Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Islam > Islam > Flashcards

Islam Flashcards

1
Q

Abbasid Dynasty

A

The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258CE)
time of cultural and intellectual flourishing
Caliph Abu al-Abbas founds a new capital, Baghdad in Iraq
Also a time of fracture; rival caliphates are claimed in North Africa (fatimids) and in Spain (Al-Andalus)
Ended in 1258 when Baghdad was sacked by the mongols invading the East

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Al-Fatihah

A

The most well-known sura is the first one, which is called al-fatihah, or the “the
opening.” The fatihah is a common prayer used by Muslims in many different con-texts. It is the first sura that Muslims learn when they begin studying the Qur’an as children or as adults. A devout Muslim will recite the fatihah several times during the day’s many prayers. The sura evokes the oneness of God, the all-powerful nature of God, the Day of Judgment, and God’s guidance for a righteous life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ashura

A

day of fasting and mourning memorializing the death of Husayn as a martyr at Karbala
Esoecakky important for Shi’a Muslims; recommended day of fasting for Sunnis, but non-compulsory
Includes pilgrimage to Karbala, Iraq, the site where Husayn was killed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Baghdad

A

Caliph Abu al-Abbas founds a new capital, Baghdad in Iraq
Also a time of fracture; rival caliphates are claimed in North Africa (fatimids) and in Spain (Al-Andalus)
Ended in 1258 when Baghdad was sacked by the mongols invading the East

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Battle of Badr

A

The result was one of the most famous clashes in early Muslim history, the Battle of Badr in the year 624 ce. The Muslims had planned a raid on a Meccan caravan at a place called Badr. The Meccans, learning of the plan, sent a force of more than 900 men to protect the caravan. The Muslims, though badly outnumbered at only 300 strong, soundly defeated the Meccan forces. The battle is mentioned in the Qur’an, which reports that angels helped the outnumbered Muslims win the battle (8:9). The Qur’an also notes this as a critical moment in the development of the spirit and destiny of the Muslims. After this dramatic battle, Muhammad’s reputation as a great leader grew.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Caliph

A

Leader of the Muslim commu-nity after the death of Muhammad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cordoba

A

The Caiphate of Cordoba
Umayyad emirate established in 756
In 929 the emir declares cordoba a caliphate; internal strife brings an end to the caliphate in 1031

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Damascus

A

Umayyad
leaders ruled from the city of Damascus in Syria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fiqh

A

The practice of interpreting God’s law is known as Fiqh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hadith

A

Literary tradition recording the sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hajj

A

The annual pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars of Islam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Halal

A

permissible)
Meat that is properly slaughtered
Most Muslims consider all seafood to be halal (some Shi’as prohibit the eating of lobster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Haram

A

forbidden)
Alcohol
Carrion (I.e., animals that die natural deaths
Blood
Pork
Meat sacrificed to others gods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hijrah

A

Sometimes spelled hegira. The migration of the early Muslim community from Mecca to Medina in 622 ce; the Islamic calendar dates from this year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Id al-Adha

A

The Feast of Sacrifice, or ‘Id (or Eid) al-Adha, is the primary holiday of the Muslim year. The feast takes place at the end of the hajj season, and it is celebrated by all Muslims—not just those who made the pilgrimage that year. The feast commemo-rates Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son at God’s command. In many coun-tries, offices and shops close for two days, and people spend time with their families and friends. In commemoration of the ram that was sacrificed instead of Ishmael, Muslims are expected to slaughter an animal to mark the holiday. However, because this is not always possible, Muslims may make charitable donations as a substitute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Id al-Fitr

A

The second most significant holiday in the Muslim calendar is ‘Id al-Fitr, the
Feast of Fast-Breaking. This holiday marks the end of the month of Ramadan. This feast is a time of joy and forgiveness and is celebrated in many different ways around the world. Muslims mark the day by attending congregational prayers, visiting friends and family, or celebrating in public festivals and carnivals. Often, Muslims will wear elegant clothing for the holiday, and children are dressed in their finest new clothes. In some places, children are also given special treats, money, or gifts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Imam

A

Prayer leader; in Shi‘ism, one of the leaders of the Muslim community follow-ing the death of the Prophet Muhammad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Iman

A

iman= faith inn the core beliefs of Islam. These are six in number
Belief in the existence and oneness of god
Belief in angels and jinn
Belief in the books of which god is the author (the Qu’ran, the gospel, the Torah, and the Psalms)
Belief in the prophets, and that Muhammad is the last of them
Belief in the Day of Judgement
Belief in the Fore-ordination of God

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Jihad

A

The greater jihad is the struggle with one’s self to become a better per-son; the lesser jihad is associated with military con-flict in defense of the faith.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ka’ba

