Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology > Ischemic Heart Disease > Flashcards

Ischemic Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What causes endothelial dysfunction/damage to the tunica intima?
What are foam cells and why do we care?
What is the physiologic difference between stable and unstable angina as mentioned in the video?
Why is it possible to have a heart attack with no previous symptoms?

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why does angina occur?

What can stable angina lead to? 3
(what is stable angina)

Unstable angina leads to? 2
(what is unstable angina?)

A

Angina occurs when O2 demand exceeds supply.

Stable angina–

  1. Fixed atherosclerotic plaque
  2. Increased oxygen demand from exertion
  3. Coronary vasospasm (Prinzmetal’s)

Narrowing of the vessel- when you increase the workload the pt get symptoms

Unstable angina–

  1. Plaque rupture with thrombus
  2. Arterial dissection

Plague rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Symptoms of cardiac ischemia are variable.

8

A
  1. Substernal chest pain or discomfort
  2. May radiate to the jaw, shoulders, arms
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Nausea
  5. Diaphoresis
  6. Syncope
  7. Threshold for angina less after meals or in the cold
  8. May be worse lying down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of stable angina? 4

Unstable angina? 4

A

Stable:

  1. Predictable pattern
  2. Symptoms precipitated by stress or exertion
  3. Relieved by rest or nitrates
  4. Long standing >1-2 months

Unstable:

  1. CP at rest or with minimal exertion
  2. New onset angina
  3. Worsening angina (crescendo)
  4. A change in the pattern for those with previous hx of stable angina (worse)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Description of cardiac chest discomfort is variable. Name some descriptions of chest pain.
7

A
  1. Tightness
  2. Squeezing
  3. Burning
  4. Pressure
  5. Choking
  6. Aching
  7. Indigestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

History in a chest pain pt MUST contain all these components

4

A
  1. Precipitating and alleviating factors
  2. Characteristics of the discomfort
  3. Location and radiation
  4. Duration
    - -How long this been going on
    - -How long each episode lasts
  5. Effects of nitroglycerin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is plaque formation?

A

LDLs that have gotten under the endothelium that cause fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Typical vs. atypical angina:
Classic definiton of typical angina? 3

atypical? 1

A

Typical

  1. Substernal in location with cardiac characteristics to the pain
  2. Provoked by stress or exertion
  3. Relieved by rest or nitro

Atypical angina or CP
1. CP that meets 2 or less criteria above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

STEMI and NSTEMI?

A

Stemi is complete occlusion

non is comprimise of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

New York Heart Association Functional Status Classification
of angina?
4

A

Class I
Asymptomatic

Class II
Mild limitation of exercise tolerance. Symptoms with ordinary exertion.

Class III
Moderate limitation of exercise tolerance. Symptoms with minimal exertion.

Class IV
Severe limitation of activities. Symptoms at rest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Differential diagnosis of CP

A 
Costochondritis
Cervical spine disease
Thoracic spine disease
Esophagitis
GERD
Peptic ulcer disease
Cholecystitis
Esophageal spasm
Aortic valve disease
Uncontrolled HTN
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Esophageal motility disorder
Musculoskeletal
Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumothorax
Aortic dissection
Mitral valve prolapse
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Pericarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Work up of chest pain?

6

A
  1. History
  2. Physical exam
  3. Lab
  4. EKG
  5. Cardiac diagnostic testing
  6. CXR +/-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Physical exam: look for these findings

7

A
  1. Levine’s sign
  2. Diaphoresis
  3. Note the vital signs
  4. S4 (atrial contraction against decreased LV compliance)
  5. S3 (decreased systolic function)
  6. Apical systolic murmur of MR
  7. Paradoxically split S2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

You are not diagnosing stable angina with lab tests, rather what are you looking for?

Lab orders for Stable angina? 4

Unstable angina?
6

A

you are looking for something that may be precipitating it.

  1. Update lipids if needed
  2. CBC
  3. TSH
  4. Do they have DM?
    Update basic metabolic panel if needed
  5. Troponin I (serial testing)
  6. CBC
  7. TSH
  8. Update lipids if appropriate
  9. Do they have DM?
  10. Comprehensive metabolic panel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

EKG to evaluate for changes suggestive of ischemia. Ask yourself does the EKG show:
5

A
  1. New bundle branch block
    - – New LBBB with CP is an MI until proven otherwise
  2. T wave inversion, depression or flattening
  3. Changes from previous EKG
  4. ST depression or elevation
  5. Q waves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How will an EKG differentiate b/w stable and unstable angina?

