Islam, Gender + Sexuality Flashcards
1
Q
What do these concepts mean in Islam?
- Recipients of divine breath
- Trustees on earth
- Creation of the first womrn
A
- Recipients of divine breath: When Allah breathed soul into Adam
- Allahs trustees on earth: Khalifas (stewardship)
Here as trusted people by Allah. to worship him - Creation of the first woman: Woman was given to a man (Adam) as gift
Allah created man and woman from a man
2
Q
What opened up role models for women?
A
- Gloabalisation
3
Q
Summarise womens entitlement to economic factors:
A
- States in Qurannthat women entitled to policies that empower women + men to manage property
- More important for society to be in line with the prophet and quran
- One of the major topics raised in Islam is position of the Underprivaleged, enforcement of property rights strenghtens this position
4
Q
Why do women want greater empowerment + an islamic voice in Islam?
A
- Due to spread literacy, education and job opportunities,.
- They want a voice because of male privaleges have oppressed them
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5
Q
What are women active in today?
A
- Quran study circles
- Mosque activities
- professers of Islamic studies
- Quran reciters
6
Q
Whst were women useful for in early Islam?
A
- Transmission of Hadith
- Development of Sufism
7
Q
What questions raised by Mernissi?
A
- About Authenticity + Authority of certain hadiths that justify subordination
8
Q
Who are Sisters In Islam + what do they stand for?
A
- Group of professional muslim women
- Stand up for oppression + violence towards women
- Promote princples of dignity, justice + freedom
9
Q
What does karamah mean?
A
- Muslim women lawyers for human rights
10
Q
Summarise roles of women in the mosque in the past?
A
- Mosques barely used to have facilities for women
- Barely any access to mosques for women
- Stigma towards women wanted to lead prayers in mosque
11
Q
Summarise role of womens in mosques in the Present:
A
- Woman able to lead prayers + sermons
- Many female representatives
- Women feel more welcomed
- Women more invoved in making decisions
12
Q
Summarise why women SHOULD have access in mosques:
A
- Mosques belong to Allah, anyone can access them
- Would change how british muslims are seen’
- It will help overthrow traditional roles
- During prophethood, women were allowed, it was after that it was disputed
- prophet told people NOT to stop women from coming to mosque
- In islam, there shouldnt be a hierarchy
- When women face problems such as domestic violence, they cant go to mosques to get help
13
Q
Summarise why women SHOULDNT be allowed to access mosques:
A
- Women get dressed, which cause temptations for men
- Women cany handle the committment
- Different schools may not want women to have access
- No parda, if women dont have seperate womens
14
Q
Who was Qasim Amin and what did he criticise regarding women:
A
- Qasim Amin ~ Egyptian jurist, viewed as one of the Arabs first feminist
- Criticised the Veil, Seclusion, early marriage + lack of education
15
Q
What was Amins rebuttal about?
A
- He blamed veiling, lack of education and womens slavert on egyptian men
16
Q
What did Abduh believe about traditional muslims?
A
- They had left true islamic faith and followed Cultural habits rather religion.
17
Q
Summarise Qasim Amind sttitude on veiling from his book?
A
- Aimed for the abolition of veil. Seen as being key to bringing social transformation
- Argues that veiling + segregation is like a “huge barrier between woman and their elevation
18
Q
Summarise economic aspect in Islam:
A
- Women are entitled to full fnancial support during marriage + iddah
- Women are enttled to child support
- Male inherits twice as much as females, but are finacially responsible for females
19
Q
What did Quran say about the birth of girls?
A
- Its parents duty is to support + show kindness and justice to their daughters
- Whoever has a dughter and does NOT bury her alive , and doesnt choose their son over her, will enter Paradise
20
Q
What does Islam teach about marriage?
A
- Its based on mutual love + compassion
- Created mates to well in tranquility with them
- Females have the choice to accept + reject marriage proposals
- Parents have no right to force a husband on them
- Quran urges men to be kind to their wives
- Divorce is seen as a last resort
- Women can ask for Khula
21
Q
How are women used as witnesses?
A
- 2 female witnesses so if one forgets, the other can remember and remind
22
Q
How are both genders seen as equal in Islam?
