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REL C 357: Survey of Judaism and Islam > Islam Book midterm > Flashcards

Islam Book midterm Flashcards

1
Q

How does the author regard his “return to Islam”?

A

“Not a repudiation of Christianity, but as a deepening of his faith through a return to his cultural and spiritual roots.”

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2
Q

What does the Arabic word Islam mean? (two answers)

A

Submission or surrender

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3
Q

The three letter root from which the word Islam is derived also means …

A

s/l/m - peace, soundness, safety

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4
Q

What is a Muslim?

A
  • A person who professes Islam.
  • A Muslim is either one who is born to a Muslim family and is thus a member of the Muslim community by birthright, or one who accepts Islam by repeating before two Muslim witnesses the shahadah.
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5
Q

A person who is not born a Muslim may accept Islam by …

A

Repeating before two Muslim witnesses the shahadah.

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6
Q

What other ceremony is required?

A

None

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7
Q

Long before Islam, what two religious communities existed in Arabia?

A

Judaism and Christianity

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8
Q

What was the city of Makkah (Mecca), where Muhammad was born?

A

A caravan station

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9
Q

What Arabs accepted ethical monotheism of Judaism and Christianity?

A

A group of Makkan Arabs known as Hadiths

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10
Q

Before Islam, what three goddesses (daughters of Allah) did Arabs worship?

A

Al-at, al-Uzza, Manat

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11
Q

Name of mountain where Muhammad spent time in seclusion in a cave:

A

Mount Hira

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12
Q

In Madinah, what Jewish practices did Muhammad adopt, and later abandon (name two)

A

Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and Jewish prayer customs

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13
Q

In struggle against Makkah, the Battle of ___ was the first Muslim victory.

A

Badr

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14
Q

The battle at _____ was a defeat, and Muhammad was _______.

A

Uhud, badly injured

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15
Q

What element of Muhammad’s farewell pilgrimage speech would be challenged in modern society?

A

the misogynistic view towards women. (Not stated explicitly in the text, but read the speech and you’ll see what I mean)

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16
Q

For Muslims, with whom did the history of prophecy begin?

A

Adam

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17
Q

Satan is also called ________ in Islam.

A

Iblis (originally of the jinn but was placed in the company of angels for his assiduous worship of God)

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18
Q

According to the Quran, the sin of Adam and Eve was ______ alone.

A

theirs alone (no original sin)

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19
Q

According to Islamic tradition, how many prophets did God send after Adam?

A

124,000

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20
Q

How many prophets does the Quran mention by name?

A

25

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21
Q

What is the Islamic word for prophet (it is an Arabic term)?

A

Nabi

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22
Q

Who are the five “prophets of power” in Islam?

A

Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad

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23
Q

Which prophet occupies more space in the Quran than all others, even Muhammad?

A

Moses

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24
Q

Prophets who followed Abraham were his sons through ____ and ____.

A

Ishmael &Isaac

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25
Q

What does the Quran categorically deny about Jesus?

A

his divinity & divine sonship

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26
Q

The Quran portrays Jesus foretelling the coming of Muhammad by the name ___.

A

Ahmad

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27
Q

The Quran is both the primary source of moral and religious guidance as well as the
______, _____, and _____ constitution of the Muslim community.

A

legal, political, social

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28
Q

In modern times what is the most widely accepted edition of the Quran?

A

The Royal Egyptian edition

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29
Q

What is the Arabic word which means “one” and refers to the oneness of God?

A

Ahad

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30
Q

On judgment day, ___ will intercede with God on behalf of those who recite it.

A

The Qur’an

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31
Q

What is the long period of pre-Islamic Arab history called? (Arabic and English)

A

the age of jahiliyah (foolishness/ignorance)

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32
Q

What is the first of the five pillars of Islam? (Arabic term and meaning)

A

The Shahadah - the testimony or witness that, “there is no god except God and that Muhammad is the messenger of God”

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33
Q

What is its second declaration?