A

Chronic stable angina

Should not have acute EKG changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Variable degrees of ischemia may be seen with acute symptoms
Unstable angina will show what on the EKG?
NSTEMI?
STEMI?

A

Unstable angina
May have transient EKG changes

NSTEMI
EKG changes may be persistent or evolving

STEMI
EKG changes persistent until revascularization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If the pt has true chronic stable angina and ACS is ruled out what should we do?
(THEY HAVE THIS KNOWN DIAGNOSIS/HEART FOR YEARS!)

A

If they truly have chronic stable angina stress testing and/or cardiac catheterization are rarely needed.

But it can include stress testing if they are symptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Further work up of chronic stable angina may include stress testing.
How would this help us?
4

A
  1. Confirm the diagnosis of angina
  2. Determine severity of limitation of activity
  3. Assess prognosis
  4. Evaluate response to therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When is cardiac cath indicated for a pt with chronic table angina?
4

A
  1. Persistent limiting angina despite maximal medical therapy
  2. Stress test suggestive of high risk disease
  3. History of aortic valve disease to determine if CP is ischemic or due to valve disease
  4. Worsening symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Medical therapy for chronic stable angina

5

A
  1. Nitrates
  2. Beta-blockers
  3. Calcium channel blockers
  4. Sodium channel blocker
  5. Antiplatelet agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the goal of medical therapy for stable angina?

A

PREVENT CHEST PAIN

Allow for normal activities with an acceptable degree of chest pain in terms of frequency and severity for that patient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Control medical conditions that may precipitate anginal attacks.
6
(you have to control these things before you start treating angina/meds may not help or treating these first may be the best treatment)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Heart failure
  3. Tachyarrhythmias
  4. Emotional upset
  5. Anemia
  6. Thyroid disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

“Only antianginal agents that have been demonstrated to prolong life in patients with CAD post MI?”

A

BETA BLOCKERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Beta blockers cause decreases in HR, force of contraction and rate of AV conduction. What is the result of this?

A

Decrease myocardial O2 consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What should we add on after all other meds have failed for angina? (Used as an add on to standard therapy in refractory angina)

What is the MOA?

A deccrease in intracellular Ca is the cause of the combination of what two things?

A

Ranolazine (Ranexa)

Blocks sodium channel into the myocyte during repolarization
Results in decreased intracellular calcium due to the Na/Ca exchange

↓ Intracellular Ca = ↓ ventricular tension + ↓ myocardial O2 consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ranolazine (Ranexa)
adverse effects?
3

A
  1. Can cause QT prolongation
  2. Monitor QT interval when first starting
  3. Cleared through liver (lots of drug interactions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Further treatment that will help angina pts?

3

A
  1. Risk factor reduction through therapeutic lifestyle changes
  2. Stabilization of the plaque with statin therapy
  3. Coronary revascularization for refractory angina (stent or bipass)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  1. What is vasospastic angina?
  2. Associated with what? 2
  3. Often seen in what kind of demographic?
  4. How can it affect pts sleep?
  5. How would you describe its pattern of onset?
A
  1. CP without usual precipitating factors
    • -Associated with ST elevation during episodes (instead of depression)
    • -May be associated with arrhythmias or conduction defects
  3. Often young women
    May awaken pt from sleep in the early morning hours
  4. Cyclical pain pattern over months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  1. When will the EKG on a pt with vasospastic angina change?
  2. Cant they tolerate exercise?
  3. What will the angiogram show?
    (whats the risk with this?)
  4. What kind of meds should they respond to?
A
  1. during pain (ST elevation)
  2. Normal exercise tolerance
  3. Normal coronary angiogram
    - -Angiography catheter may induce vasospam
  4. Should respond to intracoronary nitroglycerin or calcium channel blocker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vasospasm triggers

7

A
  1. Spontaneous
  2. Exposure to cold
  3. Emotional stress
  4. Vasoconstricting meds
  5. Cocaine
  6. Tobacco
  7. Beta blockers may trigger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some associated dosorders with vasospasm pts?

3

A
  1. Many have concomitant coronary artery disease (up to 60%)
    May also have
  2. Migraine headaches
  3. Raynaud’s phenomenon
33
Q

Treatment of coronary vasospasm

4

A
  1. Rule out obstructive disease with cardiac catheterization
  2. Calcium channel blockers and long acting nitrates if needed for prevention
  3. SL nitro for acute relief
  4. Avoid beta blockers as they leave the alpha 1 receptors unopposed which leads to vasocontriction
34
Q

What is Acute Coromary Syndrome?

