ISA Practice exam Flashcards
What is the ideal soil ratio for solids to pore space?
50:50
What is the correct scientific name for the oak tree genus?
Quercus
Name the 5 major soil horizons
O E A B and C
Loam is least composed of what soil classification?
Clay. Loam has silt, sand and clay but least of all clay.
What is the difference in magnitude of acidity between a PH level reading of 4 vs 7
- PH scale is exponential
What are some detrimental impacts on tree growth due to compaction?
Restriction of root growth, reduction of water availability, and restriction of air movement.
Field capacity is achieved after the draining of what?
Gravitational water
What defines the permanent wilting point soil moisture condtion?
Water is held by soil but unavailable to plants such that they cant recover.
Which soil is likely to have the lowest infiltration rate?
Compacted clay
What major soil horizon category is not included in the zone designated as topsoil?
C
What soil type is most easily compacted?
Clay
What is not a tree characteristic which helps to prevent the loss of water?
Increased leaf surface area
Which irrigation system type provides water slowly to specific areas of the tree root zone?
Drip irrigation
What are some ways that trees help to control stormwater runoff?
trees hold water on bark and leaves, roots intercept and retain runoff, and fallen leaves crease a layer of absorption on the ground.
What are some advantages of mulching?
Reduce soil evaporation, promotes deep root system, and limits weed competition.
What is the minimum slope for drainage pipes placed above an impervious layer?
1/4’’ per foot
What is the main function of a rain garden?
Collect and hold stormwater runoff
What macronutrients most often has the largest requirement for the health of trees?
Nitrogen
What essential element is more readily available in an acidic environment than alkaline?
Iron
Nitrogen is present in soil mostly due to what?
Organic matter
A 25-lb bag of fertilizer has a 10-4-6 analysis. How many pounds of potassium are in the bag?
1-lb
Required fertilizer distribution rates for quick release are _________ than for that of slow release.
Less
What project factor has a detrimental effect on the surface application of fertilizer?
Surface runoff
What element can be classified as a micronutrient?
Iron
What method of fertilizer application may result in the development of thick patches of grass in spots surrounding the tree?
Liquid injection
What characteristic is used to differentiate between vascular plant classifications?
Seeds
Which has the broadest level of taxonomic hierarchy? Genus, Order, Class or Family?
Class (DKPCOFGS)
What characteristic is used to differentiate between a simple leaf and a compound leaf?
Number of leaflets
What major group of conifers is defined by needles borne in clusters?
Pine
What leaf margin type is characterized by having smooth edges?
Entire
A tree is to be planted close to a newly built retaining wall for beautification. What habit is most likely appropriate for the selection of the tree?
Upright
What characteristic is associated with dicots rather than monocots?
Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five
Hardiness refers to a plant’s ability to survive what?
Low temperatures
Name a tree that has a palmate compound leaf.
Buckeye
What statement is true regarding deciduous trees?
Blocks light in the summer and allows light in the winter
What USDA hardiness zone has an average annual extreme temperature of -60 to -50 degrees Fahrenheit?
13
What is the minimum distance from the edge of a planting hole to any buried utility?
18” from hole to utility
What is a tree species that is best suited for heavy shade?
Willow
What tree species is highly tolerant of storm damage?
Live oak
the first part of a tree’s scientific name indicates what?
Genus
Sweating is a pre-planting procedure often required for what nursery stock types?
Bare root
When is it acceptable to plant a nursery stock tree without removal of the root protection?
When using a biodegradable container
What is the minimum number of primary roots that must be buried to 3 inches below the soil surface when transferring nursery stock?
2
During tree installation, it is determined that there are 2 inches of soil over the structural roots? the root ball is measured to be 14 inches deep. How deep should the planting hole be?
12 inches
How far above ground shall tree caliper be measured for trees less than 4 inches in diameter?
6
What is not a recommended course of action for a newly transplanted tree?
Fertilizer
What situation may be advantageous for a transplant to occur during winter?
Large trees in colder climates
What is a potential disadvantage of the use of a tree wrap?
Holds in moisture
What is the most appropriate approach to the amount of pruning to be completed for newly planted trees?
Only limbs that are broken or damaged
Eye screws used to install guy wires on larger trees may be left in place in which of the following situations?
If not able to be removed with the guy wires
What term below is universally acknowledged in standers as denoting a mandatory requirement?
Shall
What personal protective equipment is specifically required only for the use of chain saws?
Leg chaps
What is the preferred retreat path for a felling tree operation?