A

The affirmation that Muhammad is god’s prophet/messenger, thus, committing to live by the law that he revealed.

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34
Q

What is the second of the five pillars of Islam? (Arabic term and meaning)

A

salat - the ritual of obligatory prayers.

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35
Q

Prayer must be preceded by ________. What are two terms for this?

A

ritual washing. wudu =

partial washing, or ghusl = entire body.

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36
Q

What is a rakah? What is al-fatihah?

A 
rakah = cycles or units of spoken and enacted prayer. 
al-fatihah = “The Opening” the first surah of the Qur’an
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37
Q

What is the Arabic term for and Islamic meeting house (English “mosque”)

A

masjid (place of prostration in prayer) or jami (the gatherer)

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38
Q

What is the third pillar of Islam? (Arabic term and English meaning) What is the percentage of this religious tax?

A

zakat - obligatory welfare tax. 2.5%.

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39
Q

What is the fourth pillar of Islam?

A

The fast of Ramadan

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40
Q

What is the three day festival at the end of Ramadan called?

A

id al-fitr (breaking of the fast, children recieve gifts, brightly colored clothes).

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41
Q

What is the fifth (most public and popular) pillar of Islam?

A

The Hajj

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42
Q

Hajj takes place in the _______ (number) month of the Islamic calendar

A

12th

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43
Q

How many days does the id al-adha last?

A

4

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44
Q

On his way from Arafat to Mina, what was Abraham commanded?

A

to sacrifice his son, Ishmael (dont be confused and think it is supposed to be Isaac… the Muslim belief is that it was Ishmael!!!)

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45
Q

What may be regarded as a sixth fundamental obligation of Muslims?

A

Jihad (striving or struggling against evil).

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46
Q

Who became the first caliph (khalifah) after the death of Muhammad?

A

Abu Bakr

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47
Q

Who did the Hashimites expect might be chosen as caliph?

A

Ali

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48
Q

After the death of Muhammad, what were the wars of apostasy called?

A

Riddah

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49
Q

What biblical king does the Quran refer to as a khalifah?

A

David

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50
Q

Whom did Abu Bakr appoint as his successor and second caliph?

A

Umar

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51
Q

When were Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, and Persia “conquered and incorporated into the Islamic state”? “

A

During Umar’s reign

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52
Q

Who became the third caliph? And how long did he rule?

A

Uthman, 12 years

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53
Q

Of which family “clan” of the Quraysh tribe was this third caliph?

A

Umayyad

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54
Q

Where and how did the third caliph pass away?

A

Killed by a mob at his house

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55
Q

Who proclaimed Ali as the fourth caliph of Islam?

A

The men of Madinah (Medina)

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56
Q

Who was the young widow of the Prophet Muhammad?

A

Aishah

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57
Q

Where did the Shiah (party of Ali) begin to develop as a distinct movement?

A

In Kufah

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58
Q

What was the name of the governor of Syria who opposed Ali as caliph?

A

Muawiyah

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59
Q

What was the group that opposed both Muawiyah and Ali as caliph?

A

khawarij

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60
Q

How did Ali pass away?

A

Khawarijite assassin. Dealt with a fatal blow on the head with a poisoned sword

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61
Q

What ruling dynasty is Muawiyah named as the founder of?

A

Umayyad

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62
Q

As caliph where did Muawiyah move the “capital” of Islam to?

A

Damascus

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63
Q

Who was the sixth caliph of Islam (son of Muawiyah) and when did he rule?

A

Yazid.680-683

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64
Q

Who was the son of Ali that opposed the son of Muawiyah?

A

Hasayn b. ali

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65
Q

How had Hasan, son of Ali, died? Who was suspected?

A

Poisoned, Muawiyah

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66
Q

Where (near Kufah) did the forces of Yazid battle with the forces of Husayn?