A

The Kaaba, also spelled Ka’ba, Ka’bah or Kabah, sometimes referred to as al-Ka’ba al-Musharrafa, is a building at the center of Islam’s most important mosque, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred site in Islam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Karbala

A

For the Shi‘a, the tombs of the Prophet’s family are popular sites for pilgrimages.
Through these pilgrimages, Muslims commemorate and honor the Prophet’s family. Karbala, where Husayn was martyred and is said to be buried, is an important pil-grimage site in Iraq.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mecca

A

The city in which Muhammad was born; place of pilgrimage for Muslims.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medina

A

The city to which Muhammad and his early followers migrated to escape persecution in Mecca.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Minaret

A

Many mosques,
205 particularly those in the Middle East and North Africa, also have a tower called a minaret. The minaret is often used to broadcast the calls to prayer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Miraj

A

Muhammad’s Night Journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and from there to heaven, where he met with God.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mosque

A

Place of prayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Prophets

A

all prophets are solely human—not divine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Qibla

A

the direction of prayer, known as the qibla, is marked in a mosque by a niche called a mihrab, which is sometimes highly decorated with designs or Qur’anic verses, like this mihrab at a mosque in Cairo, Egypt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Quran

A

The holy text of Muslims; the word of God as revealed to Muham-mad.

30
Q

Ramadan

A

The month in which Muslims must fast daily from dawn until dusk; the fast is one of the five pillars of Islam; also the month in which the Qur’an is believed to have been revealed to Muhammad.

31
Q

Salat

A

The daily prayers, which are one of the five pillars of Islam.

32
Q

Sawm

A

The mandatory fast during the month of Ramadan; one of the five pillars of Islam.

33
Q

Shahadah

A

The declaration of faith: “There is no God but God and Muham-mad is the Messenger of God”; the first of the five pillars.

34
Q

Shayk

A

Sufi practice requires direction from a Shaykh (master); master form schools, each one of which emphasizes different meditation techniques and spiritual practices

35
Q

Shari’a

A

Islamic law
literally “the way” or “the road” in Islamic understanding, god is the sole legislator; humans can interpret law, but they cannot make new laws
The practice of interpreting God’s law is known as Fiqh
Legal scholars, known as mufti, give non-binding opinions (fatwas) on matters of controversy
Sources of Shari’a
The qu’ran
The Sunnah
Ijtihad: personal reasoning of scholars trained in Fiqh
Qiyas: reasoning by analogy
Ijma: consensus of Islamic scholars (Sunni) the Imam (Shi’a)

36
Q

Shi’a

A

One of the two major branches of Islam. The Shi‘a be-lieved that ‘Ali should have succeeded as leader of the Muslim community after the death of Muham-mad.

37
Q

Shirk

A

the denial of the oneness of God/the worship of any other thing. Shirk is considered the only unforgivable sin in the eyes of God

38
Q

Sufi

A

Sufism
Islamic mystical tradition that seeks personal experience with god
Ascribe special importance to the miraj, the story of Muhammad’s night journey to heaven
The “inner way to god”; contrasted with Shari’a (the outer way to god)
Sufi practice requires direction from a Shaykh (master); master form schools, each one of which emphasizes different meditation techniques and spiritual practices
Dhikr: practice of recollection so that one entirely forgets oneself and is subsumed in the remembrance of God; involves chanting and special breathing techniques

39
Q

Sunni

A

One of the two main branch-es of Islam. The Sunnis believed that the Muslim community should decide on a successor to lead af-ter the death of Muhammad.

40
Q

Sunnah

A

The Sunnah extends through to the life of the Twelfth Imam, Muhammad bin Hasan al-Askari, who went into hiding (“occultation”) in 941. He will return as the Mahdi (“roughly-guided one”) at the end of time

41
Q

Surah

A

Divided into 114 chapters or Surahs and arranged according to length, from roughly the longest to the shortest

42
Q

Tafsir

A

Interpretation of or com-mentary on the Qur’an. There are several types of tafsir, which aim to explain the meaning of the Qur’an.

43
Q

Tawhid

A

tawhid, also spelled Tauhid, Arabic Tawḥīd, (“making one,” “asserting oneness”), in Islam, the oneness of God, in the sense that he is one and there is no god but he, as stated in the shahādah (“witness”) formula: “There is no god but God and Muhammad is His prophet.” Tawhid further refers to the nature of that God

44
Q

Umma

A

The worldwide Muslim community.

45
Q

Umayyad Dynasty

A

Muslim dynasty that ruled from 661 to 750 ce.

46
Q

Zakat

A

Regulated almsgiving; one of the five pillars of Islam.

