Islam - ch.1 bold terms

Question 1

Insan al kamil

Answer 1

(the perfect person)
Muhammad..
-believed to be the final prophet in the line of Abraham.
-primarily God’s messenger, the medium through which the holy Quran was revealed

Question 2

Quraysh (clan) in about 570

Answer 2

• Muhammad was born into a prominent Meccan clan.

- polytheistic society

Question 3

tawhid

Answer 3

gods oneness or monotheism ;

The relationship between humanity and the divine was to be direct and without intercession

Question 4

In Arabic..

Islam and Muslim

Answer 4

• notion of submission

- one who submits

Question 5

5 pillars of Islam

Answer 5

1- Shahada
2- Salat
3- Sawm
4- Zakat
5- Hajj

Question 6

1- SHAHADA

Answer 6

Acceptance: tawhid of God
Declaration: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”

Question 7

2- SALAT

Answer 7

prayer 5x daily

Question 8

3- SAWM

Answer 8

Ramadan fasting - dawn to dusk

Question 9

4- ZAKAT

Answer 9

payment

Question 10

5- HAJJ

Answer 10

pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca

Question 11

The Sunna

Answer 11

• The chief supplement to the Quran;

- second source of Islamic jurisprudence

Question 12

sunnah

Answer 12

• denotes: ‘busy, beaten, trodden’ path

- the way Proph. Muhammad lived his life

Question 13

hadith - as distinctive scholarly discipline

Answer 13

• a narration about the life of the Prophet

- important for understanding the Quran and in matters of jurisprudence

Question 14

Hijra to Yathrib

Answer 14

Migration

renamed as Medina

beginning of the Islamic calendar

bc Muhammad’s teachings were not acceptable in Mecca

Question 15

the first caliph

Answer 15

Abu-Bakr, the prophets close friend was chosen. (Sunni)

One group favored Ali, the prophets son-in-law ( Shi’i sect)

Question 16

Rashidun Caliphs

Answer 16

“the rightly guided”

first 4 successors to PM

Period marked a time of phenomenal growth in terms of empire and diversity

Question 17

Umar’s reign

Answer 17

the second Caliph;

• Islam’s territorial expansion
• administrative and economic policies
• mass conversions to Islam; non-coercive

Question 18

dhimmis

Answer 18

“non-converts”

no longer taxed and were free to practice their faith - Umar’s reign

Question 19

Abu Bakr’s reign

Answer 19

First caliph - spent most of his short reign reintegrating most of the tribe

Question 20

Uthman’s reign

Answer 20

Third caliph - (assassinated)

-religious pluralism threat to the authority of the center

Question 21

Ali

Answer 21

Fourth caliph - successor after Uthman’s death. (Also assassinated)

• challenging desire for decentralization amongst clans
• clashed with Mua’wiya

Question 22

Mua’wiya

Answer 22

• governor of Syria
• enraged over death of cousin Uthman
• clashed with Ali
• became first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty

Question 23

Khwarji

Answer 23

“seceders” - group whose loyalty only to the Quran and sunna

Ended Rashidun Caliph period - assassinated Ali

Question 24

Umayyad Dynasty

Answer 24

• Mu’awiya was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty
• Damascus - capital of Syria
• Shiite sect. - favoritism and corruption
• onsolidation of the Arab administration
• fiscal policy
• mawali people

Question 25

mawali

Answer 25

Non-Arab Muslims - lower class within the Umayyad empire

Question 26

emergence of sectarian schism [Shii Islam]

Answer 26

Mua’wiya names his son Yazid as his successor.

Ali’s supporters rose in protest in the city of Al-Kūfah and rebel against Damascus

Question 27

battle of Karbala

Husayn’s fate

Answer 27

(present: IRAQ) ; (son of Alī), was defeated and massacred by Umayyad army under caliph Yazīd
- The martyrdom is commemorated each year on the tenth day (“Ashura”) of the month of Muharram - Sunni sect.

Question 28

The Abbasid Dynasty

Answer 28

Islam’s Golden Age

• science & philosophy ; Mu’atizili school
• Cosmopolitanism & Fragmentation

Question 29

Mu’atizili school

Answer 29

under Abbasid Dynasty
influenced by Greek rationalism
-rival: Asharism school

Question 30

Asharism school

Answer 30

important changes:
A) Extensive use of non-Arab officials in in bureaucracy
B) Re-introduction of a taxation system without any discrimination (Non-Arab Muslims not taxed)

Question 31

Alim (pl. ULAMA)

Answer 31

religious scholars ; fiqh

Question 32

fiqh

Answer 32

the science of Islamic law and jurisprudence ; Shariah

various Madhabs (“school of thought”)

Question 33

Shariah

Answer 33

“the path” - codified as living body of law

Moral law based on Quran

Question 34

fatwa and mufti

Answer 34

1. legal opinion issued by competent authority
   (unlike common law rulings these are rarely binding and can be revoked}
2. the legal scholar who issues