A

Karbala

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67
Q

What happened to Husayn in this battle?

A

He was massacred

68
Q

What does the day of Ashura commemorate?

A

Day of sorrow and reflection

69
Q

After the Umayyad dynasty, what group took over in 750, establishing a new dynasty?

A

Abbasid

70
Q

What shrine in Jerusalem was built during the Umayyad dynasty rule?

A

Dome of the Rock

71
Q

If the Umayyad dynasty was an “Arab state,” where were the Abbasids based?

A

Iraq and Persia

72
Q

Who built Baghdad as the capital?

A

Al Mansur

73
Q

Which Islamic dynasty ruled from Cairo, starting about when?

A

Al Muiz, 969

74
Q

As the caliphate split (into competing caliphs) who proclaimed himself Umayyad caliph of Spain?

A

Abd Al rahman lll

75
Q

The invasion of the _____________ brought an end to the Abbasid empire.

A

Mongol General Hulagu

76
Q

Like Christianity, Islam is a __________________ religion.

A

universalist/ missionary

77
Q

Outside dar al-islam, into what two “spheres” is the world divided? (English & Arabic)

A

peace/truth (sulh), war (harb)

78
Q

Who aided the Arab invaders of Spain, seeing them as liberators?

A

Jews

79
Q

How long was the history of Arab Spain?

A

900 years

80
Q

By 1492, only the Spanish city of _____ remained under Muslim control.

A

Granda

81
Q

Who was expelled from Spain in _____? Jews When were the Muslims expelled from Spain?

A

Jews

1609

82
Q

How did sub-Saharan Africa become Islamic – conquest or migration?

A

migration

83
Q

How much of the Swahili language vocabulary is Arabic?

A

1/3

84
Q

In what century did Muslim communities spring up all over China?

A

13th

85
Q

About how many Muslims now live in China?

A

50 Million

86
Q

What was the dynasty of Muslim rulers in India called?

A

Mughal dynasty

87
Q

What local society in India developed as bitter opponents of the Muslims in India?

A

Sikhs

88
Q

About how many Muslims live in modern India?

A

Between 100 and 130 million

89
Q

In what three countries of southeast asia is Islam the majority religion?

A

Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei

90
Q

What southeast Asian country is the most populous Islamic country in the world?

A

Indonesia

91
Q

Muslims believe all prophets are protected by God from ___ and ____.

A

Sin and error

92
Q

Of what three things does the Prophet’s sunna consist?

Of these three, which of the sunna are hadith?

A

Actions, his tacit consent, and his sayings.

Sayings

93
Q

A hadith consists of a ______ of transmission

A

chain

94
Q

What Muslim jurist was the sixth Shi’ite Imam? ______

Who had been the third Imam in Shi’te understanding?

A

Jafar al-Sadiq

Husayn b. Ali

95
Q

The chief judges or legal jurisconsults called ________ issue opinions called fatwas.

A

Muftis

96
Q

Shi’i tradition asserts that Muhammad designated ____ as Imam of the Muslim community. Where did Muhammad do this, and during what important occasion?

A

Ali

Ghadir Khumm, on the way back from Mecca to Medina

97
Q

Shi’ites who are “Seveners” believe the seventh Imam (as a descendant of Ali) should have been a son of Jafar al-Sadiq’s older son ______, and so they are called _________.

A

Ismail, Ismailis/ Seveners

98
Q

In Egypt, these people founded the _____ dynasty, named after Ali’s wife _______.

A

Fatimid, Fatimah

99
Q

What city in Egypt did the third caliph of this dynasty found and build?

A

Cairo

100
Q

Which caliph in Egypt was a “highly idiosyncratic Fatimid Imam” (c.996-1021).

A

Hakim

101
Q

What sect (now found in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel) believed this imam was “divine”?

A

the Druzes

102
Q

What famous Muslim warrior overthrew the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt?