47
Q

Abu Bakr

A

A friend of Muhammad’s called Abu Bakr was also an early Muslim, and he became Muhammad’s father-in-law much later in life when, after Khadija’s death, Muhammad married Abu Bakr’s daughter.
When he died, most Muslims thought that Muhammad had not designated a successor. The companions of the Prophet thus chose the highly respected Abu Bakr to lead the Muslim community. Recall that Abu Bakr was one of the first converts to Islam and was Muhammad’s father-in-law.

48
Q

Ali

A

Son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.

49
Q

A’isha

A

A beloved wife of Muhammad who is known for transmitting many hadith.

50
Q

Fatima

A

Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter by Khadija.

51
Q

Husayn

A

Grandson of Muhammad who was killed while challenging the Umayyads.

52
Q

Khadija

A

Muhammad’s beloved first wife.

53
Q

Ibrahim (Abraham)

A

In the Islamic view, Abraham (or Ibrahim, as Muslims call him) was the original monotheist who received a revelation from God, a revelation that taught him the true religion centering on the oneness of God. Muslims believe that when Muham-mad received the revelations of the Qur’an, he was given a reminder for humanity of what God conveyed to Abraham. This section explores what Muslims believe about the revelation of the Qur’an to Muhammad.

54
Q

Ismail (Ishmael)

A

Perhaps the most important focus of the hajj is the structure known as the
Ka‘ba, which was a focus of pilgrimage in Arabia even before the time of Muham-mad. It is a cubical building about thirty feet by thirty feet, and Muslims believe it was originally built and dedicated to Allah by Abraham and his son Ishmael.

55
Q

Mu’awiya

A

Mu’awihya I (uthman’s nephew and initial opponent of Islam)

Shi’a orgins
at the battle of siffin, Mu’awihya asks Ali for arbitration. Ali accepts

56
Q

Muhammad

A

The prophet who received the revelation of the Qur’an from God; the final prophet in a long line of prophets sent by God to humanity.

57
Q

Umar

A

The leaders who came after Muhammad were not viewed as prophets. They
were known rather as caliphs, who ruled as the representatives of God and the Prophet and had both religious and political authority. This was a new form of gov-ernment called a caliphate, and it remained the model for Islamic society for several hundred years. The designation of Abu Bakr as caliph started a historical period that came to be known as the time of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, who were Abu Bakr and his successors: ‘Umar, ‘Uthman, and finally ‘Ali. As caliph, Abu Bakr sought to strengthen relationships with the communities
and tribes of Arabia who had formed alliances with Muhammad. Abu Bakr faced the potential breakdown of Muslim unity because some of these tribes, particularly those in parts of Arabia far from Medina and Mecca, wanted to break their ties to the Muslim community when Muhammad died. After the death of Abu Bakr, which was only two years after he had been appointed caliph, the Muslims chose a man called ‘Umar to lead. Like Abu Bakr, ‘Umar had been close to Muhammad. Also like Abu Bakr, he was confronted with the problem of some communities wanting to break away from Islamic rule. However, he managed to preserve unity
and expand Muslim rule, conquering the lands of Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. When ‘Umar died in 644 ce, another of the Prophet’s companions, a man called ‘Uthman,
was selected as the new caliph.

58
Q

Uthman

A

‘Uthman led the Muslims for twelve years, from 644 to 656 ce. He continued
the rapid political expansion that ‘Umar had begun, but he also faced many prob-lems. Muslim rule now extended from the Mediterranean and North Africa into Central Asia. Because the umma now reached beyond Arabic-speaking lands, there was a great deal of cultural and linguistic diversity among the Muslims. This situa-tion made leadership a far more complex undertaking than it had been in the time of Muhammad and Abu Bakr, when nearly all Muslims were Arabs. This eventually led to charges that the caliphs discriminated against non-Arab Muslims. Further-more, many accused ‘Uthman of nepotism when he appointed his nephew Mu‘awiya as governor of Syria. ‘Uthman also placed other relatives in key posts, many of whom grew rich as a result. A few years into his rule, ‘Uthman faced a number of rebellions in outer provinces of the empire, and in 656 ce he was killed by insur-gents who had marched on Medina.

59
Q

C. 570

A

The birth of Muhammad

60
Q

610

A

The first revelations of the Quran to Muhammad

61
Q

622

A

The hijra (migration)from Mecca to Medina

62
Q

632

A

The death of Muhammad; issue of succession

63
Q

632-661

A

Period of the rightly guided caliphs

64
Q

661-750

A

Umayyad period

65
Q

680

A

Battle of Karbala and the martyrdom of Husayn

66
Q

750-1258

A

Abbasid period

67
Q

1095-1453

A

Crusades

68
Q

1281-1924

A

Ottoman Empire

69
Q

1483-1857

A

Mughal Empire

70
Q

1501-1722

A

Safavid empire

Islam (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions