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Physical & Health Assessment 24 > Ischemic Heart Disease (Exam II) > Flashcards

Ischemic Heart Disease (Exam II) Flashcards

1
Q

What chemical mediators are released from ischemia that activate cardiac nociceptors?

A

Adenosine and Bradykinin

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2
Q

What is the path for cardiac pain signals to reach the spinal cord?

A

Cardiac nociceptors → Afferent Neurons → T1 - T5 SNS ganglia.

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3
Q

What is the CNS response to cardiac ischemia?

A
  • ↓ AV conduction and thus ↓HR
  • ↓ Contractility
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4
Q

Differentiate stable vs unstable angina.

A
  • Stable - No change in chest pain severity or frequency in 2-mo period.
  • Unstable - Increasing frequency and severity of chest pain.
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5
Q

Are cardiac biomarkers (troponin) present with unstable angina?

A

NO. If they were, that would be an MI.

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6
Q

What EKG abnormality is associated with old MI’s and/or current ischemia?

A

T-wave inversion

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7
Q

What is nuclear stress testing utilized for?

A

Coronary Perfusion assessment

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8
Q

What determines the significance of CAD during a nuclear stress test?

A

Size of the perfusion abnormality

Arrows point to areas of lesser perfusion.

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9
Q

What test can differentiate a new vs an old perfusion abnormality?

A

Nuclear Stress Testing

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10
Q

What nuclear stress test tracers are used with exercise?

A

Thallium

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11
Q

What nuclear stress test drugs are used without exercise?

A

Atropine
Dobutamine
Pacing

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12
Q

What are the indications for administering adenosine and dipyridamole with nuclear stress testing?

A

Used to induce stress. Will dilate normal, non-ischemic areas of the heart but won’t improve flow to diseases arteries. This is how these drugs induce stress. Then radionuclides tracer scanning is performed

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13
Q

What test would be useful for imaging wall motion abnormalities or valvular function?

A

Echocardiography

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14
Q

What is Prinzmetal Angina?

A

Coronary Spasm

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action for aspirin?

A

COX-1 Inhibition → TXA2 inhibition → Plt aggregation inhibition.

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16
Q

How can aspirin be reversed?

A

Trick question. It can’t be, platelets are damaged until they die and are replaced.

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban?

A

Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists

Inhibit platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation.

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18
Q

What drugs (discussed in lecture) are P2Y12 inhibitors?

A

Clopidogrel and Prasugrel

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19
Q

What common drug class will antagonize P2Y12 inhibitors?

A

PPIs

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20
Q

How does Prasugrel compare to Clopidogrel?

A

More predictable pharmacokinetics but greater bleeding risk.

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21
Q

How do P2Y12 inhibitors work?

A

Inhibit ADP receptor P2Y12 and thus inhibit platelet aggregation.

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22
Q

What drug classes are synergistic with nitrates?

A
  • β-blockers
  • CCBs
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23
Q

When are nitrates contraindicated?

A
  • Aortic Stenosis
  • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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24
Q

What drug class is the only one proven to prolong life in CAD patients?

A

β-blockers

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25
Q

What properties do β-blockers have?

A
  • Anti-ischemia
  • Anti-HTN
  • Anti-dysrhythmic
26
Q

Which β blockers are cardioselective?

A
  • Atenolol
  • Metoprolol
  • Acebutolol
  • Bisoprolol
27
Q

Which β blockers are non-selective?

A
  • Propanolol
  • Nadolol
28
Q

What risk is associated with non-selective β blockers in asthma patients?

A

↑ risk of bronchospasm in reactive airway disease patients.

29
Q

What drug class and what drug is uniquely effective in decreasing the severity/frequency of coronary vasospasm?

A

CCBs
Specifically Verapamil

30
Q

Angiotensin II will increase what four things?

A
  • Myocardial hypertrophy
  • Interstitial myocardial fibrosis
  • Coronary vasoconstriction
  • Inflammatory responses
31
Q

Is troponin or CK-MB more specific for myocardial injury?

32
Q

How soon will troponin start to increase after myocardial injury?

33
Q

What diagnostic studies might indicate a myocardial infarction?

A
  • EKG: abnormality (ex. LBBB)
  • US: Regional wall motion abnormalities
34
Q

What are indications for PCI treatment of an MI?

A
  • Contraindicated tPa therapy
  • Severe HF and/or pulm edema
  • S/S for 2-3 hours
  • Mature clot
35
Q

What risks are associated with PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) ?

A
  • Endothelial destruction
  • Bleeding
  • Thrombosis
36
Q

What is Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) ?

A
  • ASA w/ P2Y12
37
Q

How long would one want to wait for elective surgery post angioplasty with no stenting?

A

2 - 4 weeks

38
Q

How long would one want to wait for elective surgery post angioplasty with bare-metal stent placement?

A

At least 30 days (12 weeks preferable)

39
Q

How long would one want to wait for elective surgery post angioplasty with drug-eluting stent placement?

A

At least 6 months (12 months if post ACS)

40
Q

How long would one want to wait for elective surgery post-CABG?

A

At least 6 weeks (12 weeks preferable)

41
Q

Is glycopyrrolate or atropine preferred for treatment of bradycardia?

A

Glycopyrrolate

42
Q

Are β blockers or ACE-inhibitors continued peri-operatively?

A

β-blockers

43
Q

Are β blockers or ACE-inhibitors discontinued 24 hours prior to surgery?

A

ACE inhibitors

44
Q

What components are worth 1 point on the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) ?

45
Q

What % risk of major cardiac events would be conferred by a RCRI score of 0 ?

46
Q

What % risk of major cardiac events would be conferred by a RCRI score of 1 ?

47
Q

What % risk of major cardiac events would be conferred by a RCRI score of 2 ?

48
Q

What % risk of major cardiac events would be conferred by a RCRI score of ≥3 ?

49
Q

What does 1 MET equal?

A

3.5mLO₂/kg/min

50
Q

What drug is the preferred treatment for tachycardia?

51
Q

What anticholinergic is the better option for treatment of bradycardia in CAD patients?

A

Glycopyrrolate > Atropine

52
Q

What coronary artery would you expect to be effected from abnormalities noted on II, III, and aVF?

53
Q

What coronary artery would you expect to be effected from abnormalities noted on I and aVL?

A

Circumflex artery

54
Q

What coronary artery would you expect to be effected from abnormalities noted on V3 - V5?

55
Q

Two most important risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

Male and increasing age

56
Q

What is the cause of angina pectoris

A

Imbalance between coronary blood flow and myocardial demand

57
Q

Between young and older patients which has worse outcomes related to coronary artery disease

A

Younger pts have worse outcomes r/t decreased time to develop collaterals.

Older pts have many years to develop collaterals which help maintain blood flow in ischemic events.

58
Q

What are indications for PCI

A

Failure of medical therapy
>50% L main coronary artery
>70% epicardial coronary artery
Impaired EF <40%

CABG preferred over PCI for left main coronary artery and DM with 2-3 vessel occlusion.

59
Q

What defines unstable angina

A

Chest pain at rest lasting >10 mins

60
Q

What s/s are associated with increased mortality in unstable angina/NSTEMI

A

Age >65
EF <40% (decreased LV fx)
Positive cardiac biomarkers
Tachy/hypotension
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Physical & Health Assessment 24 (26 decks)

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