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Introduction to biomolecules - BIOC201 > Isomerism of fatty acids > Flashcards

Isomerism of fatty acids Flashcards

1
Q

Where are isomers very common?

A

Isomers are very common in biological system

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2
Q

Isomers may have different…

A

physical and chemical properties

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3
Q

Discuss the topic ‘Geometrical isomer”

A
  • Geometrical isomerism is the orientation of hydrocarbon chains around the double bond

-Most of the double bonds of fatty acids are naturally in CIS configuration
Some fatty acid derivatives have TRANS configuration
TRANS isomers more stable than their CIS counterparts

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4
Q

Discuss the term positional isomer?

A 
The Number of isomers of a fatty acid depend on the position of double bond and number of carbon atom
For example – one 18 carbon mono
    unsaturated fatty acid such as 
    Oleic acid may have 16 positional 
    isomer based on the position of 
    double bond
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5
Q

If CIS and TRANS
configurations is considered for the
same acid, …

A

An enormous number of
isomers are possible amongst
unsaturated fatty acids

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6
Q

(Glycerides) - Chemistry:

A

Neutral esters of fatty acids and glycerol (Glycerides) are the esters of fatty acids and tri-hydric alcohols (glycerol)

Neutral esters of fatty acids and glycerol form neutral lipids by esterification reaction

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7
Q

Neutral lipids - what can the product be named as?

A

The product can be named as acylglycerol or glyceride such as monoacylglycerol or monoglyceride

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8
Q

What do the suffixes : Mono- , di- , and tri represent?

A

Mono-, di- and tri- represent the number of fatty acids esterified with the tri-hydric alcohol

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9
Q

What does a number before the name of neutral lipids indicate?

A

The number indicates on which carbon the fatty acid molecules are added into the tri-hydric alcohol

examples - 1-Monoacylglycerol, 2-Monoacyl glycerol, 1,3-Diacylglycerol etc

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10
Q

neutral lipids are classified into three classes based on the number of fatty acids esterified with the tri - hydric alcohol. List those 3 classes.

A

i) Monoacylglycerol or Monoglyceride
ii) Diacylglycerol or Diglyceride
iii) Triacylglycerol or Triglyceride

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11
Q

When only one fatty acid molecule esterified with the anyone of the carbons of tri-hydric alcohol. What is the neutral lipid called?

A

The neutral lipid is called monoacylglycerol or monoglyceride[MG] such as 1, 2, or 3-Monoacylglycerol or 1,2, or 3-Monoglyceride

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12
Q

What are the hydroxyl[-OH] groups on carbon number 1 , 2, or 3 called? What are their respective carbons called?

A

The hydroxyl (-OH) groups present in the carbon number 1, 2 and 3 are called primary, secondary and tertiary hydroxyl groups and their respective carbons are called α, β, and γ carbon

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13
Q

What is a fatty acid molecule called if it is esterified with carbon 1 , 2 or 3?

A

So, if a fatty acid molecule esterified with the carbon-1, 2 or 3 that is also called α, β, or γ-monoglyceride respectively

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14
Q

When two fatty acid molecules are esterified with the any 2 of the carbons of tri-hydric alcohol. What is the neutral lipid called?

A

The neutral lipid is called diacylglycerol [DAG]or diglyceride[DG] such as 1,3-diacylglycerol or 1,3-diglyceride

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15
Q

Two fatty acid molecules may or may not …

A

be the same

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16
Q

When three different or same fatty acid molecules are esterified with a tri-hydric alcohol. What is the neutral lipid called?

A

The neutral lipid is called Triacylglycerol (TAG) or triglyceride (TG)

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17
Q

Where is Triacylglycerol (TAG) or triglyceride (TG) widely available?

A 
Triacylglycerol (TAG) or triglyceride (TG) - This is the most widely available neutral lipid in the 
	animal system (95% of the total lipid in our body)
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18
Q

Animals consist mostly of esters of :

A

palmitic,

stearic, palmitoleic and oleic acids with glycerol

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19
Q

Ionic esters of fatty acids and glycerol (Phospholipids): Phospholipids are the ionic esters of :

A

glycerol
fatty acid
phosphoric acid and
a base

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20
Q

Why are the ionic esters of glycerol & fatty acids[phospholipids] amphipathic in nature?

