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Religion 2 unit Preliminary 2020 > Islam > Flashcards

Islam Flashcards

1
Q

outline the social conditions and religious practices that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia:

A

Islam began 1400 years ago in the Arabiian Peniscula
Local tribes lived semi-nomadic lives and were mainly polytheistic
Identity and security for people were based on a membership in an extended family, male dominated society
Profit from trade
Transport foot or camel

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2
Q

what was the most important city at the time of Muhammad? why?

A

Mecca was the most important city, Muhhameds birthplace. The Ka’bah is located here and was a significant centre for religious devotion. Hajj occurred here. It was a place where differences would be put aside by warring tribes

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3
Q

What is a Harif? Who was one?

A

Harifs are devout arabs who sought to find purity of hear through reflection and meditation in caves (Mohammed)

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4
Q

What was Muhammad’s tribe?

A

Quraish = Muhammad’s tribe

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5
Q

when was Muhammad born?

A

570CE

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6
Q

Muhammad childhood:

A

Muhammad’s mother Aminah died when he was a young child.Muhammad was raised by his uncle Abu Talib who was a wealthy merchant.
In the course of working for his uncle, Muhammad met his future wife the wealthy widow KhadijaThe marriage of Muhammad and Khadija saw the birth of six children

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7
Q

What is “Laylat-ul-Qadr”?

A

After spending considerable time in prayer and spiritual searching Muhammad experienced the night of power “Laylat-ul-Qadr
It was here he received the command to proclaim the message of Allah

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8
Q

Who brought the revelations to Muhhammad?

A

The revelation to Muhammad was brought by the Angel Jibril

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9
Q

After the revelations:

A

After the initial revelation there was a period of waiting before the proclamation the message began
After two years Jibril appeared again and this brought on the beginning of Muhammad’s preaching
During the course of his life from this point Muhammad continued to preach while receiving further messages and instructions from Allah.

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10
Q

What did the tribes think of Muhhammad?

A

Muhammad’s preaching was rejected by the people of Makkah and he was exposed to ridicule because of his message.

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11
Q

What did the revelations teach Muhhammad?

A

Muhammad’s preaching was of the message of one true God

Due to the monotheism of the preaching there was no place for the worship of idols

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12
Q

what was the night journey? What happened here?

A

Muhammad experienced the miraculous night journey to Jerusalem and through the seven realms of heaven to be in the presence of Allah.In the course of the night journey he received the instruction regarding the requirement for daily prayer.Soon after he was visited by a delegation from Yathrib asking him to come to their city

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13
Q

What was the Hijrah?

A

Muhammad undertook a perilous journey and experience a miraculous escape from his enemies in a cave. The journey from Makkah to Yathrib is known as the Hijrah

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14
Q

Where was the first mosque built?

A

Yathrib/Medina

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15
Q

What was Yathribs name changed too?

A

Madinah

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16
Q

What year marks the beginning of the ISlamic calendar?

A

622 CE

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17
Q

What revelation did Muhammad receive in Madinah?

A

In Madinah Muhammad received the revelation to face Makkah during prayer and also of the Ramadan fast

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18
Q

What happened with Makkah?

A

Conflict with Makkah continued throughout the time Muhammad was in Madinah
Ultimately Makkah was captured in 630CE
After this Makkah became the holy city of Islam, dedicated to Allah

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19
Q

When did Muhammad die?

A

at 63 years of age in 632 CE

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20
Q

why is the Prophet Muhammad the final messenger is the model for Muslim life?

A

Muhammad is a sublime example of surrender to the will of Allah.Throughout his life and even before the night of power, Muhammad showed himself to be a person devoted to prayer and spiritual searching
Muhammad displayed profound faith, trust and patience in dedicating himself to the will of Allah

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21
Q

why is the Prophet Muhammad the final messenger is the model for Muslim life? Quote

A

‘ O messenger of Allah! It is a great mercy of God that you are gentle and kind towards them for you have been harsh and hard hearted they would have broken away from you” Quran 3:159

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22
Q

Under Muhammad’s leadership what did the muslim community do?

A

Under his leadership the Muslim community had many strong characteristics such as integrity, sexual morality, just and fair dealings and care for the poor.

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23
Q

What is Muhammad known as? Why?

A

The seal of the prophets. This means that Muslims regard Muhammad as Allah’s final messenger. The Qur’an is formed from the revelations Muhammad received from God through the Angel Jibril.

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24
Q

who were the four rightly guided caliphs?

A

Abu Bakr
Umar
Uthman
Ali

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25
Q

Abu Bakr

A

632-634CE- Abu Bakr concentrated on defending the Medinan community from surrounding tribes and those who recanted their faith following his election

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26
Q

Umar

A

634-644CE- Led wars of expansion. Expulsion of Jews and Christians from Arabia and sent several expeditions to expand the borders of the Muslim state (included taking large parts of the Byzantine and Persian empires) Death was sudden and unexpected – a POW stabbed him (personal grudge) and he nominated 6 companions, including one relative for succession just before he died.