A

Saladin

103
Q

The Nizari sect of Ismailis are led by a leader known as the ______ ______

A

Agha Khan

104
Q

The majority Shi’ites today are Twelver (or Imami) Shi’ites who believe the seventh Imam was rightfully Jafar’s younger son _________.

A

Musa al-Kazim

105
Q

The Twelver/Imamis believe that the twelfth Imam was a boy named ___________________.

A

Muhammad b. al-Hasan ??? also called the Mahdi

106
Q

[Read these pages on the Twelver/Imamis very carefully, to understand Shi’ism today.]

A

[Read these pages on the Twelver/Imamis very carefully, to understand Shi’ism today.]

107
Q

At the last day, the Twelfth Imam is supposed to return to earth with ____.

A

Jesus

108
Q

According to Twelver/Imami Shi’ism, from the “occultation” (becoming hidden) of the Twelfth Imam in 941 until his future return, who was to fulfill his role?

A

The scholars of the community

109
Q

Whom do the Alawis (Alawites) of Syria (a Shi’ite sect) regard as an incarnation of God?

A

Ali

110
Q

Which two faiths in Iran arose in the 1800s from the influence of the Shaykhis?

A

Babi and Bahai

111
Q

According to the title, Sufi is a _________ tradition

A

Mystical

112
Q

What kind of garment did early Sufis wear?

A

Course undyed wool on their bare skin

113
Q

This was in emulation of ____________.

A

Jesus

114
Q

When was the formative period of Sufism?

A

9th to 11th centuries

115
Q

When did the crystallization of Sufism occur?

A

1111

116
Q

Who was a primary personality in this crystallization?

A

Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali

117
Q

What is the dhikr devotional practice of Sufis?

A

Remembrance of God. Repetition of the name of God or the shahadah

118
Q

What art is the sama devotional practice of the Mevlevi?

A

“Hearing”, listening to chants and poetry

119
Q

What are the people who practice this Mevlemi art devotional called?

A

Whirling Dervishes

120
Q

What was a major external cause for the decline of Sufism?

A

The rise of reform movements

121
Q

In Islam, what are the two primary sources of theology?

A

Quran and Prophetic tradition

122
Q

What were two indirect sources of that theology?

A

Christian theology and Iranian Manichean or Mazdakian dualism

123
Q

What was the question at issue concerning the Quran?

A

Whether it was co-eternal with God or created in time

124
Q

Other than prophethood, what did Shi’ites consider Ali and his descendants to be

A

the sole legitamate heirs of the Prophet

125
Q

So whom did Shi’tes consider usurpers?

A

Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman

126
Q

What is the gravest of sins for a Shi’te?

A

to die not knowing the Imam of his time

127
Q

What is the general Sunni belief about the Quran (regarding question #3 above)?

A

The Quran is the eternal word of God

128
Q

Mutazili theology regards the Quran to have been

A

created as it was being sent to Muhammad thru Gabriel

129
Q

What does the Mutazili view require concerning anthropomorphic references to God?

A

they be taken metaphorically

130
Q

What contributed to the decline of Mutazilism?

A

the rise of Asharite theology

131
Q

Mutazilism insisted on absolute _______________________.

A

absolute free-will for human beings

132
Q

Predestination was the preferred view of Asharites like __________

A

qadarites

133
Q

Who were the first two major philosophers of Islam?

A

Abu Yusuf Ya qub al-Kindi, and Abu Bakr Azkariya al-Razi

134
Q

Razi (a Platonist) rejected the Quranic view of ________. He was considered a _____.

A

Creation out of nothing

heretic

135
Q

Al-Farabi, a later Muslim philosopher, felt society would realize its full potential if …

A

it were ruled by a prophet philosopher

136
Q

In jahiliyya times polygamy (marriage with plural wives) was ________________.

