Islamophobia

Question 1

Orientalism

Answer 1

• Said 1978
• represents the orient as inferior, backwards and barbaric to maintain a basis for european domination
• ideological colonialsim
• inscribed in our politics, culture and social life

Question 2

The term islamophobia =

Answer 2

• first appeared in france 1918
• re-introduced by the runnymead report 1997
• the term was recoined to address the discrimination and exclusion experienced by muslims which was not recognised by the then race relations legislation (Vakil 2010)

Question 3

Islamophobia - Sian 2013 =

Answer 3

islamophobia is a mechanism of westernisation

Question 4

Islamophobia - Sayyid 2010 =

Answer 4

it bcomes a way of articulating the aspirations of a western identity through the exclusion and dismissal of the muslim subject

Question 5

Sayyid 2014: it is possible to group the activites described as islamophobic into 6 main clusters:

Answer 5

1) attacks on persons percieved to be muslim
2) attacks on property
3) acts of intimidation
4) institutional practices
5) elaboration of comments in the public domain ie media
6) state islamophobia

Question 6

muslims in the media are…

Answer 6

• represented as terrorists or subjects to be liberated
• moral panics
• reinforces racial/orientalist hierarchies

Question 7

media - Richardson 2004 =

Answer 7

muslims are framed as cultural threats to democracy and problematic

Question 8

media - Sayyid et al 2013 study =

Answer 8

• 3 month monitoring of the british press

- reacurring use of the words “terrorist” “fundamentalist” and “extremeist”

Question 9

media - richardson 2004 =

Answer 9

finds four argumentative themes associated with islam in broadcasts in 1997:

1) military threat
2) association with terrorists
3) threat to democracy
4) sexist/social threat

Question 10

state islamophobia…

Answer 10

includes:

• regulation of muslim bodies
• british values test
• liberating mentality
• increased surveillance and security

Question 11

regulation of muslim bodies

Answer 11

Burkini ban - france 2016

Question 12

increased surveillance and security

Answer 12

Turner 2007 = can include the creation of enclaves to quarantine religious minorities away from mainstream society
e.g. Project champion in brimingham - number plate recognition cameras were placed on muslim parts of the city (Lewis 2010)

Question 13

Islamophobia - Patel 2017 =

Answer 13

is a new form of racism

Question 14

Islamophobia - Modood 1997

Answer 14

is about both religion and race

Question 15

APPG in 2018 proposed a new critical definition os islamophobia to highlight its complexities…

Answer 15

“it is rooted in racism and is a type of racism that targets expressions of muslimness or percieved muslimness”