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HOA 3 > ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE > Flashcards

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the building traditions of Muslim populations in the Middle East and other areas where Islam has ruled since the 7th century

A

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

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2
Q

The religion of Islam began in?

A

Arabia

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3
Q

Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel

A

610 AD

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4
Q

Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and to accept the will of god

A

Islam

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5
Q

what was the message from Allah that the Arabs rejected?

A

to stop worshipping false idols and to accept the will of god “Islam”

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6
Q

Muhammad moved to Medina and converted the people to Islam

A

622 AD, the Hegira

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7
Q

Within ____________, the framework of religion and military organizations tasked with spreading the faith was established

A

10 years

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8
Q

This city then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all its idols and converted it to Islam

A

Medina

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9
Q

Muhammad died in _________, but his Muslim followers were ready to spread his teachings

A

632 AD

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10
Q

Concerted efforts by conquering ___________ to spread Islam

A

Arabic tribes

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11
Q
  • North into __________
  • Westward to _______
A

Central Asia; Africa

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12
Q

Along trade routes into ______

A

India

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13
Q

Among the _______ and Mongols

A

Turks

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14
Q

Spread of Islam is associated with?

A

military conquest and racial movements

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15
Q

Establish a cultural tie with the _____________, with the _______________________

A

Arabian heartland; annual pilgrimage to Mecca

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16
Q

In the alluvial plains, brickmaking and walling were universal, and __________ was widely available as a commodity.

A

MARBLE

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17
Q

Public life was reserved for?

A

men

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18
Q

women had a secondary role

A

for domestic and agricultural work

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19
Q

people of the book

A

Christians and Jews

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20
Q

They were given the freedom of worship and self-government

A

Christians and Jews

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21
Q

Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings from?

A

Greek, Persian, and Indian

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22
Q

Rulers and scholars were interested in?

A

mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy, and science

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23
Q

The Arab tribes who spearheaded the spread of Islam were?

A

tribal

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24
Q

The Arab tribes who spearheaded the spread of Islam were tribal, and as a result, emerging Islamic communities’ behavior patterns and cultural characteristics were founded on?

A

desert customs

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25
Q

Over the years, as Muslim communities stabilized, a ______________________formed in which public activity was reserved for men.

A

distinct social pattern

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26
Q

played a secondary role

A

Women

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27
Q

Women played a secondary role, virtuallY

A
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28
Q

submission to Allah’s will

A

Islam

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29
Q

the world’s second-largest religion

A

Islam

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30
Q

Islam, or submission to Allah’s will, is the world’s second-largest religion, with around how many followers?

A

1.9 billion followers

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31
Q

Allah translates literally as?

A

“the God”

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32
Q

meaning the one true God and the same one worshipped by the Christians and Jews.

A

Allah

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33
Q

It is the third of the Abrahamic religions.

A

Islam

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34
Q

Islam was founded by the ____________ in _____

A

Prophet Muhammad; 610

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35
Q

Where did the Prophet Muhammad founded Islam?

A

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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36
Q

the most important city in Islam

A

Mecca

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37
Q

it would be the counterpart of Jerusalem for the Christians and Jews

A

Mecca

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38
Q

Last of 3 great religions of the Middle East

A

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

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39
Q

Muhammad is the prophet

A

One god Allah

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40
Q

is held to be Allah’s will for creation

A

Faith

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41
Q

opposite to Iconography of Christianity

A

Abhorrence of image worship

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42
Q

Arabic: “Recitation”

A

Qurʾān

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43
Q

Qurʾān is also spelled as?

A

Quran and Koran

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44
Q

the sacred scripture of Islam

A

Qurʾān/Quran/Koran

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45
Q

According to conventional Islamic belief, this was revealed by the angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad in the West Arabian towns of Mecca and Medina beginning in 610 and ending with Muhammad’s death in 632 CE.

A

the Qurʾān

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46
Q

wrote down the words of angels who brought him messages from Allah

A

Muhammad

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47
Q

After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy book

A

Muhammad; Qurʾān

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48
Q

Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to praise him

A

Qurʾān

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49
Q

Muhammad began to preach the message of submission to God, which the angel had revealed to him. This included the?

A

Five Pillars of Islam

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50
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A
  • Shahada
  • Salah
  • Zakat
  • Sawm
  • Haj
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51
Q

the fundamental profession of faith

A

Shahada

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52
Q

“There is no God but God (Allah), and Muhammad is His Messenger.” This is stated three times in front of a witness to become a Muslim.

A

Shahada

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53
Q

the ritual prayer toward Mecca, completed five times a day.

A

Salah

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54
Q

the obligatory donation to
charity.

A

Zakat

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55
Q

the obligatory fasting during the month of Ramadan

A

Sawm

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56
Q

pilgrimage to Mecca that lasts five days and is obligatory at least once in every Muslim’s life.

A

Haj

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57
Q

It is believed that this five-day event at the Kaaba in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam, washes away every Muslim pilgrim’s sins in the eyes of God.

A

Haj

58
Q

holy war

A

jihad

59
Q

sometimes added as a pillar to spread the faith and defend it from attack

A

jihad

60
Q

Islamic Architectural Character

A
  • Balance and symmetry
  • Concept of perfect creation
  • Formal Landscape
  • Centered upon God
  • Use of Striated Masonry
61
Q

discourages innovations and favors established forms

A

Basic conservatism

62
Q

as in the concept of perfect creation

A

Symmetry and balance

63
Q

Related to a principal axis, the ________, pointing toward Mecca

A

kiblah

64
Q

Islamic Decorative
Elements (Decoration)

A
  • instead of human and animal forms:
    abstract and geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric interlacement, moldings and friezes, carvings in bas relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork, ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay, Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles in marble
65
Q

Islamic Decorative Elements (Geometric Pattern)

A

The Islamic emphasis on repetition, balance, symmetry, and pattern formation is
exemplified by these designs. Geometry combined with optical effects such as balancing
positive and negative areas, as well as sophisticated use of color and tonal values

66
Q

Islamic Decorative Elements (Calligraphy)

A

All the letter proportions are mathematically
determined. Inscriptions are commonly utilized as a frame along and around major architectural elements such as gateways and cornices

67
Q

________________, like other Islamic decorations is closely tied to geometry.

A

Calligraphy

68
Q

refers to floral motifs created by combining lines and vegetal elements, which can be
flowers, leaves, or tree branches.

A

Arabesque

69
Q

can be found covering surfaces on buildings like mosques, as well as items like ceramic tiles and glassware

A

Decorative arabesque patterns

70
Q

The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah in prayer

A

Mosque/Masjid

71
Q

mosques were built wherever Islam had sprea

A
  • Principal place of worship
  • Building used for Friday prayer
  • Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer
  • Could also be used as a school, place for
    transactions, storage for treasures, place
    for hearing official notices
  • Masjid
  • Madrassah
72
Q

small prayer house

A

Masjid

73
Q

religious college and mosque

A

Madrassah

74
Q
  • Inward-looking building
  • Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer chambers, and porches
  • No positive object of attention or adoration
  • Conceived around an axis toward Mecca
A

Mosque/Masjid

75
Q

In every mosque, there is _________________________________, showing the direction of Mecca

A

a wall with a hole or niche cut into it

76
Q

biggest Mosque/Masjid

A

Fami Masjid/ Friday Mosque

77
Q

collegiate Mosque, for learning

A

Madrasah

78
Q

cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental feature

A

Sahn

79
Q

fountain

A

Fawwara

80
Q

niche oriented towards Mecca

A

Mihrab

81
Q

reading desk

A

Dikka

82
Q

screen

A

Maqsura

83
Q

Minbar

A

a raised platform for ceremonial announcements

84
Q

open-fronted porch facing a court

A

Iwan

85
Q

Prayer hall

A

Liwan

86
Q

tower from which a call to prayer is made

A

Minaret

87
Q

axis oriented towards Mecca

A

Kiblah

88
Q

colonnade or arcade

A

Liwanit or Riwaq

89
Q

A cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental feature

A

Sahn

90
Q

Ablution fountain.

A

Fawwara

91
Q

Niche oriented towards Mecca.

A

Mihrab

92
Q

Reading desk

A

Dikka

93
Q

Screen/Divider

A

Maqsura

94
Q

Raised platform for ceremonial announcements

A

Minbar

95
Q

Open-fronted porch facing a court.

A

Iwan

96
Q

Prayer hall

A

Liwan

97
Q

Tower from which a call to prayer is made.

A

Minaret

98
Q

appear as a part of the architecture of Mosques in the form of towers and it often features one or more balconies.

A

Minarets

99
Q

The towers act as visual aids to direct people towards the mosque, and they also act as focal points during the Islamic call for prayers.

A

Minarets

100
Q

The forms of the minarets commonly seen range from

A

thick, squat, spiral ramps to soaring, delicate, pencil-thin spires.

101
Q

The base of these minarets is usually?

