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Introduction to biomolecules - BIOC201 > Isomerism of fatty acids > Flashcards

Isomerism of fatty acids Flashcards

1
Q

Where are isomers very common?

A

Isomers are very common in biological system

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2
Q

Isomers may have different…

A

physical and chemical properties

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3
Q

Discuss the topic ‘Geometrical isomer”

A
  • Geometrical isomerism is the orientation of hydrocarbon chains around the double bond

-Most of the double bonds of fatty acids are naturally in CIS configuration
Some fatty acid derivatives have TRANS configuration
TRANS isomers more stable than their CIS counterparts

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4
Q

Discuss the term positional isomer?

A 
The Number of isomers of a fatty acid depend on the position of double bond and number of carbon atom
For example – one 18 carbon mono
    unsaturated fatty acid such as 
    Oleic acid may have 16 positional 
    isomer based on the position of 
    double bond
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5
Q

If CIS and TRANS
configurations is considered for the
same acid, …

A

An enormous number of
isomers are possible amongst
unsaturated fatty acids

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6
Q

(Glycerides) - Chemistry:

A

Neutral esters of fatty acids and glycerol (Glycerides) are the esters of fatty acids and tri-hydric alcohols (glycerol)

Neutral esters of fatty acids and glycerol form neutral lipids by esterification reaction

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7
Q

Neutral lipids - what can the product be named as?

A

The product can be named as acylglycerol or glyceride such as monoacylglycerol or monoglyceride

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8
Q

What do the suffixes : Mono- , di- , and tri represent?

A

Mono-, di- and tri- represent the number of fatty acids esterified with the tri-hydric alcohol

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9
Q

What does a number before the name of neutral lipids indicate?

A

The number indicates on which carbon the fatty acid molecules are added into the tri-hydric alcohol

examples - 1-Monoacylglycerol, 2-Monoacyl glycerol, 1,3-Diacylglycerol etc

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10
Q

neutral lipids are classified into three classes based on the number of fatty acids esterified with the tri - hydric alcohol. List those 3 classes.

A

i) Monoacylglycerol or Monoglyceride
ii) Diacylglycerol or Diglyceride
iii) Triacylglycerol or Triglyceride

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11
Q

When only one fatty acid molecule esterified with the anyone of the carbons of tri-hydric alcohol. What is the neutral lipid called?

A

The neutral lipid is called monoacylglycerol or monoglyceride[MG] such as 1, 2, or 3-Monoacylglycerol or 1,2, or 3-Monoglyceride

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12
Q

What are the hydroxyl[-OH] groups on carbon number 1 , 2, or 3 called? What are their respective carbons called?

A

The hydroxyl (-OH) groups present in the carbon number 1, 2 and 3 are called primary, secondary and tertiary hydroxyl groups and their respective carbons are called α, β, and γ carbon

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13
Q

What is a fatty acid molecule called if it is esterified with carbon 1 , 2 or 3?

A

So, if a fatty acid molecule esterified with the carbon-1, 2 or 3 that is also called α, β, or γ-monoglyceride respectively

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14
Q

When two fatty acid molecules are esterified with the any 2 of the carbons of tri-hydric alcohol. What is the neutral lipid called?

A

The neutral lipid is called diacylglycerol [DAG]or diglyceride[DG] such as 1,3-diacylglycerol or 1,3-diglyceride

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15
Q

Two fatty acid molecules may or may not …

A

be the same

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16
Q

When three different or same fatty acid molecules are esterified with a tri-hydric alcohol. What is the neutral lipid called?

A

The neutral lipid is called Triacylglycerol (TAG) or triglyceride (TG)

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17
Q

Where is Triacylglycerol (TAG) or triglyceride (TG) widely available?