45- degrees off the opposite fell path
What level of contact is acceptable when working near electrical lines?
No level of contact is acceptable
According to OSHA standards, what is the minimum working clearance to any overhead lines if the voltage is less than 50KV?
10 feet
What class of rubber Insulting protective equipment (IPE) is rated for use of an AC voltage up to 36kV?
4
What portion of a chainsaw will potentially cause a kickback if contacted by an object?
Upper portion of the tip
What is the minimum hinge angular dimension for properly felling a tree?
70 degrees
What is a disadvantage of 3-strand type rope?
Tendency to twist
What safety factor is typically used for arborist rigging?
5
What hazard is specific concern related to the removal of palm trees?
Slouging
What is the first step in urgent care procedures?
Assess the safety of the surroundings
A tree that splits during a backcut in an upward direction is which of the following?
Barberchair
What is the most commonly appropriate length of a hinge?
80% of the tree diameter
The correct location for a backcut on a conventional notch shall be:
Above the apex of the notch
A rope has a tensile limit of 15,000 lbs. What is the working load limit for a safety factor of 10?
1,500
What knot type is not commonly used as a climbing hitch?
Figure 8
Which of the following is a false statement regarding the use of snaps for securing the climbing line?
May be self-closing or assisted closing
What is the minimum required tensile strength in the United States for carabiners?
5,000 lbs.
What rope type has the highest amount of elongation when loaded?
Nylon and polypropylene
What rope type has a core that can share the load with the outer cover?
Double braid
What statement is tree regarding the relationship between the magnitude of loading and a rope’s fatigue life?
A higher load decreases the number of cycles to failure.
What knot type is commonly used for securing equipment to a tree?
Timber hitch
What climbing technique uses a Prusik loop to increase safety?
Footlocking
What climbing equipment is permitted only for use on trees which are to be remove?
Spurs
What is the minimum recommended main branch diameter for a tie off point?
4’’
What rigging technique has a high anticipated shock-loading?
Butt-hitching
The most common recommended cut type for the removal of limbs is which of the following?
At the base of the limb
When making a snap cut, the second cut is located:
Opposite and above the first cut
For a rope that is 3/4’’ in diameter, what is the minimum recommended pully diameter?
3’’
Carabiners shall not be loaded in which of the following orientations?
Sideways, against the gate or along the minor axis.
What type of meristems produce cells which increase the diameter of the tree?
Secondary
What species of tree is no classified as ring porus?
Maple
What tissue produced by the cambium is closer to the outer portion of the tree?
Phloem
What is not one of the main functions of the xylem?
Moving of carbohydrates
The dominant bud which is most active on the branch or twig is called?
Terminal
What type of tree will form an abscission zone as necessary?
Deciduous
Vertical roots formed to increase the anchorage of the system are known as:
Sinker roots
What element is released as a part of the process of photosynthesis?
O2
According to the Shigo CODIT model, what wall of defense is not included in the reaction zone?
- protects against outward spread
Biologically, palms are similar to what?
Grass
At what depth in the soil are the majority of roots for palm trees?
12-18 inches
The preferred location of a thinning pruning cut in general is:
To the outside of the branch collar
What is not a common characteristic of codominant stems?
No presence of included bark
A tree is damaged heavily in a storm and only a few branches are remaining. What is most likely the appropriate pruning cut to try to save the tree?
Heading
What is not a detrimental effect as a result of topping?
Slowed new growth
What is not an advantage of structural pruning?
Reduced equipment
When selecting the permanent branch which of the following parameters shall apply?
It shall be the lowest branch, it shall be selected based on tree function, and it shall be less than half the diameter of the trunk
What is the max recommended percentage of removal of a canopy per year?
25%
What component of a branch attachment has the ability to chemically prevent the spread of decay?
Branch protection zone
What type of mature tree pruning is specifically done to provide a better view past the tree?
Vista Pruning
Healthy fronds on palm trees hall not be removed if they are less than what angle to the stem?
90 degrees
A tree can be defined as decurrent when:
New lateral shoots outgrow the original terminal shoots
What is not a primary function of tree roots?
Defense
The removal of an excessive amount of inner lateral branches causing a poor distribution of foliage is:
Lion Tailing
Fungi can be beneficial to a tree, despite using the tree for food, by aiding in what root function?
Absorption
What is the relationship that must exist between production rates of photosynthesis and respiration?
Respiration < Photosynthesis
Water movement within the tree between different aged cells is what type of transport?
Radial
What wound dressing has been proven to increase the rate of repair?
