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APUSH Testing Study Guide > Islam > Flashcards

Islam Flashcards

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0
Q

What materials became inexpensive after the invention of paper making?

A

Maps, paintings, and books.

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1
Q

What advancement did paper making allow?

A

The creation and usage of bookstores.

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2
Q

What was the Fihrist?

A

An important catalogue.

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3
Q

Who wrote the Fihrist?

A

Abu al-Faraj Muhammad al-Nadim.

al-Nadim

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4
Q

Who made the bookstore containing the books catalogued in the Fihrist?

A

Al-Namid’s father.

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5
Q

What did the first book of the Fihrist contain?

A

Books on holy scriptures.

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6
Q

What did the second book of the Fihrist contain?

A

Books on Arabic grammar.

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7
Q

What did the third through sixth books of the Fihrist contain?

A

Books on poetry, sects, and law (written by people of the royal family).

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8
Q

What did the seventh book of the Fihrist contain?

A

Books on philosophy, science, and medicine.

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9
Q

What did the eighth through tenth books of the Fihrist contain?

A

Books on various stories.

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10
Q

Where did the Arabs live?

A

In the Arabian peninsula and in the deserts of Syria, Jordan, and Iraq.

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11
Q

What made Arabia a good place for Islam to grow?

A

It was isolated and often ignored.

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12
Q

Were Arabians farmers or nomads?

A

Farmers.

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13
Q

How did many Arabs make money?

A

Through giving camels, guides, and safe passage to travelers.

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14
Q

What was a cause of Arabs observing Byzantine and Sasinid ways?

A

Many begun to adopt Christianity.

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15
Q

Where was Mecca located?

A

In between Yemen and Syria, inland from the Red Sea.

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16
Q

Why did Mecca become so populated and wealthy?

A

It was far away from the larger Empires, and had a good trading system.

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17
Q

What was one of the greatest and most valued points in Mecca?

A

The Ka’aba.

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18
Q

What was one of the big selling points for converting to Islam?

A

Life-after-death and paradise.

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19
Q

Why did Muhammad and his followers flee to Medina?

A

They were being prosecuted by Meccans who felt threatened by the new religion.

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20
Q

Why did Medinians accept Muhammad and his followers?

A

Because Muhammad was a good leader and could help stop disputes.

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21
Q

What was formed by Muhammad and the Medinians?

A

The umma.

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22
Q

What is the umma?

A

A community formed by the acceptance of Islam and recognization of Muhammad as the prophet of God.

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23
Q

What made Meccans believe that Muhammad really was God’s messenger?

A

Muhammad and his army dominated in the battle against the Meccans, so many believed he had divine help.

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24
Q

What was the name of the position put in place after Muhammad’s death?

A

Khalifa (caliph).

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25
Q

What did the first caliph (Abu Bakr) do to help Islam?

A

He solidified Muslim beliefs and fed the desire for a caliphate.

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26
Q

Why did civil war break out after Muhammad’s death?

A

Some people wanted the next successor to be related to Muhammad (Shi’ites), and others did not (Sunnis).

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27
Q

Who were Shi’ites?

A

The group of people who wanted another Ali to be the successor to Muhammad.

28
Q

Who were the Sunnis?

A

The people who supported the first three caliphates (run by people who were not relatives of Muhammad) and opposed the Shi’ites.

29
Q

How did the Umayyad Caliphate begin?

A

After the governor of Syria chose his own son to be the next caliph.

30
Q

When did the Islamic caliphates begin to fade and crumble?

A

The 800s.

31
Q

When did Arab conquests begin?

A

The second caliphate.

32
Q

Who led the conquests of the second caliphate?

A

Muhammad’s close friends.

33
Q

Why did the Arabs stay out of conquered areas?

A

To keep them united with one another, and to preserve peace in the conquered places.

34
Q

Why did the Umayyad Caliphate crumble?

A

There was growing unrest at Arab dominance and the caliphs were being questioned.

35
Q

Which caliphate took over after the end of the Umayyad?

A

The Abassid caliphate.

36
Q

What were some differences in the Abassid Caliphate?