A 
Triacylglycerol (TAG) or triglyceride (TG) - This is the most widely available neutral lipid in the 
	animal system (95% of the total lipid in our body)
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18
Q

Animals consist mostly of esters of :

A

palmitic,

stearic, palmitoleic and oleic acids with glycerol

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19
Q

Ionic esters of fatty acids and glycerol (Phospholipids): Phospholipids are the ionic esters of :

A

glycerol
fatty acid
phosphoric acid and
a base

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20
Q

Why are the ionic esters of glycerol & fatty acids[phospholipids] amphipathic in nature?

A

They have a polar head and a non-polar

part in their structure

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21
Q

Which carbon are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids generally esterified with?

A

Generally saturated fatty acids are esterified
with carbon 1 & 2 and unsaturated
fatty acids with carbon 2 of the glycerol molecule

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22
Q

What does the phosphoric bind with and what is the base linked with?

A

Phosphoric acid binds with the hydroxyl group of carbon 3 and a base is linked with the phosphoric acid molecule

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23
Q

Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in animal and plants. Where aren’t they found?

A

Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in animal and plants but they aren’t found in biological membranes

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24
Q

Name the most abundant lipid in biological membranes and lipoproteins of animals and plants

A

Lecithin

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25
The name and function of phospholipids are different. What is this mainly based on?
The name and function of the phospholipids are different mainly based on the types of the base. Example - Lecithin is called Phosphatidylcholin
26
What is less abundant than Lecithins in the biological system?
Cephalin
27
Where is cephalin present?
Cephalin is present mainly in the central nervous system e.g. white matter of brain, spinal cord, neural tissues and nerves.
28
Lecithin is the principal phospholipid in animals. Cephalin is the principal phospholipid in ...
Bacteria
29
What type of base does cephalin contain in its structure?
An ethanolamine base
30
What is cephalin called chemically?
Cephalin is called phosphatidyl ethanolamine [chemically]
31
Where was Phosphatidylserine originally isolated from? Where is it isolated from nowadays?
Phosphatidylserine was originally isolated from bovine brain but nowadays it is isolated from soybean although they are not exactly the same
32
What is phosphatidylserine present in?
Phosphatidylserine is present in the inner side of a cell membrane and is beneficial to quickly recover from sports or exercise related injury
33
What does phosphatidylserine contain that acts as a base in its structure?
Phosphatidylserine contains a serin amino acid as a base in their structure so they are called phosphatidyl serine
34
Where are Lipositols (Phosphatidyl inositol) distributed?
Lipositols[Phosphatidyl inositol] are widely distributed in brain tissue, bacteria and soybean oil
35
Where are lipositols[phosphatidyl inositol] present?
Lipositols[phosphatidyl inositol] are present in the inner side of a cell membrane
36
What are Phosphorylated forms of phosphatidylinositol called and what do they play a role in?
Phosphorylated forms of phosphatidylinositol are called phosphoinositides and play important roles in lipid signalling, cell signalling and membrane trafficking
37
Why is a lipositol called phosphatidyl inositol?
Lipositol contains a myo-inositol (a sugar alcohol) as a base so it is called phosphatidyl inositol
38
Where are plasmalogens present?
Plasmalogens are present in the brain and heart tissues and | in low concentration in non-animal tissues
39
Plasmalogens are ..
exceptional phospholipids
40
In a plasmalogen , the fatty acid chain on carbon 1 of the glycerol is replaced by
An α, β-unsaturated ether
41
What may a plasmalogen contain as its base?
A plasmalogen may contain choline, ethanolamine or serine as its base
42
What are sphingolipids?
Lipids without glycerol
43
Sphingolipids are also ...
major membrane components
44
What are most sphingolipids the derivatives of?
Most sphingolipids are the derivatives of C18 amino alcohols or sphingosine, whose double bond has the trans configuration
45
What are the N-Acetyl derivatives of sphingosine known as?
N-Acetyl derivatives of sphingosine are known as CERAMIDE
46
What are sphingolipids mainly composed of?
These kinds of lipids are mainly composed of A long chain fatty acid A long-chain amino alcohols such as – sphingosine or one of its derivative and A polar head group of a phosphate and a base
47
What is sphingomyelin?
Sphingomyelin is a phosphoryl choline derivative of ceramide
48
Where is sphingomyelin located?
Sphingomyelin is mainly located in the nerve tissues but also found in blood (lipo-proteins) They are also located in the nerve of the spinal cord
49
Where is sphingomyelin abundant?
Sphingomyelin is abundant in myelin sheath - a protective multilayer for insulation of cells of central nervous system
50
What does sphingomyelin account for?
Sphingomyelin accounts for up to 25% of total lipid in human myelin
51
Synthesis of sphingomyelin. What does a fatty acid and long - chain amino acid alcohol[sphingosine] constitute?
The fatty acid and long-chain amino alcohol (Sphingosine) together constitute a CERAMIDE
52
Briefly explain how a sphingomyelin is synthesized.
A polar head group of phosphate and choline are connected to the fatty acid part of the ceramide to form a sphingomyelin
53
What is multiple sclerosis ?
Multiple sclerosis is an auto immune disease when the immune system attacks the central nervous system and leading to plaques and lesions formation in the myelin sheath followed by demyelination
54
Multiple sclerosis is prevalent and more common in :
Multiple sclerosis is prevalent in young adults and more common in females
55
What is the rate of prevalence of multiple sclerosis?
The rate prevalence of this disease is 2-150 / 100 000 persons
56
List the symptoms of multiple sclerosis
* Fatigue, depression, cognitive impairment, unstable mood * Lack of co-ordination, speech and vision problem * Muscular weakness, pains, loss of sensation * Abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, constipation * Irregular frequency of urination * Involuntary movements of eye balls
57
How can multiple sclerosis be diagnosed?
Plaques or lesions in the white matter of the central nervous system and spinal cord can be detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
58
What are treatments for multiple sclerosis?
No specific treatment is available Several countries started to treat with various immune suppressors such Interferon Beta 1a (IFNβ-1a) and IFNβ-1b
59
What are sphingomyelins hydrolysed by? Why?
Sphingomyelins are hydrolysed by an enzyme named sphingomyelinase to form a ceramide and phosphoryl choline
60
What happens since the enzyme sphingomyelinase is absent ?
Due to the inherited absence of this enzyme unused or extra lipids are deposited in our body what is called Niemann Pick Disease, a Lipid Storage Disease
61
Where do the lipid-laden cells[foam cells] store? what do they cause?
Lipid-laden cells (Foam cells) store in the lung, liver, bone marrow and brain which cause the enlargement of those organs
62
What are the symptoms of Niemann Pick Disease, [a Lipid Storage Disease]
Swelling of endothelial, mesenchymal and parenchymal cells of liver, lung, brain, bone marrow and spleen. Mental retardation, early death.
63
What are the treatments of Niemann Pick Disease[lipid storage disease]?
There is No specific treatment. Organ transplantation, enzyme replacement and gene therapy are possible ways.
64
What is a glycolipid?
A glycolipid is a combination of a carbohydrate and a lipid
65
Where are glycolipids present?
Glycolipids are normally present in the outer surface of the cell membrane They are also present in the myelin sheath of central nervous system and spinal cord
66
Cerebrosides are the most abundant in the
Myelin sheath of nerve
67
What are cerebrosides a combination of?
Ceramide and monosaccharides
68
Which carbon of the monosaccharide is linked with the carbon 1 of the ceramide?
The C1 of the monosaccharide linked with the C1 of the ceramide in a β-linkage fashion
69
Cerebrosides are classified into 2 sub-classes based on the type of monosaccharides attached with the ceramide. Name those 2
Glucocerebroside , Galactocerebroside
70
what does the addition of monosaccharides to glucocerebrosides yield?
The addition of monosaccharides to glucoscerebrosides converts to more complex glycosphingolipids For example , blood group antigens
71
What do the different antigens have?
The different antigens have different antigenic | determinants at their non-reducing end

Introduction to biomolecules - BIOC201 (6 decks)

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