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AP HUGE AP test > iScore 5 > Flashcards

iScore 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Creole language

A

A pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and becomes the native language of a group of people

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2
Q

Assimilation

A

A policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs

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3
Q

Folk-housing regions

A

A region in which a specific unique type of housing develops usually using local materials and built to deal with specific local envrionments

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4
Q

Ethnicity

A

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, or other cultural traits

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5
Q

Religious denominations

A

A subcategory of religions within a branch

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6
Q

Model minority

A

A subordinate group whose members suppposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination

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7
Q

Backward reconstuction

A

A technique used to track sound shifts back towards an original language

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8
Q

Popular culture

A

A widespread spread of a culture or cultural trait incorporating a large, heterogeneous population

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9
Q

Ethnic enclaves

A

Areas or neighborhoods within cities that are homogenous in their ethnic make-up and are usually surrounded by different ethnic groups (chinatown)

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10
Q

Sexism

A

Attitudes or behavior which limit women’s opportunities and are based on traditional stereotypes of sexual roles

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11
Q

Interfaith boundaries

A

Boundaries between different religions. Often these are fault lines where conflict between religions occur

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12
Q

Intrafaith boundaries

A

Boundaries within a religion

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13
Q

Dowry deaths

A

Cases where the bride is brutally beat or killed for her father’s failure to fullfill the marriage agreement or payment commonly associated with India

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14
Q

Neolocalism

A

Creating a local culture or restoring a local culture in response to the uncertainty of the modern world

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15
Q

Heteronormative

A

Cultural belief which assumes that heterosexuality is the norm and nromal

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16
Q

Genocide

A

Deliberate attempt to destroy a racial or cultural group through mass killing

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17
Q

Agricultural theory

A

Farming ppl of Anatolia moved west and north into europe spreading the proto-indo-european language

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18
Q

Identity

A

How people see themselves in various arenas and scales

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19
Q

Secularism

A

Indifference to or rejection or exclusion of religion and religious considerations

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20
Q

Informal labor

A

Labor that is not officially recognized and receives no salary. Work around the house. The non-recognition of this labor causes women to look less valuable than they actually are

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21
Q

Dialects

A

Local or regional characteristics of a language with pronunciation differences and a distinctive grammar and vocabulary

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22
Q

Language divergence

A

Occurs when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of language breaks the language into dialects and eventually new languages

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23
Q

Sacred sites

A

Places with extremely deep religious meaning. Something divine or otherworldy happened there

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24
Q

Gendered

A

Places that are designed for men only or women only

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25
Q

Invasion and succession

A

Process by which new immigrants moves to a city and move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups

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26
Q

De jure segregation

A

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws of administrative decisions by public agencies

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27
Q

De facto segregation

A

Racial segregation that occurs in areas not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

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28
Q

Deep reconstuction

A

Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to recreate the language that proceeded the extinct langauge

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29
Q

Residential segregation

A

The “degree to which tow or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban envrionments”

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30
Q

Standard language

A

The form of a language with specific grammar rules and word choice that is used for official government business, education, and mass communication. Used by those in power

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31
Q

Mutual intelligibility

A

The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking

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32
Q

Language convergence

A

The blending of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages

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33
Q

Language superfamily

A

The concept that language families have a common root in a very distant pasts. A very very long time ago. Linguists are still figuring it out

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34
Q

Nostratic

A

The idea of the existence of an ancestral language that connects Indo-European languages to other langauge families

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35
Q

Proto-indo-european language

A

The idea of the existence of an ancestral language that connects ancient latin, Greek, and Sanskrit together

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36
Q

Authenticity

A

The idea that a group of people claim to be the “real deal” in terms of a cultural trait or traits in order to market a place as real local culture

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37
Q

Sequent occupance

A

The idea that each culture or successive societies in an area leave their material culture on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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38
Q

Placelessness

A

The loss of uniqueness of a place due to gloablization, in the cultural landscape, so that all places look the same

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39
Q

Commodification

A

The marketing of culture or cultural traits by selling products from a local culture or the world

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40
Q

Acculturation

A

The modification of the social patterns, traits, or structure of one group or society by contact with those of another

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41
Q

Social darwinism

A

The theory from the 1870s that claimed certain races were more evolved, thus justifying the racial superiority ideas and imperialist policies

