Issue 1 - Immigrants into Scotland Flashcards

Internal and External Migration

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1
Q

What is a pull factor?

A

Encourage families to move elsewhere in the hope of a better life

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2
Q

What is an example of pull factors?

A

Jobs, Higher wages, entertainment, family, schooling and housing

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3
Q

The Lowlands had many job opportunities, more than the Highlands. What are some examples? (Job opportunities/Internal)

A

Men could work in different industrial areas, such as shipyards in Glasgow,
-mines in Ayrshire,
-steel mills of Lanarkshire
-mills of Dundee.

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4
Q

Highland women also came to work in the Lowlands. Where? (Job opportunities/Internal)

A

In factories and mills like in Dundee, or domestic service. For example, in 1871 55% of all women workers in Edinburgh did jobs such as maids and cleaners.

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5
Q

Where did the Free Church of Scotland send Highland men after the effects of the potato famine hit? (Job opportunities/Internal)

A

The Free Church arranged for 3000 men to work in the Lowlands to work on railways.

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6
Q

On average, Lowland jobs paid higher than Highland jobs. What did this mean for families? (wages and money/Internal)

A

Families could earn more and have a better standard of living (such as food, housing and entertainment)

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7
Q

In 1860, what was the average daily wages for farmers? (Wages and money/Internal)

A

23.6

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8
Q

In 1860 what is the average daily wages for miners? (Wages and money/Internal)

(Hint:above 40)

A

41.8

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9
Q

In 1860 what is the average daily wages for building labourers? (Wages and money/internal)

A

34.5

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10
Q

In 1860 what is the average daily wages for building craftsmen? (Wages and money/Internal)

A

52.7

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11
Q

Farm wages were often in kind. What did this mean? (Wages and money/Internal)

A

The employer gave a house and food to the employee

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12
Q

Places such as shipyards, factories and mines paid money, which did what? (Wages and money/Internal)

A

Gave more freedom to the employee of how the money was spent, and let people change their employer.

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13
Q

In urban society, 1800s Lowland housing was pretty poor, even if it was much better than Highlands houses, what is an example of this? (Better housing/Internal)

A

Many Highlanders lived in blackhouses, which are homes which lacked basic facilities like heating or toilets, and were sometimes shared with animals

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14
Q

In 1800s, Scotland has slum clearances. What was a slum clearance? (Better housing/Internal)

A

Knocking down and replacing poor houses.

In 1866, 88 acres of Glasgow city centre was knocked down, replaced with 39 new streets and 12 improved ones

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15
Q

In addition, many Highlanders found their low wages meant they could not what? (Better housing/Internal)

A

They could not afford rent

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16
Q

However with the higher wages Highlanders received, what could they do? (Better housing/Internal)

A

They could afford rent more easily, stopping homelessness

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17
Q

Having family already in towns and cities led to more internal migration. How were these people encouraged to move? (Family and Friends/Internal)

A

Families wrote letters encouraging people to move, and also helped them find jobs

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18
Q

Many Highlanders and other people from rural Scotland moved to towns and cities. What is an example of this? (Family and Friends/Internal)

(Keyword:Loch Garry)

A

In the east end of Glasgow, part of the Bridgeton area was known as Glengarry because of how many people were from near Loch Garry

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19
Q

Other Highland people moved to places such as Perth or Dundee. What did they set up? (Family and Friends/Internal)

A

Organisations to keep their Highland heritage, including church services in Gaelic or Highland Clubs who arranged social events and charity too.

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20
Q

Life in the Highlands could be very lonely. How come? (Entertainment/Internal)

A

Some people lived miles away from other communities, and had few transportation methods/options, meaning they had no-one to socialise with, or even having to spend spare time with their employer.

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21
Q

On the contrary, cities had a lot of entertainment and options where people could spend their free time. What are some examples of this? (Entertainment/internal)

A

Music halls
Sports halls
(Early 1900s) Cinemas, with the first moving picture film shown in Scotland was in Edinburgh in 1896.

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22
Q

Football was a hit with the fans, with women even given free entry! What were some clubs that were set up? (Entertainment/Internal)

A

Queens Park (1867)
Kilmarnock (1869)
Rangers (1872)
Celtic (1887)

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23
Q

Until 1948, the NHS didn’t exist, which proved to be a big problem, especially in the Highlands . Why? (Better healthcare/Internal)

A

People lived too far from the nearest doctor or hospital, and had to rely on folk remedies and traditions rather than medicine.

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24
Q

How could better healthcare prompt someone to move to a city? (Better healthcare/Internal)

A

It could be expensive to get to a doctor or hospital in a small town, but there were more services available in larger towns and cities. In addition, charitable hospitals like the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary also provided healthcare.

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25
Q

In 1872, a law was passed which did what? (Better Education/Internal)

A

Made primary education compulsory to all boys and girls in Scotland

26
Q

In rural areas, better education could be trickier to access. Why? (Better education/Internal)

A

Often, families lived too far from a local school, meaning it took longer journeys to get there.

27
Q

The increasing population in Scottish towns and cities meant what? (Better education/Internal)

A

More schools in rural areas, such as
-High Street School in Kilmarnock, or Kilmarnock Grammar School.

28
Q

More education encouraged people to move to improve their what? (Better education/Internal)

A

Living conditions

29
Q

As Highlanders gained more knowledge and skills, what did they begin to want? (Better education/Internal)

A

They wanted more prosperous lives than that found in their local areas.

30
Q

In 1832, the first passenger railway in Scotland opened, connecting which two Lanarkshire cities? (Railways and distance/Internal)

(Hint: They both begin with G)

A

Glasgow and Garnkirk

31
Q

What happened as a result of the first railway in Scotland opening? (Railways and distance)

A

Passenger trains spread across Scotland, travelling as far as Wick and Thurso in the North of Scotland.

32
Q

In 1865, how many miles of railway were there connecting large parts of the country in Scotland? (Railways and distance/Internal)

A

2200 miles, meaning that Scotland had more miles of railway lines in proportion to her population compared to every other country in Europe.

33
Q

Trains made it easier to travel across Scotland. What else did it mean? (Railways and distance/Internal)

A

People could return home if needed be, for example in the event of a death.

34
Q

Trains also helped people to move on a temporary basis, what’s an example of this? (Railways and distance/Internal)

A

Some Highlanders worked on farms at planting and harvest times. However when there was no work in the winter, they went south to towns or cities to work in factories.

35
Q

Scots had a higher chance of getting a job if prepared to make the journey, what did many travel companies advertise? (Job opportunities/external)

A

They advertised both transport abroad and also the promise of work in Canada on arrival.

36
Q

Scots used skills such as factory work and trade to get jobs, what places did they work at? (Job opportunities/external)

A

Indian Civil Service, helping establish sheep farming in Australia, and became miners in places like Canada and USA.

37
Q

Professionals were recruited alongside manual and industrial workers. What are some examples?(Job opportunities/external)

A

British and Colonial governments encouraged doctors, lawyers and teachers to travel due to guaranteed jobs or better wages.

38
Q

Many Scots did not just want to go and work for someone else - they wanted to set up their own business. What chances did foreign countries offer? (Job opportunities/external)

A

Foreign countries offered the chance to own businesses such as trading goods or as part of the farming trade.

39
Q

Many famous businesses were set up and have links to Scottish emigrants, and Andrew Buick from Arbroath is a prime example. What did he do? (Job opportunities/external)

(Hint:to do with vehicles)

A

He made the famous Buick car
Another example is the son of a Scottish emigrant in Australia founded the chocolate company which made Freddos.

40
Q

Britain’s Empire colonies needed workers with a variety of skills like what? (Wages and money/external)

A

Farmers, factory workers, miners and professionals. One way they tried to attract these people was with the promise of higher wages than in Scotland.

41
Q

On average, the Scottish emigrants with a job could expect to earn more overseas than back home. What is an example of this? (Wages and money/external)

A

In the late 1800s, granite workers in the USA could earn more that 3x their income in Scotland!

42
Q

Mid 1800s, gold rushes in Australia attracted many Scots to emigrate. What is an example of this? (Wages and money/external)

A

The discovery of gold in New South Wales meant Scots believed they could do the same and make their fortune.

43
Q

What did countries such as Canada and Australia need for growing crops on their land? (Free or cheap land/external)

A

Experienced farmers

44
Q

What were emigrant Scots offered if they travelled? (Free or cheap land/external)

A

They were offered free or even cheap land if they travelled, allowing them to become a landowner and giving security against eviction.

45
Q

The Scots made great use of the opportunities they had. How would they do it? (Free or cheap land/external)

A

Scots helped develop Australia’s wool industry and Scottish farmers prospered into parts of Canada because they had experience growing crops and tending animals in a similar climate.

46
Q

Many Scottish emigrants found that they had better housing abroad. What were some problems with the housing in Scotland? (Better housing/external)

A

-Overcrowding
-Low quality buildings
-Sanitation
-Disease spread easily

47
Q

Some Scots found their new homes had less illness. Why? (Better housing/external)

A

The sickest people could not make the long journeys, other people had homes built for them ready for their arrival, ie Dr John Hutchinson in Canada, his towns first doctor.

48
Q

Many farms and towns came with homes already built and other things, like what? (Better housing/external)

(Hint: Canadian Pacific Railroad)

A

In 1800s, Canadian Pacific Railroad company offered ready-made farms in the West of Canada to encourage Scots to move.

49
Q

Why did other Scots have a better standard of housing? (Better housing/external)

A

Because they were able to build their own houses, farming Scots who were given free/cheap land built their own homes and could do this to a higher standard than previously

50
Q

Family and friends played a crucial role in attracting Scots out of Scotland, how would they do this? (Family and friends/external)

A

People in Scotland received letters from family abroad describing better lives abroad and encouraged them to make the journey.

51
Q

Family and friends were able to arrange housing and jobs for family members going to arrive before they had even travelled, what would knowing people overseas mean for Scots? (Family and friends/external)

A

It meant Scots could continue their culture, such as religion.

52
Q

Scots used heritage links to keep a connected feeling with Scotland. What was done in order to keep the connected feeling? (Family and friends/external)

A

-Highland Games played
-Caledonian Societies were set up
-Presbyterian societies were set up also

53
Q

Scots chose journey abroad due to religious faith. What did they believe their duty was? (Religious reasons/external)

A

To spread the Christian message around the world, so travelled to parts of the Empire where Christianity was not well established.

54
Q

Missionary helped support, including giving training and paying for travel. Who are some famous missionaries? (Religious reasons/external)

A

David Livingstone (explorer)
Mary Slessor, who campaigned for women’s rights.

55
Q

Other Scots would travel to to help fellow Scots continue to practice their faith. What kind of churches were opened up? (Religious reasons/external)

A

Presbyterian churches were opened up in countries like Australia and New Zealand

56
Q

In the 1800s, how long would it take to travel by sail ship? (Steam ship travel/external)

A

It could take up to one month, or even three months if you were travelling to somewhere like Australia/New Zealand, these dangerous and long journeys put some Scots off travelling

57
Q

What did the development of steam ships lead to in the 1800s? (Steam ship travel/external)

A

It led to reduce travel times, for example you could travel to the USA in only 1 week!

This made the journey less unpleasant and meant some Scots could also return home.

58
Q

Steamships also made travelling safer for Scots. How did this encourage more people to leave? (Steam ship travel/external)

A

Shipwrecks often occurred on sail ships around the world, however steamships were less likely to suffer from this, which encouraged more people to travel.

59
Q

Many Scots wanted better lives but did not know how to get this. Who started trying to encourage them to move? (Help to travel/external)

A

-Colonial governments used different methods to encourage them to move.
-Recruiting governments were also hired by colonial governments

60
Q

What methods did recruiting agents use to help encourage Scots to move? (Help to travel/external)

A

Gave public talks
Posted adverts in newspapers
Offered different types of ways to help move, including paying for travel and help finding accommodation abroad or even the offer of cheap/free land

61
Q

How did the British government provide different types help for people moving? (Help to travel/external)

(Hint: Paying, tickets, training courses)

A

-Paying for land for hose emigrating
-Giving those emigrating tickets to travel
-Provided training courses to give those emigrating the skills they need to move

62
Q

In 1922, the British government launched an Empire Settlement Act. What did this act do?(Help to travel/external)

A

Provided support to move, such as loans and land, especially aimed at agricultural workers moving to rural areas in places like Canada and Australia.

Higher History (Scottish Unit) <3 (4 decks)

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