A

square in shape

102
Q

The number of minarets found in mosques varies from

A

one to six

103
Q

These Minaret towers stand as the?

A

Landmarks of Islam

104
Q

Islam Faith Personalities

A
  • Muezzin
  • Imam
  • Caliph
  • Sufi
105
Q

caller who summons the faithful to prayer

A

Muezzin

106
Q

a man who leads the congregation in prayer

A

Imam

107
Q

successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or spiritual leader of Islam

A

Caliph

108
Q

holy man

A

Sufi

109
Q

Domes usually appear as a part of roofs and ceilings and are hemispherical structures.

A

Domes

110
Q

It can stand upon a rotunda structure, a drum, or a system of interlocking pendentives.

A

Domes

111
Q

The apex of the dome may feature an _________ to permit natural light inside.

A

Oculus

112
Q

Domes made their first appearance in?

A

Mesopotamian Architecture

113
Q

They adopted the dome as one of its main features after getting influenced by the model of the pre-existing Byzantine domes in Ottoman architecture.

A

Islamic Architecture

114
Q

Different types of domes include?

A

Onion Domes, Beehive Domes, Braced Domes, Coved Domes, Compound Domes, Crossed-Arch Domes, Ellipsoidal Domes, Geodesic Domes etc.

115
Q

They are prominent elements found in Islamic Architecture and their placement usually defines the entrances to buildings and rooms.

A

Arches

116
Q

Different types of arches include?

A

Pointed Arches, Ogee Arches, Horseshoe Arches, and Multifoil Arches.

117
Q

The double-arched system of the __________________________ and, the pointed arches of the _________________ provide excellent examples of how arches become indispensable features of Islamic architecture.

A

Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba; Al-Aqsa mosque

118
Q

resemble stalactites or honeycombs and become the 3d sculptural ornamentations that often appear as a part of vaults.

Muqarnas made its first appearance in the Mesopotamian region and the North-Eastern Iran region. One of the largest Muqarnas belongs to the Jazira region of Eastern Syria and Iran.

A

Muqarnas

119
Q

The underside of domes, pendentives, arches, vaults, squinches etcetera usually host the?

A

Muqarnas

120
Q

The word ‘Muqarna’ stems from the Arabic word _______ meaning ‘Intricate Work’.

A

Qarnasi

121
Q

form an integral part of Islamic Architecture as it symbolizes the vastness and complexity of Islamic ideology.

A

Muqarnas

122
Q

Muqarnas made its first appearance in the?

A

Mesopotamian region and the North-Eastern Iran region

123
Q

One of the largest Muqarnas belongs to the?

A

Jazira region of Eastern Syria and Iran

124
Q

are a traditional Persian architectural design that creates natural ventilation in buildings.

A

Windcatchers

125
Q

The basic design consists of a tower that rises from a building below, with openings at the top.

A

Windcatchers

126
Q

It one of the largest cities in Iran, is known as the “City of Windcatchers.”

A

Yazd

127
Q

It has a very hot and dry climate, perfect for this type of cooling device (wind catcher).

A

Yazd

128
Q

other term for windcatcher

A

wind scoop

129
Q

entered the Islamic world during the Umayyad Dynasty.

A

Hypostyle Halls

130
Q

The shape of these halls is typically rectangular or square, and the columns are arranged according to a grid pattern.

A

Hypostyle Halls

131
Q

The columns provide the impression of a boundless expanse, increasing the spiritual metaphor and visual aesthetics which narrates the description of the groundwork behind the existing science, technologies, and civilizations.

A

Hypostyle Halls

132
Q

In congregational mosques, the prayer halls follow the?

A

hypostyle form

133
Q

located in the city of Istanbul proves to be a good instance of a hypostyle mosque

A

Hagia Sophia mosque

134
Q

These gardens provide respite during summer to the people.

A

Paradise Gardens

135
Q

The gardens display water features like large marble fountains and ponds adorned with lotuses and lilies.

A

Paradise Gardens

136
Q

Paradise gardens often have a ____________
layout.

A

quadrilateral

137
Q

it also can be linked to serenity and a literary sense.

A

Islamic gardens

138
Q

located in proximity to the Taj Mahal is a good example of an Islamic garden.

A

Charbagh

139
Q

It serves as a symbol of purity and life, as well as a practical tool for cleansing the body and cooling the air.

A

water

140
Q

plays an important role in Islamic architecture, which emphasizes rich, detailed designs

A

water

141
Q
A

HOA 3 (1 decks)

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