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42
Q

Folk culture

A

Traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

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43
Q

Religious extremism

A

Violent religion movement by some strict fundamentalist who seek to resotre principals by any means necessary

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44
Q

Nonmaterial culture

A

What we feel: the ideas, beliefs and values that deifne a group of people or a culture

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45
Q

Sexuality and space

A

Where people with a shared sexual identity cluster and how they create a space for themsleves

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46
Q

White flight

A

Working middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner neighborhoods to suburbs

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47
Q

Frontier

A

A border on the edge of a state where it eets the border of another state

48
Q

Compact state

A

A state that is geometrically equidistant from the center to its exterior borders

49
Q

Buffer state

A

A usually smaller state that lies between two larger, more powerful states. May help prevent conflcit between the larger states or they may be the battle ground when the larger states engage in conflict

50
Q

Majority-minority district

A

A voting district aligned where the overall minority population in the state is actually the majority population of that district

51
Q

Shatterbelt

A

An area of geopolitical weakness which is prone to states in that region breaking into pieces and forming new states. This process is usually repeated regularly making for unstable states and regions

52
Q

Physical boundary

A

Boundaries which are drawn using physical features such as river or mountains to delimit territory

53
Q

Superimposed boundary

A

Boundary established in or between states by outside states or forces without regard for existing cultural or political systems

54
Q

Subsequent boundary

A

Boundary established which has the cultural, political, and social characteristics of the groups which have settled or occupied territory

55
Q

Antecedent boundary

A

Boundary which was established before an area was populated. Many times these boundaries were made along physical geographic features

56
Q

Berlin conference

A

Conference held in 1884-85 where European powers regulated trade, commerce, and territory in africa

57
Q

North/south divide

A

Economic division btwen core states (europe, Japan, North America, Austrialia) periphery and semi periphery (Latin America, Africa and Asia)

58
Q

Reapporitonment

A

Establishment of voting districts based on population as designated by the cencus taken every 10 years

59
Q

Imperialism

A

Expansionist policices of colonial power that established political, economic, social and territorial domination over another state or territory

60
Q

Irredentism

A

Unredeemed territory usually involving a political movement which intends to reclaim territory that was lost ot another state

61
Q

East west divide

A

Most associated with the cold war
-Involved separation of democratic/free market states of the west and the communist/socialist counties of eastern europe and asia

62
Q

Geometric boundary

A

Political boundaries usually drawn in straight lines which follow lines of longitude or latitude

63
Q

Relic boundary

A

Political boundary which no longer exists. Usually remnants of old political systems between states

64
Q

Prorupt or attenuated state

A

State which has a compact area with a narrow strip of territory which proture or hands from the compact state

65
Q

Unitary state

A

State which has a very strong, centralized government that exercises power equally over all parts of the statw

66
Q

Therocracy

A

State which is ruled bu religious leaders using religious texts and edicts for laws

67
Q

Federal state

A

State which has a strong central government where power is distributed geographical sub-state units. Federal states are many times larger in size

68
Q

Colonialism

A

The military occupation of territoy by an outside state for the purposes of controlling and exploiting that territory- usually for economic purposes

69
Q

Devolution

A

the pressure placed on the state by a sub-state unit, or the ceding of power from the state to a sub-state unit, or the breaking apart of a state into smaller states

70
Q

Redistricting

A

The process of drawing of new electoral district boundaries to match population changes

71
Q

Geopolitics

A

The study of the relationships webfeet geography, power, politics, and international relations

72
Q

Peace of westphalia

A

Treaty ending the 30 years war which contained language establishing the concept of the state. It allowed for a nationals of people to correspond to a particular territory

73
Q

3rd agricultural revolution

A

20th century revolution with three key elements- mechanization (tractors), bio-techonoly (hybrid seeds), and integration of primary, secondary, and teriary activities (agribusiness)

74
Q

2nd agricultural revolution

A

A movement which coincided with the Industrial revolution where farmers developed new techniques of farming and used new tools like the seed drill or McCormick Reaper. While still relying on animal power production increased dramatically

75
Q

Clustered rural settlement

A

Rural settlement in which the houses are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement

76
Q

Truck farming

A

Also known as market gardening. A form of commercial agriculture specializing in growing vegetable for the market

77
Q

Agrian

A

Another word for farming or agriculture or having to do with the use or owner of farmland

78
Q

Agribusiness

A

Commercial agriculture where large corporations control different aspects of food production thus creating larger networks and using more technology

79
Q

Carl Sauer

A

Cultural geographer who identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred

80
Q

Debt-for-nature swap

A

Forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries

81
Q

Pastoral nomadism

A

Form of subsistence agriculture based on herding as land used for grazing

82
Q

Luxury crops

A

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

83
Q

Milkshed

A

Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

84
Q

Intertillage

A

The clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment

85
Q

What is shifting cultivation also called

A

Slash and burn

86
Q

Swidden

A

The patch of land cleared for planting and slashing and burning under shifting cultivation

87
Q

Enclosure movement

A

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a few larger farms in England during the eighteenth century which helps start the 2nd agricultural revolution

88
Q

Transhumance

A

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

89
Q

1st agriculutral revoluiton

A

The transition from hunting and gathering to plant domestication and animal domestical about 10,000 years ago

90
Q

Vegetative planting

A

Reproduction of plants by cutting stems and dividing roots

91
Q

Technopoles

A

A center of high-tech manufacturing and information-based industry

92
Q

Developing country

A

A country which is progressing along the development continuum from primary into mostly secondary economic activity

93
Q

Ecotourism

A

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way. Often used as an attempt to boost the economy of less developed and developing countries

94
Q

Commodity chain

A

A network that connects the different steps int he production of a good

95
Q

Back offices

A

A part of most corporations where tasks dedicated to running the company take place. ie: not in the corporate headquarters, but in call centers

96
Q

Postindustrial

A

A stage of economic development in which service activities become relatively more important than goods production; professional and technical employment supersedes employment in agriculture and manufacturing;and level of living is defined by the quality of services and amenities rather than by the quantity of goods available

97
Q

Central place throy

A

By walt Christaller
-Connects a hierarchy of urban settlements with associated services. It explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

98
Q

High tech corridor

A

Areas along or near major transport arteries that are devoted to the research, development and scale of high-technology products. Silicon valley is an example

99
Q

Economies of scale

A

Cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high-volume production, since the average-cost production falls with increasing output. Think costco or sams club

100
Q

Export processing zone

A

Designtated areas of countries where governments create conditions conducive to export-oriented production

101
Q

Informal economy

A

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government. EX: black markets, illegal drug trade, odd jobs or work done “under the table”.

102
Q

Remittances

A

Money migrants send back to family and fiends in their home countries

103
Q

Basic industry

A

Industry that sells its products outside the community, bringing money into the community

104
Q

Least cost theory

A

Model developed by Alfred Weber. Location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration

105
Q

Core-periphery

A

Says more developed countries exploit pooer, less developed countries for their resources, etc, but these poorer, less developed countries cannot survive without being exploited

106
Q

Modernization model

A

Rostow penned his classic stages of Economic growth . 5 steps.
-Asserted that all countries exist somewhere on this linear spectrum and climb upward through each stage in the development process

107
Q

Quinary sector

A

Includes the highest levels of descision making in a society of economy. Executives in governmentm science, univeristies, nonprofits, healthcarem culture, media

108
Q

Special economic zone

A

Specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign and domestic businesses and investment.
EX: Shenzen China

109
Q

Call center

A

Telephone service facility set up by companies to handle a large number of inbound and outbound calls

110
Q

Deindustrialization

A

Decline of primary and secondary industry, accompanied by a rise of the service sectors of the industrial economy

111
Q

Hinterland

A

Maximum distance or range a good or service has an impact

112
Q

Depedecny theory

A

The notion that resources flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former; poor states are impoverished and rich ones are enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system

113
Q

Multiplier effect

A

The phenomenon whereby when a job is created in one sector of the economy, it leads to the creation of jobs in created in one sector of the economy, it leads to the creation of jobs in other economic sectors.
New jobs at highschool->new teachers-> more customers for walmart

114
Q

Quarternary sector

A

Consists of intellectual, knowledge based activities. Government, culture, libraries, reaseach, education

115
Q

New international division of labor

A

The spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries.
Skilled jobs stay in MDCs, factory/unskilled jobs go to LDCx

116
Q

Gross National Income

A

The sum of value added by all producers who are residents in a nation, plus any product taxes, not included in output, plus income recieved from abroad, such as an employee compensation and property income

117
Q

Post-fordist

A

Characterized by a more flexible set of production practices in which a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not produced

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