This is an umbrella term for what three disease processes?

A

Plaque rupture

  1. NSTEMI
  2. Unstable Angina
  3. STEMI
35
Q

High risk features of UA (unstable angina)

8

A
  1. Accelerating symptoms over last 48 h
  2. Prolonged ongoing rest pain
  3. New ST depression
  4. PCI within 6 months
  5. Previous CABG
  6. Post MI angina
  7. Arrhythmias
  8. Recurrent symptoms despite maximal medical therapy
36
Q
  1. Unstable angina may be the precursor to what?

We have to take this very seriously

  1. What will the EKG show?
  2. Cardiac enzymes will be?
  3. If not diagnosed and treated properly may progress to what?
A
  1. MI
  2. transient changes
  3. normal
  4. MI
37
Q

Definition of myocardial infarction includes:

5

A
  1. Elevated CK-MB and/or Troponin
    PLUS at least one of the following
  2. Symptoms of ischemia
  3. EKG changes consistent with new ischemia
  4. New Q waves
  5. Imaging evidence of new wall motion abnormality
38
Q

Nitrates: MOA? 3

chronic angina

A
  1. Vasodilator
  2. Decreased preload
  3. vasodilation in coronary and peripheral arteries
39
Q

EKG criteria for diagnosis of non-ST elevation MI

2

A
  1. New horizontal or down sloping ST depression > 0.5 mm in 2 contiguous leads
    and/or
  2. T wave inversions
40
Q

EKG criteria for diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction?
2

A
  1. ST elevation at the J point in 2 contiguous leads of ≥ 1mm
  2. ST elevation ≥ 2mm in men or ≥ 1.5mm in women in leads V2, V3
41
Q

Treatment of Unstable Angina and NSTEMI goals
6
(two specific medications)

A
  1. Relief of ischemic pain
  2. Correction of hemodynamic abnormalities (hypertension, tachycardia)
  3. Estimation of risk (TIMI score)
  4. Choice of management strategy
  5. Antithrombotic therapy
  6. Beta blocker therapy
42
Q

Medical therapy for unstable angina and NSTEMI

6

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Nitroglycerin
  3. Morphine
  4. Beta blockers
  5. Antiplatelet therapy
  6. Anticoagulation
43
Q

Which medications for unstable angina and NSTEMI relieve ischemic pain and decrease myocardial O2 consumption?
4

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Nitroglycerin
  3. Morphine
  4. Beta blockers
44
Q
  1. How should we administer O2 in an unstable angina and NSTEMI pt?
  2. What may it help with?
  3. Who must we give it with?

No evidence based data to suggest that patients with O2 have better outcomes if their baseline O2 saturation was normal

A
  1. 2 L supplemental O2 via nasal cannula
  2. May help relieve anginal symptoms
  3. A must for patients who are hypoxic
45
Q

How should we administer nitroglycerin in an unstable angina and NSTEMI pt initially?

When should we think about giving them IV nitro? 3

When is it contraindicated? 3

A

SL nitroglycerin
–1 tab or spray at a time repeat Q 3-5 min until relief of CP or 3rd dose

IV drip if persistent pain after

  1. 3 tablets/spray,
  2. HTN or
  3. CHF

Contraindicated in

  1. RV infarction,
  2. severe aortic stenosis,
  3. recent meds for erectile dysfunction
46
Q

How should we administer Morphine in an unstable angina and NSTEMI pt initially? 2

Can you give it with nitro?

A
  1. 2 to 4 mg for CP or anxiety
  2. Repeat Q 5-15 min

Can be given with nitroglycerin

47
Q

What are the beta blockers we should give in a pt with unstable angina and NSTEMI pts? 2

When should we give IV? 3

Contraindicated? 3

A

Metoprolol or atenolol

IV if ongoing

  1. CP,
  2. HTN,
  3. tachycardia

Contraindicated if

  1. hypotension,
  2. bradycardia or
  3. systolic CHF exacerbation
48
Q

What are the antiplatelet therapies we should give in a pt with unstable angina and NSTEMI pts? 2

A
  1. Aspirin 325 mg chewed (non-enteric coated)
    +
  2. For NSTEMI add a P2Y12 receptor blocker
49
Q

For NSTEMI add a P2Y12 receptor blocker. what are they? 3

DO NOT GIVE without checking with the cardiologist first. why?

A
  1. Clopidogrel (Plavix)
  2. Prasugrel (Effient)
  3. Ticagrelor (Brilinta)

Remember irreversible platelet inhibition…

50
Q

What should we give for unstable angina for anticoagulation therapy?

What did the ESSENCE trial show? 4

A

Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
1mg/kg subcutaneous Q 12 h

Decreased rate of 
1. death, 
2. MI, 
3. recurrent angina or 
4. revascularization procedure at 30 days and 1 year compared to Heparin (UFH)
No difference in bleeding complications
51
Q

What is the difference between the medications that the NSTEMI and USA patients have received that may account for the difference in bleeding risk between NSTEMI and USA?

So what did these studies figure out?

A

Its too much to use lovanox and P2Y12 receptor blocker (plavix) together. So NSTEMI responds best to UFH and P2Y12 receptor blocker together. Unstable angina pt should only be on lovenox!

52
Q

What should we give for NSTEMI for anticoagulation therapy?

A

SYNERGY trial demonstrated
Higher incidence of bleeding with enoxaparin (Lovenox) compared to UFH (Heparin) and no difference in death or nonfatal MI in the 2 groups

53
Q

NSTEMI anticoagulation therapy?

USA antocoagulation therapy?

A

UFH

Enoxaparin (Lovenox) (LMWH)

54
Q

In NSTEMI and unstable angina pts what medicine should everyone be on unless contraindicated?

A

ASA for everyone unless contraindicated

55
Q

GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors should be given with what kind of heparin?

A

UFH

56
Q

When should we prescribe a statin for NSTEMI/unstable angina pts?

A

Statin therapy before discharge preferably at the time of diagnosis

57
Q

NSTEMI anticoagulation: If early invasive approach is selected (high risk patient) then may want to add what? (1 class, three drugs)

A

GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor to unfractionated heparin.

  1. Abciximab (Reo Pro)
  2. Eptifibatide (Integrilin)
  3. Tirofiban (Aggrastat)
58
Q

Review of our treatment goals for Unstable Angina and NSTEMI.
6

A
  1. Correction of hemodynamic abnormalities (hypertension, tachycardia)
  2. Relief of ischemic pain
  3. Estimation of risk (TIMI score)
  4. Choice of management strategy
  5. Antithrombotic therapy
  6. Beta blocker therapy
59
Q

Using the TIMI Score For Risk Stratification of unstable angina or NSTEMI:

For each TIMI Score, what is the % of risk at 14 days of all cause mortality, new or recurrent MI or severe recurrent ischemia requiring urgent revascularization

  1. 0-1?
  2. 2?
  3. 3?
  4. 4?
  5. 5?
  6. 6-7?
A
  1. 4.7
  2. 8.3
  3. 13.2
  4. 19.9
  5. 26.2
  6. At least 40.9

Score based on high risk features that could cause mortailty in the next two weeks

60
Q

Unstable angina or NSTEMI: Choice of early cardiac catheterization is determined by?
6

A
  1. The extent of EKG and cardiac biomarker abnormalities
  2. Evidence of hemodynamic instability
  3. Persistent chest pain despite appropriate medical therapy
  4. Severe LV dysfunction or heart failure
  5. Ventricular arrhythmias
  6. New or worsening mitral regurg. or new VSD
61
Q

Unstable angina or NSTEMI:
Admit patient to hospital and determine course of action. What are our options?
4

A
  1. Early invasive approach (cardiac catheterization and potential revascularization)
  2. OR Medical therapy only
  3. OR invasive approach just not urgent (within the next day)
  4. If unstable angina, continue checking cardiac biomarkers at least 3 more times and escalate therapy if they become +
62
Q

How should we manage coacaine-associated MIs?

3

A
  1. Manage similar to other ACS patients except
  2. Give benzodiazepines early
  3. Do not use beta blockers due to possibility of inducing further coronary vasospasm
63
Q

What is a STEMI due to and what is now at risk?

A
  1. STEMI is an MI due to complete obstruction of the coronary artery
  2. Myocardium is at risk
64
Q

What is the first step in treating a STEMI?

2

A

First step is to recognize the problem.

  1. High index of suspicion
  2. Remember the elderly, women and diabetics may present with atypical symptoms
65
Q

Goals of STEMI therapy?