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27
Q

Uthman

A

644-656CE- Began the process of codifying the Qur’an: Muhammad’s followers had written down and carefully noted the revelations to him. Many Muslims did not read or write, so until Uthman, it was memorised To this day, Muslims use the standard text prepared during Uthman’s caliphate.

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28
Q

Ali

A

656-661CE- Muawiya refused to accept Ali, claiming caliph himself and controlled the north of Arabia. Kharijite forces assassinated Ali, allowing Muawiya to establish the Umayyad caliphate as a monarchy – Muawiya established the monarchy for his son.

29
Q

What is a caliph?

A

chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

30
Q

What are the two variants of Islam?

A

Sunni and Shi’a

31
Q

What is a Sunni?

A

The Sunni group believe that the leader should be chosen from among the descendents of the tribe of Muhammad, the Quaraish tribe but not necessarily from the family of Muhammad.
o Recognise there is nothing special or divine about their leaders except that they have necessary skills or governance and are educated in religious law

32
Q

What is a Shi’a?

A

The Shi’ia group believe that the leader of the Muslim’s must be a descendent of the Prophet Muhammad and this has been their view since back in time by the supporters of Ali (the fourth Caliph).
o Subscribe to Muhammad appointing Ali as his successor and therefore having centrality of authority over Islam (could have been elected in place of Abu Bakr).Their historical leaders are family of the Prophet.

33
Q

outline the implications of Tawhid for Muslim belief

A

Tawhid refers to the belief about Allah. It affirms that there is one true God.
Tawhid leads to a greater surrender to the will of Allah,
It reminds Muslims that they are accountable for their actions and for their use of worldly possessions

34
Q

Aqida meaning

A

an Arabic word meaning creed. It refers to the five basic articles of belief in the Qur’an

35
Q

What are the six articles of faith?

A

belief in Allah, fate/predestination, belief in the prophets, belief in angels, belief in the scripture and belief in the day of judgment.

36
Q

What does Tahwid affirm?

A

Tawhid affirms that all things happen for a purpose. Whatever the circumstances this is what Allah has allowed. Acceptance of this leads trusting in the great love and compassion of Allah.Allah knows all things
Therefore to act with impure motives which in effect seek to deceive others and deceive Allah

37
Q

-examine the role of the Books of Allah and prophecy in Islam

A

Prophecy is regarded as an essential element of Muslim belief. It is the was in which the ways of Allah become revealed to humankind
The Qur’an is regarded as the last of the revealed books. The Qur’an stands apart as the reliable and complete source of the revelation of Allah.

38
Q

-examine the role of the Books of Allah and prophecy in Islam quote

A

Quran 15:9 “indeed we have sent down the Quran and surely we will guard it”

39
Q

Muslims belief in other books

A

The revealed books of the rusul are known as the Books of Allah
Muslims believe that initially each of these revealed books contained the complete revelation of Allah, however, over time were not properly preserved and some such as the Sahifa given to Ibrahim have been completely lost.These books of Allah have been changed. They no longer faithfully represent the message of Allah.Thus the scriptures of the Jewish and Christian religions are profoundly respected by Muslims.They cannot be relied upon because they have not been properly preserved.

40
Q

Rusul

A

The term rusul is given to famous biblical figures

The Qur’an gives special attention to the figures who were responsible for the handing down of significant books

41
Q

nabi

A

The term nabi is used to refer to an inspired prophet who has not been commissioned for a particular purpose and rusul is used to describe a messenger who has been given a particular mission

42
Q

Angels

A

Jinn
Angels are understood to be the messengers of Allah
Muslims believe angels to be creatures of light which exist everywhere throughout the universe and are constantly interacting with human beings
Muslims believe that each person has two angels designated to keep a record of their deeds, good and bad.
Jibril is the messenger bringing the word of Allah to those who are the chosen ones.
At the time of death the angel Azra’il will be present at the side of the person dying to receive their soul as it leaves them.

43
Q

angels quotes

A

Sura 6:61

he sends forth guardians to watch over you

44
Q

Life after death

A
  • Human life on earth is a test and the outcome of this test determines the fate of the person for eternity.
  • Each individual is called to respond positively to the will of Allah and submit to it. Their choice to do so or to refuse to do so is the key factor in their destiny.
45
Q

Akhira

A

Muslim’s believe in a life after death which is known as “akhirah”

46
Q

paradise

A

The reward, known as Paradise is described in the Qur’an as a kind of oasis in the desert
janna

47
Q

jahannam

A

For those who fail the test, the punishment is known as jahannam. The Qur’an describes this as a place of fire and hot winds, of torture and torment.

48
Q

forgivness and life after death

A

Evil actions or intentions can be forgiven by asking Allah for forgiveness

49
Q

what happens to those who die before the day of judgement?

