isssues and debates overview Flashcards
Androcentrism
Male-centered perspective assuming male experiences as the norm.
Alpha Bias
Exaggerates gender differences, often portraying women as inferior.
Beta Bias
Minimizes or ignores gender differences.
Reverse-alpha bias
Acknowledges differences but emphasizes positive female traits.
Cultural Bias
Reflects cultural biases, leading to misunderstandings and prejudice.
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures by one’s own norms, leading to discrimination.
Cultural Relativism
Valuing cultures on their own terms to address bias.
Emic-Etic Distinction
Distinguishes universal aspects (etics) from cultural expressions (emics).
Race and IQ
Early biased IQ tests led to invalid racial intelligence conclusions.
Hard Determinism
Behavior fully determined by biological, environmental, or psychic factors.
Soft Determinism
Behavior influenced by factors, with some degree of free will.
Nature vs. Nurture
Debate on behavior shaping factors: genetic and environmental.
Holism vs. Reductionism
Contrast between studying behavior as a whole vs. breaking it down.
Nomothetic Approach
Studies large groups to develop general behavior laws.
Idiographic Approach
Studies individuals in depth to understand unique behaviors.