No dressing can improve the rate of repair
What type of cuts are done initially when using pollarding as a pruning technique for young trees?
Internodal
Sterilization of pruning tools is necessary when:
Disease exists in the tree
What type of pruning shears are best suited for growing branches and stems?
Bypass
What pruning technique is used to increase light penetration and air movement?
Thinning
What pruning tool is most likely best for branches up to 2 1/2’’ thick?
Lopper
What is not an acceptable alternative to tree topping?
Pruning saw
What is the most appropriate space between permanent branches?
3 % of the tree height
What is the typical minimum clearance from the ground to the lowest permanent branch for a tree which will accommodate pedestrian traffic?
8 ft
What statement regarding how trees heal is false?
Smaller cuts are more damaging than larger ones
What plant health risk is not an organic threat?
Mineral deficiencies
Localized dead stem tissue which may be discolored is what type of tree disorder symptom?
Canker
What is the most accurate description of the tree disorder chlorosis?
Yellowing of green tissue
What example of tree stressors can be classified as acute?
Lightning strike
What is most likely not a possible cause of deformed leaves?
Air pollution
What tree symptom is not likely to be caused by insect infestation?
Leaves with a scorched appearance
Name an insect that has a piercing or sucking mouthpart
Leafhoppers
What herbicide type eliminates the whole of the plant over a short period of time?
Systemic
If a tree is suffering from girdling root, what is most likely not an advisable action?
Remove the largest root first
Which of the following is not classified as an insect?
Mites
Vascular disease is treatable if found in a reasonable timeframe
True or false
False
Cellulouse and ligin are a defense mechanism against predators by what means?
They can’t be digested
A tree exhibits wounded areas of the lower trunk and some physical damage to surface roots. What is the most likely cause of the injury?
Lawnmower or machinery
What is not one of the primary functions of the energy produced by photosynthesis?
Aesthetics
How does a tree’s growth rate and photosynthesis rate reacts to the amount of available resources?
The growth rate will be limited before the photosynthesis rate
What single resource has the most detrimental effect on a tree’s ability to perform photosynthesis if limited?
There is no single resource that is the most detrimental. Light water and CO2 combined impact photosynthesis
What extract listed below is not an allelochemical classified as a natural insecticide?
Lignin
A tree is identified as being in the mortality spiral when what has occured?
Cumulative stress factors have yielded a situation where very few actions can save the tree
The foundation element of an appropriate response process (ARP) is what?
Monitoring
What is not a characteristic of any organism classified as a pest?
May also contribute to the surrounding landscape
Key stressors are identified by what criteria?
Identifying local pests and conditions which may be detrimental
Key plants can be identified by which of the following criteria?
Client specified indications, specific species, and susceptibility to specific pests.
For a threshold temperature of 50 degrees, determine the average degree day unit value for temperatures over a 3-day span of 85, 76, and 82 degrees.
31 degrees.
85+76+82=243/3= 81-50=31
What statement regarding landscapes with a monoculture of plantings is true?
They are more susceptible to pest problems
What is not one of the three options available for plant health care professionals to manage pests?
Manage
What is not a means of biological control for pest populations?
Miticides
After application of pesticides, it is found that the original threat has died off, but a new contingency of mites has developed as a threat. This development is classified as which of the following?
Secondary outbreak the
potential side effect of phytotoxic injury if used during dry periods?
Horticultural oil
When valuing the cost of a tree, when is it most appropriate to use the CTLA trunk formula method?
Larger sized trunks
If a threshold temperature is established as 50 degrees, what is the degree day unit recorded for a day with a temperate of 30 degrees?
0 degrees
What type of ordinance would stipulate the requirements of trees that fall within two pieces of property?
Right-of-way
What is not considered a benefit of trees in an urban setting for environmental advantages?
Increased runoff for better flow of drainage
The value of green infrastructure ___________ over time.
Increases
A tree is measured to have a drip line to drip line distance of 66ft. using a canopy cover estimation of the tree as a circle how many trees would it take to cover one acre?
13
What is the commonly accepted reasonable maximum amount of a single plant family within an overall tree population?
30 %
What is not a common subcomponent of an urban forest management plan?
Tree inventory
According to ANSI 300, what is the acceptable situation to remove healthy fronds from a palm tree?
Needed for clearance
What ANSI A 300 defined pruning system is recommended when the objective is a specific shape?
Topiary
What elements of a tree are involved in sequestering of CO2?
Trunk, branches, and leaves.
For proper composting, which of the following is not required to be present?
Pathogens
Tree preservation orders are established and reinforced by which of the following entities?
Local authorities
A town has recently acquired a golf course and is deciding how best to proceed with the land. The local tree inventory needs to be updated to fully include the newly acquired assets. What type of inventory needs to occur in this situation?
Partial
The generally considered weakest part of a healthy tree is what?
The intersection of codominant stems
What tree support system material is used for a dynamic support system?
Polypropylene rope
What is the recommended minimum distance away from the point of defect that a support cable should be installed.
2/3 the distance from the point of defect to the end of the branch
Multiple cables are being installed on a single limb to provide stability to a defective union below. What is the minimum distance between the cables on the same limb if the diameter is 8”?
8”
When installing lag hooks, what is the proper size of the pre-drilled hole?
1/16 to 1/8 inch larger than the lag
What situation is an acceptable application of the use of lags?
Use in a 7” diameter limb
What is the minimum degree of allowance for the angle between a cable and the installed hardware on a tree?
0 degrees
A single rod is to be installed to brace a crotch intersection. the branch diameter is 6” and the trunk diameter is 14’’. What is an acceptable height for the rod to be installed above the crotch intersection?
8”
The most likely path of electricity exiting a tree due to a lightning strike is what?
Through the roots
What component of a lightning protection system intercepts the strike at the top of the tree?
Air terminal
A tree with a crown radius of 25ft is having a lightning protection system installed. What is the required number of conductors?
1
A tree’s failure potential encompasses full and partial failure.
True or False?
True
The acceptable level of risk for a specific tree is determined by which of the following?
Property owner
A tree in a remote area is being evaluated for risk. it is determined that if the tree falls, there is no significant threat to life or property. What is the appropriate level of risk to be assigned to the tree?
None
Name a decay indicator that indicates that decay may not be but is not certainly present?
Bulges
Rot located in the lower portion of the trunk or base of the tree is which of the following?
Basal rot
What tool is best suited for the investigation of suspected decay on major support roots?
Air excavation device
Reaction wood is a tree’s defense mechanism against what?
Lean
What inspection element is least likely not associated with the visual tree assessment?
Buried root decay
What rot type primarily is associated with the decay of lignin within cells?
White
Wood filler can strengthen the area of decay.
True or false
False
When considering the liability of action, negligence occurs when an arborist fails in what way?
Failure to provide service which leads to or could prevent injury
An “Act of God” defense is not suitable for what situation?
A known defected causes the failure of a tree
What is not one of the three components of the risk assessment for tree failure?
Structural assessment
What characteristic of leaning tree is most detrimental to the stability of the tree?
Evidence of root failure
When using resistance drilling as a means of evaluation, the resistance drilling profile is expected to have a linear relationship with what?
Density
As per the ISA basic tree risk assessment form, if a tree is identified as having improbable failure but a high impact rating what is the subsequent likelihood of failure and impact?
Unlikely
A tree protection zone is being installed on a construction site to protect against the damage of a 20-inch diameter tree. What is the minimum diameter of the tree protection zone?
20ft
What mitigation technique can reduce the risk of damage to an area that needs a grade lowering around a tree?
Tree island
Mulch used for the reduction of compaction from construction shall be
Thicker than normal applications, removed after construction is complete, and used in conjunction with additional weight dispersion methods
Installation of tunnels necessary to provide utility lines through an area occupied by a tree is best done by what?
Tunneling under the tree away from the root system
Compaction during construction has reduced the amount of oxygen available for a tree’s root system. What mitigation technique is least effective?
Fertilizing
Which of the following characteristics are commonly associated specifically with urban areas?
Compaction due to foot traffic
Causation in fact is the linking of an injury or damage related to the failure of a tree to what?
Action of the defendant
What is not a path of failure for a tree that is facing a wind event?
Root compressive failure
A tree’s bark on a limb is damaged by contact with machinery during construction. What is the most appropriate recommended action?
Remove damaged or loose bark
What is not considered an advantage to the use of drip irrigation?
Never becomes clogged
What tree type is least suited for use under utility lines?
Any species that would grow above the wires
What is the ideal time to prune trees which have heavy sap flow?
Any time is acceptable
What is not one of the four requirements for a tree disease?
Existing deformity
For an ideal soil ratio, what component takes up the least amount of space within the overall makeup of the soil structure?
Organic matter
What soil horizon category is most likely to include a large amount of organic material?
A Horizon
What soil has the highest infiltration rate?
Loose sand
What substance may be added to soil to temporarily lower the PH?
Sulfer
What is the correct scientific name for the sugar maple genus?
Acer
What statement regarding the net charge of soils is true?
Soils have a net negative charge
A soil structure has a layer of clay above a layer of sand. At what point will water begin to ender the lower layer of sand?
After the clay layer is fully saturated
What soil moisture condition occurs when both the micro and macropores are filled with water?
Field Capacity
What irrigation system type is best suited for use on deeper, more mature root systems?
High-pressure injection
What tree species is commonly identified as having leaves in an opposite arrangement?
Ash
A soil with a high buffer capacity will have which of the following characteristics?
Resistant to changes in Ph levels
In relation to frequency of irrigation, what is the difference between sandy or clay soil?
Sandy soils need to be irrigated more frequently and for shorter periods than clay
The movement of water within the soil defines what?
Percolation
What is a common detrimental side effect of the use of recycled water?
Increase soil salinity
Antitranspirants can be used to prevent water loss through transpiration by what means?
Forming an impermeable layer on the plant
Drainage tiles should be placed at what depth below the soil surface?
3 feet
Hydrozoning groups plants together by which of the following characteristics?
Water use
What essential element is more readily available in an alkaline environment than acidic?
Calcium
What component of organic fertilizer is classified as synthetic organics?
Formaldehyde
What is the maximum salt index for the use of slow release fertilizer with long term nitrogen release?
50
Potassium in a complete fertilizer comes in which form?
Soluble Potash
What macronutrient is an essential component of chlorophyll?
Nitrogen
What is the most specific level of taxonomic hierarchy out of class, order, kingdom and family?
Family
What is not an identifying characteristic of an angiosperm?
Naked seeds
Using a 10-lb bag of fertilizer with a 10-6-4 ratio, how many bags of fertilizer are needed at a rate of 4-lbs of nitrogen per 1000 square ft to cover 2500 square ft?
10
A foliar analysis can establish what characteristic?
Presence of nutrients in the plant
Reverse osmosis between the soil and the plant cells can be a result of which of the following conditions?
Excessive salts in the soil structure
Hybrids are the crossbreeding between species within what classification?
Genus
What species subdivision is a result of human intervention for reproduction?
Cultivar
The structure of the leaf includes all of the following elements except;
Blade, petiole, midrib, bud
Bud
What is not a twig pith structure used as an identifier?
Inverted
What is not a defining indicator of determining tree quality?
Soil structure
What tree type is best suited to be planted under utility lines?
Redbud
What is not a factor associated with the detrmination of depreciated reproduction cost?
Communal adjustments
What type of names may be trademarked?
Common
A conifer is being evaluated f identification. The needles are produced singularly and are sharp and square in appearance. What is the most likely type of conifer?
Spruce
An increased growth rate in a tree is often associated with what?
Shorter life spans
Naturalized species are those which:
Have been introduced to a new environment and successfully reproduce
A red maple is a type of tree that may have the ability to survive in a wide range of climates and environmental conditions. What is the best way to describe this characteristic of the tree?
High adaptability
What tree type is best suited for transplanting in the spring?
Fruit
What is the most appropriate size of the root ball?
Ten times the diameter of the tree
If a traditional wire basket is used as protection for the root ball, what is the recommended amount of removal?
The top portion of the basket
A planting hole for a transplant tree should be wider at the bottom than the top.
True or false
False it should be wider at the top than the bottom
A tree is to be transplanted to an area with an existing soil structure of dense clay. What is the most appropriate modification to normal procedures?
Plant the tree at a shallower depth
Root pruning as a technique for better transplanting shall be done:
Multiple time working away from the tree
According to the American Standard for Nursery Stock, deciduous shrub types are determined by which of the following metrics?
Height
When transplanting palms what is a recommended difference from other tree types?
Provide a smaller root ball width
When sweating is required as a preplanting procedure, what is the signifier for when the tree is ready for planting?
Bud swelling is identified
What is the appropriate temperature range for the storage of a bare-root tree?
32-40 degrees
What type of nursery stock is it acceptable to handle the tree by the stem?
Bare root
What knot type has the disadvantage of the potential to roll out?
Tautline
A perched water table will occur in what soil structure?
Gravel below fine grained-spoil
The use of tree spades in what type of soil requires the use of additional measures to prevent the effect of soil glazing on the root system?
Clay
Tree guards have the common disadvantage of what?
Girdling as the tree grows
What is not a minimum required element of providing a job briefing as per OSHA requirements?
Maximum allowable work hours
What is not a worker’s right regarding personal safety?