A

Muslims believe that those who die before the Day of Judgment will have their souls taken by the angel Azra’il to “barzakh” . This is a place of waiting between the moment of death and the Day of Judgment.

50
Q

Fate/ predestination

A

Muslims understand that Allah is all knowing. Muslims also believe that nothing happens by chance or randomly. It all happens by design, with a purpose and it is Allah the creator who determines what will happen.

51
Q

Al-qadr

A

The idea that all things happen through the plan of Allah is called “Al-Qadr”

52
Q

Free will and fate and destination:

A

Muslims believe that while our destiny is already known to Allah, it is our free will and our choice which determines it. Each person is given the freedom to choose and Allah respects this free will absolutely. Muslims are reject any notion of fate.
Fate is not compatible with free will and as such is rejected by Muslim beliefs.

53
Q

Shahada

A
  • A person becomes a Muslim when he or she bears testimony to the core creed of Islam:
  • This is a commitment to the path of Islam
54
Q

Salat

A
  • The word ‘salat’ literally means ‘hot connection’. So, prayer in Islam is an act of worship that enables the individual to get close into the presence of God in a meditative state.
  • Salat raises the awareness of being in the presence of God and hence prevents a person from doing wrongful acts.
55
Q

Zakat

A
  • The minimum obligatory amount of alms (zakat) for a Muslim is 1/40 (2.5%) of excess personal wealth.
  • Once collected, zakat can only be distributed to poor, needy and other rightful beneficiaries.
  • By observing the command of God to pay zakat a Muslim acknowledges that he is not the true owner of the wealth and that he is only a temporary holder.
  • Zakat bridges the gap between the rich and the poor.
56
Q

Sawm:

A
  • Muslims are required to fast consecutively for a whole month in the lunar month of Ramadan once a year.
  • From dawn to sunset the practising Muslim abstains from eating, drinking and sexual relations while spending time in reflection, doing good deeds and being careful in one’s conduct.
  • Fasting is the best form of true thanksgiving, which is to know that all sustenance comes directly from God, to acknowledge its value and to feel our own need and dependence on that sustenance.
57
Q

Hajj:

A
  • Once in a lifetime pilgrimage to the holy lands is the fifth pillar of Islam obligatory for all Muslims who are rich and healthy enough to make the journey.
  • Pilgrimage consists of visiting a number of sacred places, circling the Ka’bah and being present in the plains of Mt Arafat at a specific time in the lunar year.
  • Hajj is about connecting to the monotheistic tradition and to realise that Islam is not a new religion but a universal religion.
58
Q

principal ethical teachings quote

A

Sura 91:7-10
“By the Soul, and the proportion and order given to it; And its enlightenment as to its wrong and its right;- Truly he succeeds that purifies it, And he fails that corrupts it!”

59
Q

What is ethical teaching in islam?

A

Islamic belief is that Allah gave humanity a concept of right and wrong, of conscience and ability to discern morality from the creation.

  • Submission to the will of Allah is the most fundamental islamic value
  • muslims must try to establish good according to the order fixed by Allah because each person is god’s agent on earth and has a responsibility to Allah
60
Q

What is the name of their law and what is it?

A

Sharia Law:
The sacred law is known as a pathway and sets out the way of worship prescribed in the Qur’an and the prophets practice. It goes beyond the common understanding of worship as the performance of religious rituals and encompases the whole of human life, individuals as well as social.

61
Q

What is Islamic jurisprudence?

A

•Jurisprudence (fiqh) is the theory of law or a system of laws applied in a particular country.

62
Q

What does Islam jurispudence incapture?

A
  • It is comprehensive and covers every area of life.
  • Islamic jurisprudence is determined by the Qur’an, the Sunna and the study of these through consensus by religious leaders.
  • For jurisprudential purposes, broadly speaking, human acts are classified as obligatory, neutral, recommended, undesirable or forbidden.
63
Q

Where do they source their ethical teachings from? In order from most to least important:

A

The Quran is the basic source for ethical judgement and statements.
The Sunna: including the Hadith, the Sunna of Muhammad (developed after the death of Muhammad to adress moral question that had no answer in the Quran)
Ijma’: the consensus of muslims scholars
Qiyas: legal precedents that have been reasoned through analysis

64
Q

what it the ijma?

A

the consensus of muslims scholars

65
Q

what is Qiyas?

A

legal precedents that have been reasoned through analysis

66
Q

What is Haram or Halal general statement:

A

Muslim or ethical judgement ultimately leads to a decision about what is Halal or Haram. In principle if something is not forbidden then it is permitted, however, that does not mean that it should be done.

67
Q

What is Haram?

A

Haram= Forbidden: acts decisively forbidden in Islam e.g. Murder and theft

68
Q

What is Halal?

A

Halal= Permissible: anything permissible includes human behaviour, communication, clothing, conduct, manner, dietary laws e.g. anything not Haram

Religion 2 unit Preliminary 2020 (6 decks)

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