A

They have a polar head and a non-polar

part in their structure

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21
Q

Which carbon are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids generally esterified with?

A

Generally saturated fatty acids are esterified
with carbon 1 & 2 and unsaturated
fatty acids with carbon 2 of the glycerol molecule

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22
Q

What does the phosphoric bind with and what is the base linked with?

A

Phosphoric acid binds with the hydroxyl group of carbon 3 and a base is linked with the phosphoric acid molecule

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23
Q

Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in animal and plants. Where aren’t they found?

A

Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in animal and plants but they aren’t found in biological membranes

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24
Q

Name the most abundant lipid in biological membranes and lipoproteins of animals and plants

A

Lecithin

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25
Q

The name and function of phospholipids are different. What is this mainly based on?

A

The name and function of the phospholipids are different mainly based on the types of the base.
Example - Lecithin is called Phosphatidylcholin

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26
Q

What is less abundant than Lecithins in the biological system?

A

Cephalin

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27
Q

Where is cephalin present?

A

Cephalin is present mainly in the central nervous system e.g. white matter of brain, spinal cord, neural tissues and nerves.

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28
Q

Lecithin is the principal phospholipid in animals. Cephalin is the principal phospholipid in …

A

Bacteria

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29
Q

What type of base does cephalin contain in its structure?

A

An ethanolamine base

30
Q

What is cephalin called chemically?

A

Cephalin is called phosphatidyl ethanolamine [chemically]

31
Q

Where was Phosphatidylserine originally isolated from? Where is it isolated from nowadays?

A

Phosphatidylserine was originally isolated from bovine brain but nowadays it is isolated from soybean although they are not exactly the same

32
Q

What is phosphatidylserine present in?

A

Phosphatidylserine is present in the inner side of a cell membrane and is beneficial to quickly recover from sports or exercise related injury

33
Q

What does phosphatidylserine contain that acts as a base in its structure?

A

Phosphatidylserine contains a serin amino acid as a base in their structure so they are called phosphatidyl serine

34
Q

Where are Lipositols (Phosphatidyl inositol) distributed?

A

Lipositols[Phosphatidyl inositol] are widely distributed in brain tissue, bacteria and soybean oil

35
Q

Where are lipositols[phosphatidyl inositol] present?

A

Lipositols[phosphatidyl inositol] are present in the inner side of a cell membrane

36
Q

What are Phosphorylated forms of phosphatidylinositol called and what do they play a role in?

A

Phosphorylated forms of phosphatidylinositol are called phosphoinositides and play important roles in lipid signalling, cell signalling and membrane trafficking

37
Q

Why is a lipositol called phosphatidyl inositol?

A

Lipositol contains a myo-inositol (a sugar alcohol) as a base so it is called phosphatidyl inositol

38
Q

Where are plasmalogens present?

A

Plasmalogens are present in the brain and heart tissues and

in low concentration in non-animal tissues

39
Q

Plasmalogens are ..

A

exceptional phospholipids

40
Q

In a plasmalogen , the fatty acid chain on carbon 1 of the glycerol is replaced by

A

An α, β-unsaturated ether

41
Q

What may a plasmalogen contain as its base?

A

A plasmalogen may contain choline, ethanolamine or serine as its base

42
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

Lipids without glycerol

43
Q

Sphingolipids are also …

A

major membrane components

44
Q

What are most sphingolipids the derivatives of?

A

Most sphingolipids are the derivatives of C18 amino
alcohols or sphingosine, whose double bond has the
trans configuration

45
Q

What are the N-Acetyl derivatives of sphingosine known as?

A

N-Acetyl derivatives of sphingosine are known as CERAMIDE

46
Q

What are sphingolipids mainly composed of?

A

These kinds of lipids are mainly composed of
A long chain fatty acid
A long-chain amino alcohols such as –
sphingosine or one of its derivative and
A polar head group of a phosphate and a base

47
Q

What is sphingomyelin?

A

Sphingomyelin is a phosphoryl choline derivative of ceramide

48
Q

Where is sphingomyelin located?

A

Sphingomyelin is mainly located in the nerve tissues but also found in blood (lipo-proteins)

They are also located in the nerve of the spinal cord

49
Q

Where is sphingomyelin abundant?

A

Sphingomyelin is abundant in myelin sheath - a protective multilayer for insulation of cells of central nervous system

50
Q

What does sphingomyelin account for?

A

Sphingomyelin accounts for up to 25% of total lipid in human myelin

51
Q

Synthesis of sphingomyelin. What does a fatty acid and long - chain amino acid alcohol[sphingosine] constitute?

A

The fatty acid and long-chain amino alcohol (Sphingosine) together constitute a CERAMIDE

52
Q

Briefly explain how a sphingomyelin is synthesized.

A

A polar head group of phosphate and choline are connected to the fatty acid part of the ceramide to form a sphingomyelin

53
Q

What is multiple sclerosis ?

A

Multiple sclerosis is an auto immune disease when the immune system attacks the central nervous system and leading to plaques and lesions formation in the myelin sheath followed by demyelination

54
Q

Multiple sclerosis is prevalent and more common in :

A

Multiple sclerosis is prevalent in young adults and more common in females

55
Q

What is the rate of prevalence of multiple sclerosis?

A

The rate prevalence of this disease is 2-150 / 100 000 persons

56
Q

List the symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A
  • Fatigue, depression, cognitive impairment, unstable mood
  • Lack of co-ordination, speech and vision problem
  • Muscular weakness, pains, loss of sensation
  • Abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, constipation
  • Irregular frequency of urination
  • Involuntary movements of eye balls
57
Q

How can multiple sclerosis be diagnosed?

A

Plaques or lesions in the white matter of the central nervous system and spinal cord can be detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

58
Q

What are treatments for multiple sclerosis?

A

No specific treatment is available

Several countries started to treat with various immune suppressors such Interferon Beta 1a (IFNβ-1a) and IFNβ-1b

59
Q

What are sphingomyelins hydrolysed by? Why?

A

Sphingomyelins are hydrolysed by an enzyme named sphingomyelinase to form a ceramide and phosphoryl choline

60
Q

What happens since the enzyme sphingomyelinase is absent ?

A

Due to the inherited absence of this enzyme unused or extra lipids are deposited in our body what is called Niemann Pick Disease, a Lipid Storage Disease

61
Q

Where do the lipid-laden cells[foam cells] store? what do they cause?

A

Lipid-laden cells (Foam cells) store in the lung, liver, bone marrow and brain which cause the enlargement of those organs

62
Q

What are the symptoms of Niemann Pick Disease, [a Lipid Storage Disease]

A

Swelling of endothelial, mesenchymal and parenchymal cells of liver, lung, brain, bone marrow and spleen.
Mental retardation, early death.

63
Q

What are the treatments of Niemann Pick Disease[lipid storage disease]?

A

There is No specific treatment. Organ transplantation, enzyme replacement and gene therapy are possible ways.

64
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

A glycolipid is a combination of a carbohydrate and a lipid

65
Q

Where are glycolipids present?

A

Glycolipids are normally present in the outer surface of the cell membrane

They are also present in the myelin sheath of central nervous system and spinal cord

66
Q

Cerebrosides are the most abundant in the

A

Myelin sheath of nerve

67
Q

What are cerebrosides a combination of?

A

Ceramide and monosaccharides

68
Q

Which carbon of the monosaccharide is linked with the carbon 1 of the ceramide?

A

The C1 of the monosaccharide linked with the C1 of the ceramide in
a β-linkage fashion

69
Q

Cerebrosides are classified into 2 sub-classes based on the type of monosaccharides attached with the ceramide. Name those 2

A

Glucocerebroside , Galactocerebroside

70
Q

what does the addition of monosaccharides to glucocerebrosides yield?

A

The addition of monosaccharides to glucoscerebrosides
converts to more complex glycosphingolipids

For example , blood group antigens

71
Q

What do the different antigens have?

A

The different antigens have different antigenic

determinants at their non-reducing end

Introduction to biomolecules - BIOC201 (6 decks)

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