A

unregulated

137
Q

In the Quran and Islamic law, the basic assumption of the law is that a child belongs to

A

…the man who is in a legal sexual relation with the mother

138
Q

The Quran forbade all forms of polyandry (marriage with plural husbands), and woman were required to abstain from ____________ (zina).

A

adultery

139
Q

Marriage is a contract between ___________ based on ___________.

A

husband and wife based on mutual consent

140
Q

What did the Prophet say about divorce? _______________________

A

“The lawful act most hateful to God is divorce”

141
Q

Who has the exclusive and free right to divorce?

A

The man

142
Q

The Quran allows polygyny (plural wives) but limits it to …

A

4 wives at a time

143
Q

Marriage in Islam – The duties of the wife include _______, _______, and ________

A

maintaining the home, caring for the children, and obeying her husband

144
Q

The husband’s duties are to …

A

provide food, lodging, and clothing for his wife and her children, and to live amicably with her

145
Q

Obedience to the husband, meant above all, …

A

the total restriction of the wife’s movement outside the home without her husband’s permission

146
Q

Until modern times the debate on the hijab centered on …

A

not dress but on the seclusion of women

147
Q

An irrevocable divorce mandated in shariah is when either spouse renounces _______

A

Islam

148
Q

The Quran calls upon both women and men to behave ___________

A

modestly in both dress and decorum

149
Q

What element of Quranic verse Q 4.34 might seem problematic in the west?

A

Spousal Abuse–Telling men that if their wives step out of line, they should admonish them, then desert them in their beds, then to hit them.

150
Q

The Quran instituted marriage for the sake of _______________

A

The family

151
Q

Who founded the Wahhabi movement? When and where?

A

Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), The Highlands of arabia

152
Q

What did they attack and destroy, or try to destroy?

A

They tried to destroy Muhammad’s tomb in Medina, and the graves of his Companions. Shiite cities such as najaf and karabala (they massacred everyone), destroyed the shrines of Ali and husayn. Finally they caused general chaos in arab cities, pillaging Sufi shrines.

153
Q

After Ottoman defeat, who led revolution that resulted in the modern Turkish republic?

A

Mustafa kamal ata turk

154
Q

What did he ban? What did he dissolve? What was his aim?

A

banned islamic religious institutions, sufi orders, made Latin their alphabet, and tried to westernize the republic while erasing their islamic past

155
Q

Who founded the Muslim Brotherhood (Society of Muslim Brothers)? When and where?

A

Hussan al- Banna in 1929 in Egypt

156
Q

Who banned the Brotherhood?

A

Gamal Abd al-nasser Leader of the 1952 Egyptian socialist revolution, banned the Muslim Brotherhood

157
Q

In Iran, the leader of scholars and jurists who were believed to have the Twelfth Imam’s authority was called ________ (sign of God) [Here, go back and review question 108]

A

Mujtahid

158
Q

Who was the ayatollah who led the Islamic revolution in Iran? When?

A

Khomeini, who led the Islamic revolution in Iran in February 1979

159
Q

Muslims migrated to Europe as ___________, _________, and _________.

A

students, visitors, and merchants

160
Q

Beginning in the nineteenth century __________ have been making conscious efforts to recover their Islamic heritage

A

African Americans

161
Q

What did Elijah Muhammad found? _____________

A

Nation of Islam

162
Q

Current numbers of Muslims in the United States range from ______________

A

3 to 14 million

163
Q

What specific date does the author say a new era of Muslim and world history began?

A

September 11, 2011

164
Q

What does the author believe the contemporary resurgence of Islam is a reaction to

A

In a large part, a reaction to the creation by the West of a non-Islamic and foreing state in a land that has special religious and historic significance for Mulisms (AKA Britan and the US creating and being patrons of Israel)

165
Q

How does the author suggest Muslims deal with the modern world?

A

Not through confrontation and conflict, but through diplomacy and patient dialogue.

REL C 357: Survey of Judaism and Islam (2 decks)

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