5

A
  1. Relief of ischemic pain
  2. Assessment of hemodynamic state and reversal of abnormalities
  3. Reperfusion therapy with PCI or fibrinolysis
  4. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent rethrombosis
  5. Beta blocker therapy to prevent recurrent ischemia and ventricular arrhythmias
66
Q

Medical therapy for STEMI

7

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Nitroglycerin
  3. Morphine
  4. Beta blockers
  5. Antiplatelet therapy
  6. Anticoagulation
  7. PLUS fibrinolytic therapy or PCI
67
Q 
Medical therapy for STEMI the follwing are therapies that accomplish what two things?
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Morphine
Beta blockers
A
  1. Relieve ischemic pain

2. Decrease myocardial O2 consumption

68
Q

What is the next step after the patient received elief of ischemic pain and assessment of hemodynamic state and reversal of abnormalities?

What is our first line therapy?

What if this treatment is not available?

A

Determine a reperfusion strategy.

primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) aka angioplasty unless not available within 90-120 minutes

Administration of fibrinolytics

69
Q

Administration of Fibrinolytics when:

  1. PCI not available within _____ minutes
  2. Symptoms less then ___ hours
  3. No _________?
A
  1. 90-120
  2. 12
  3. contraindications
70
Q

If given the following approach to therapy what kind of antiplatelet therapy should the pt receive:

  1. Fibrinolytic therapy?
  2. No reperfusion?
  3. PCI?
  4. PCI with high risk of bleeding?

Along with what drug that everyone should recieve?

A
  1. Clopidogrel (Plavix)
  2. Ticagrelor (Brilinta)
  3. Ticagrelor (Brilinta)
    or
    Prasugrel (Effient)
  4. Clopidogrel (Plavix)
    (Dont need to memorize this BUT make sure you call the cardiologist so that you can make sure)

aspirin

71
Q

IN Anticoagulant therapy for all patients, choose on of the following:
3

A
  1. Unfractionated heparin (UFH)
  2. Bivalrudin (Angiomax) PLUS GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor
  3. Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin/Lovenox)
    Small loading dose IV followed by subcutaneous administration

THEY HAVE TO HAVE IT. Which one depends on the situation

72
Q

For those undergoing PCI and who rec’d fibrinolysis, what anticoagulant therapy should we go with?

A 
Unfractionated heparin (UFH)
-given IV so you can stop it quickly.  So they are either going to the cath lab or receiving fibrinolytics
73
Q

What is the mechanism of action for fibrinolytics? tPA/Alteplase

A

Initiation of local fibrinolysis by binding to fibrin in the thrombus and converts entrapped plasminogen to plasmin

74
Q

Absolute contraindications to fibrinolytics

7

A
  1. History of any intracranial hemorrhage
  2. Ischemic stroke within the last 3 months
  3. Cerebral vascular malformation
  4. Primary metastatic intracranial malignancy
  5. Suspicion for aortic dissection
  6. Bleeding disorder or active bleeding
  7. Significant closed head injury or facial trauma in the last 3 months
75
Q

Relative contraindications to fibrinolytic therapy

10

A
  1. Severe uncontrolled HTN (SBP > 180 and/or DBP > 110)
  2. Ischemic stroke > 3 months ago
  3. Dementia
  4. Any known intracranial disease
  5. Traumatic or prolonged (> 10 min) CPR
  6. Major surgery within the last 3 weeks
  7. Pregnancy
  8. Noncompressable vascular punctures
  9. Internal bleeding within the last 2-4 weeks or active peptic ulcer
  10. For streptokinase or anistreplase – prior exposure or allergic reaction to these drugs
76
Q

Complications of acute myocardial infarction

6

A
  1. Pump failure
  2. Mechanical
  3. Pericarditis
  4. Ventricular aneurysm
  5. Electrical
  6. Arterial and venous thrombosis and embolism
77
Q

What consequences could result from the following complications of MI:

  1. Pump failure? 3
  2. Mechanical? 3
  3. Pericarditis? 1
  4. Ventricular aneurysm? 3
  5. Electrical? 3
  6. Arterial and venous thrombosis and embolism? 2
A
    • CHF,
    • pulmonary edema,
    • cardiogenic shock
    • LV free wall rupture,
    • VSD,
    • papillary muscle dysfunction (acute MR)

3.
Can be early or late

4.

  • CHF,
  • ventricular arrhythmia,
  • thromboemboli (stroke)

5.

  • Arrhythmias,
  • conduction disturbances,
  • sudden cardiac death
    • LV mural thrombus,
    • venous thrombus resulting in PE
78
Q

In MI patients what kind is the most deadly and after how long?

Why?

A

NSTEMI after two years

Greater mortality in NSTEMI may be related to the fact that over half of patients with NSTEMI have multivessel disease and a greater likelihood of residual ischemia

Cardiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions