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political islam > Islam - ch.1 bold terms > Flashcards

Islam - ch.1 bold terms Flashcards

1
Q

Insan al kamil

A

(the perfect person)
Muhammad..
-believed to be the final prophet in the line of Abraham.
-primarily God’s messenger, the medium through which the holy Quran was revealed

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2
Q

Quraysh (clan) in about 570

A
  • Muhammad was born into a prominent Meccan clan.

- polytheistic society

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3
Q

tawhid

A

gods oneness or monotheism ;

The relationship between humanity and the divine was to be direct and without intercession

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4
Q

In Arabic..

Islam and Muslim

A
  • notion of submission

- one who submits

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5
Q

5 pillars of Islam

A 
1- Shahada
2- Salat
3- Sawm
4- Zakat
5- Hajj
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6
Q

1- SHAHADA

A

Acceptance: tawhid of God
Declaration: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”

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7
Q

2- SALAT

A

prayer 5x daily

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8
Q

3- SAWM

A

Ramadan fasting - dawn to dusk

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9
Q

4- ZAKAT

A

payment

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10
Q

5- HAJJ

A

pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca

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11
Q

The Sunna

A
  • The chief supplement to the Quran;

- second source of Islamic jurisprudence

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12
Q

sunnah

A
  • denotes: ‘busy, beaten, trodden’ path

- the way Proph. Muhammad lived his life

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13
Q

hadith - as distinctive scholarly discipline

A
  • a narration about the life of the Prophet

- important for understanding the Quran and in matters of jurisprudence

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14
Q

Hijra to Yathrib

A

Migration

renamed as Medina

beginning of the Islamic calendar

bc Muhammad’s teachings were not acceptable in Mecca

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15
Q

the first caliph

A

Abu-Bakr, the prophets close friend was chosen. (Sunni)

One group favored Ali, the prophets son-in-law ( Shi’i sect)

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16
Q

Rashidun Caliphs

A

“the rightly guided”

first 4 successors to PM

Period marked a time of phenomenal growth in terms of empire and diversity

17
Q

Umar’s reign

A

the second Caliph;

  • Islam’s territorial expansion
  • administrative and economic policies
  • mass conversions to Islam; non-coercive
18
Q

dhimmis

A

“non-converts”

no longer taxed and were free to practice their faith - Umar’s reign

19
Q

Abu Bakr’s reign

A

First caliph - spent most of his short reign reintegrating most of the tribe

20
Q

Uthman’s reign

A

Third caliph - (assassinated)

-religious pluralism threat to the authority of the center

21
Q

Ali

A

Fourth caliph - successor after Uthman’s death. (Also assassinated)

  • challenging desire for decentralization amongst clans
  • clashed with Mua’wiya
22
Q

Mua’wiya

A
  • governor of Syria
  • enraged over death of cousin Uthman
  • clashed with Ali
  • became first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty
23
Q

Khwarji

A

“seceders” - group whose loyalty only to the Quran and sunna

Ended Rashidun Caliph period - assassinated Ali

24
Q

Umayyad Dynasty

A
  • Mu’awiya was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty
  • Damascus - capital of Syria
  • Shiite sect. - favoritism and corruption
  • onsolidation of the Arab administration
  • fiscal policy
  • mawali people
25
Q

mawali

A

Non-Arab Muslims - lower class within the Umayyad empire

26
Q

emergence of sectarian schism [Shii Islam]

A

Mua’wiya names his son Yazid as his successor.

Ali’s supporters rose in protest in the city of Al-Kūfah and rebel against Damascus

27
Q

battle of Karbala

Husayn’s fate

A

(present: IRAQ) ; (son of Alī), was defeated and massacred by Umayyad army under caliph Yazīd
- The martyrdom is commemorated each year on the tenth day (“Ashura”) of the month of Muharram - Sunni sect.

28
Q

The Abbasid Dynasty

A

Islam’s Golden Age

  • science & philosophy ; Mu’atizili school
  • Cosmopolitanism & Fragmentation
29
Q

Mu’atizili school

A

under Abbasid Dynasty
influenced by Greek rationalism
-rival: Asharism school

30
Q

Asharism school

A

important changes:
A) Extensive use of non-Arab officials in in bureaucracy
B) Re-introduction of a taxation system without any discrimination (Non-Arab Muslims not taxed)

31
Q

Alim (pl. ULAMA)

A

religious scholars ; fiqh

32
Q

fiqh

A

the science of Islamic law and jurisprudence ; Shariah

various Madhabs (“school of thought”)

33
Q

Shariah

A

“the path” - codified as living body of law

Moral law based on Quran

34
Q

fatwa and mufti

A
  1. legal opinion issued by competent authority
    (unlike common law rulings these are rarely binding and can be revoked}
  2. the legal scholar who issues

political islam (3 decks)

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