A
- The sin is the same regardless what gender they are
- Theres overall equality and justice
- No good deed will go to waste no matter if youre a woman or man
23
Q
What does Quran say about women pregagnancy?
A
- Women shoud not be blamed for the “fall of man”
- Kids should show gratitude to their parents
24
Q
Summarise the family system in relation to feminism:
A
- Females minset about femininity clashed with the traditional islamic culture of living in an extended family
- Feminists would look arranged marriage as a negative influence on women due to it restricting freedom
25
Differentiation of sex roles regarding feminism:
- Islam tradition which affects the feminist movement is that it specifies differenitation of male and female roles
- Domestic values devalued whereas breadwinner role overly respected
- Islam instead miantains both roles equally, generally benefitting to all members
- In the quran, the only differentiation is between roles, NOT sexes
- Quran preaches eqaulity between both many tomes, therefore Islam should not be blamed for discrimination for women
26
Summarise polygamy in relation to Islam:
- Islam does allow a man to marry more than one woman at a tome, but only under EXTRAORDINARY circumstances
27
What did muslim feminist Amina Wadud do?
- She broke the rule of women praying behind men + lead mixed prayers
28
What was the response to this?
- Some people were happy that men start seeing women in these positions
- Mosques personally vistied homes to insist people not to go
- Many protested that she cant change Gods law
29
Which 2 represntations of gender ambiguity do scholars mostly discuss?
1: Khunthas ~ people who posess both male and female sex organs
2: Mahmus~ Have neither male or female genitals
30
Summarise the issues of transgenders:
- Contemporary understanding of transgender has litle mentions in historical sources
- Transgrnders have struggled through protests
- Jurists issue Fatwas (rulings) to legalize sex reassignment surgery (SRS) within islam
31
What are some of the arguements of jurists who do not agree with SRS?
- They simply forbid the process + believe muslims can only either be a male or female
- They believe its wrongly int[erferring with Gods creations
- Refers to changing religion + Gods commands
32
Summarise the AL-TANTAWIS fatwa on SRS:
- Only those should be condemend who do it deliveratley, those who have it naturally, its fine
- The operation can only be done if it has clear + moral values
33
Summarise KHOMENIS Fatwa on SRS:
- SRS is not forbidden
- The only problem is the results of the surgary such as status of a persons marriage + kinship
- Iranian givernment allows transgender SRS
34
Summarise fatwas on the 3rd gender:
- Criticises both fatwas for looking at transgenders as a disorder
- Believe that Khunthas are ALLOWED to undergo SRS, but can aslo live as they want without surgery
- However, traditional muslims scholars determine gender within a binary
35
Summarise the Sunni viewpoint;
- Khunthas ledd to scholars avoiding issuuing islamic veridicts on these groups
- Tend to label these groups as either male and female
- Some sunni scholars were aware of individuals whos sex + gender could not be indetified
36
Summarise the Shia viewpoint:
- Scholars dicusses issues of the 3rd gender
- They were more accepting and tolerating
- Some believe only a Khunthas is a 3rd gender and NOT a mahmus
- Traditional muslim scholars determine gender on a basis of biological characteristics
37
Where in the quran + in what strory is homosexuality condemned in the quran:
- In the story of Lut + in the last address of the prophet Muhammad
38
Summarise the different schools of thought to have to say about the issue?
- HANAFI ~ Not similar to adultery. Leaves punishment to judges disrection
- SHAF'I'I~ Same sex intercourse is the same as other zina
- MALIKI~ Whether youre married or unmarried, punishment is the same as adutltery
- JA'FARI~ Same as maliki
39
What did early islam say about homosexuality?
- Homosexuality was installed and people openly carried it
| - After the hadith from prophet, male lovers who killed their desires would be martyrs
40
What actions have human rights groups taken?
- Condemned laws that shoe homosexuality as a crome
| - Looks more into virtue + morality
41
Reasons given condemning the executions?
- Death penalty not specified in the quran
| - Punishment is too harsh
42
Summarise homosexuality in 1 sentence:
- Homosexuality is only forbidden when the act is properly carried out