A

There was good leadership, different types of people were allowed in government positions, and there were reinterpretations of the Qur’an.

37
Q

What made the Abassid Caliphate decline in power?

A

The amount of Muslim converts begun to increase drasticly and the power could no long be held, and there was too much growth in outside territories.

38
Q

What happened to the umma during the end of the Abassid Caliphate?

A

It began to grow apart, due to long-distance separation.

39
Q

How did the Turks contribute to the fall of the Abassid Caliphate?

A

The Abassid caliphs bought Turkish slaves. When they could repay the Turks, the caliphate was taken over, and it’s capitol was moved.

40
Q

Why did the Buyid Shi’ites gain control of the falling Abassid Caliphate?

A

So that they could watch over the Sunnis.

41
Q

What happened after the Fatimid Dynasty?

A

The North-African city states lost their independence.

42
Q

What happened between the Fatimids and the Abassids?

A

The Fatimids challenged the Abassids, claiming to be a new caliphate.

43
Q

Where did the Umayyads go when their caliphate fell?

A

Into Spain.

44
Q

What happened to Umayyad Spain?

A

They developed an Islamic, Jewish, Roman, and German culture because of their separation from the rest of the Muslim world.

45
Q

Why did the rulers of the post-Abassid Caliphate take the title of “caliph”?

A

They were challenging the claims made by the Fatimids.

46
Q

What is shown by the Samanids, Fatimids, and Spanish Umayyads?

A

The political diversity and awareness brought by the fall of the Abassid Caliphate.

47
Q

What was established by the Seljuk family?

A

A Turkish Muslim state based on power.

48
Q

What happened after Byzantine land was weakened by Seljuk forces?

A

The Turks were able to seize control of it.

49
Q

What happened under Turkish rule?

A

Cities shrank, irrigation suffered, taxes fell, people fought over cities, riots broke out between Shi’ites and Sunnis, and the Turks took no interest in Arab culture or religion.

50
Q

In what instances did the various Muslim groups unify?

A

When facing European enemies, Christian crusaders, and newly arrived nights.

51
Q

What was a cause of the Umayyad’s rule over various ethnic areas?

A

They begun using Sasanid and Byzantine methods.

52
Q

What effect did the Persian influence on the Abbasids have?

A

The Abassids experienced spiritual, intellectual, and artistic activity.

53
Q

How did the decline of the Abassid Empire effect the caliphate?

A

The caliphate was split into separate states (the umma remained together).

54
Q

Which states replaced the Abassid caliphate?

A

Seljuk Turk, Crusader, Mamluk, and Mongol states.

55
Q

How did Mongol invasions impact the Muslim world?

A

The invasions both shocked and weakened the caliphates.

56
Q

How did the Islam world improve with the fall of the caliphates?

A

There was better law, social structures, religious expression, and new “small traditions”.

57
Q

What was the Shari’a?

A

It provided law for the Muslim land, and laid the foundation for civilization. Other than the Shari’a, the Muslims had no real form of law.

58
Q

What was the Hadith?

A

A collection of the words and deeds of Muhammad.

59
Q

Why was the Hadith created?

A

To help the tradition of following Muhammad as a guide.

60
Q

What was addressed in the Hadith?

A

Ritual manners and legal matters not mentioned in the Qur’an.

61
Q

What vision did the Shari’a embody?

A

The idea of the umma focusing only on their moral values, not on politics or ethnic decisions.

62
Q

What did conversion to Muslim help begin?

A

Urbanization.

63
Q

What would happen to converts who didn’t move into Arab cities?

A

They would be heavily discriminated against.

64
Q

What did urban growth lead to?

A

Consumer market expansion, irrigation expansion, trade expansion, and scientific/technological advancements.

65
Q

What happened because of the disorganized conversion rates?

A

Local Islam communities became disconnected and begun developing different views on what it means to be Muslim.

66
Q

Who were the “Sufi”?

A

Mystic groups of scholars who spread religious doctrines and rituals throughout Iran.

67
Q

What was a common theme of Sufi doctrines?

A

They all demonstrated the idea of uniting with God through rituals and teachings.

APUSH Testing Study Guide (1 decks)

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