Ability to determine working hours
PPE for sound must reduce noise exposure to what minimum decibel level?
90
What is not a correct requirement for chainsaw safety?
The fuel container shall be at least 10 gallons
When using a chainsaw what is a prohibited act?
Tree requiring cut directly overhead
What woodchipper safety device guards against the hazard of an individual being pulled into the chipper?
Bottom feed stop bar
A tree to be felled has a significant lean in a direction perpendicular to the slope direction of the ground. What is the most appropriate retreat path?
40 degrees opposite the lean of the tree
A tree is measured to have a diameter of 4ft. What is the most appropriate hinge thickness for the felling opperation?
2.5”
What notch type is best suited for scenarios where the wood is to be used and maximizing material is a priority?
Humboldt notch
The minimum approach distance of construction equipment to power lines is determined by what?
The power line voltage
What falls under the classification of an electrical conductor?
Overhead communication wires, Underground powerlines, and underground communication lines
What notch type is often associated with having to cut off the hinge after the tree has fallen?
Open-faced notch
What is not a safe practice when working with a woodchipper?
Feed from the front of the intake area
What is the maximum amount of days a worker can wait to file a complaint of non-compliance with OSHA?
30 days
When using overhead lifts, what is the limit for the maximum overreach?
The edge of the bucket
What meristem is responsible for the production of the bark?
Cork Cambium
What is the minimum number of job breifings as per OSHA requirements?
One per day and if any changes occur
Traffic control warning signs are placed a minimum distance from the work zone based on what factor?
Posted speed limits
A bend is a type of knot that performs what?
Joins two ropes together
A single cycle in determining the number of cycles to failure is defined as what way?
A single lift or drop
A rope has a tensile limit of 15,000 lbs. and uses a safety factor of 10. A tree branch is measured to weigh 300 pounds per ft. What is the maximum length of a branch that can be cut and rigged using the rope?
5’
What is not a common shape type for carabiners
O shape
What rigging equipment is not well suited for dynamic loading?
Connectors
What is the appropriate bend ratio of the diameter of the sheave to the rope?
4:1
When using a chainsaw to make a drop cut, what is the recommended location of the top cut?
Directly above the undercut
A stopper knot is used to prevent against what type of failure?
Rollout
What is not an advantage of the use of blocks over running lines through the tree crotch?
Allow for larger cuts
What type of knot is most effective to tie equipment to a climber’s line?
Midline clove hitch
What is not one of the five classifications of organs for plants?
Buds
What species of trees do not have secondary growth?
Palms
What type of reproduction creates a genetically identical new plant?
Cuttings
What component of the xylem is only present in hardwood trees?
Vessels
Growth rings are the product of what?
Seasonal production of xylem
The waxy outer layer of the leaf is called what?
Cuticle
What is not one of the main regions of the root structure?
Absorption
Photosynthates are responsible for the sufficient production of oxygen.
True or False
False
A tree that alters its growth direction due to the effects of gravity is what?
Geotrophism
According to the Shigo compartmentalization process, Wall 1 performs what function?
Plugging of the xylem vessels
What is the first layer that would be encountered after bark of a tree?
Phloem
What plant type listed below reproduces by relying on wind pollination?
Pines
The process of roots absorbing water and carrying it up to the necessary areas of the tree begins with which of the following processes?
Osmosis
What statement is true for the response of a tree to a wound?
Trees do not regenerate the area of the wound
What is the main purpose for the use of cavity fillings when addressing the wound on a tree?
Aesthetics
When does a branch collar form?
Co dominant stems
What is the distance from the parent branch for the first cut of a tree cut method?
1’-2’
What element of a tree’s structure is not included in the bark?
Cambium
The over thinning of palms is what type of restricted pruning practice?
Rooster-tailing
What ANSI 300 defined pruning system is recommended when the objective is to grow plants in a plenary form?
Espalier
What are the recommended means of minimizing damage to the tree due to pruning cuts?
Cuts shall minimize the cut diameter
What is not a disadvantage to performing a topping cut?
Increased growth rate
When performing structural pruning for young trees in development, what is the first identified step in the process?
Remove broken or damaged branches
What type of mature tree pruning is done to remove dead, diseased, or broken limbs from the tree?
Crown cleaning
What is the desired vertical spacing for scaffold branches in smaller-sized trees?
12”
What is a true statement regarding the ability of mature trees to withstand pruning compared to younger trees?
Mature trees are less tolerant
What is the correct hierarchy of tree parts from primary to secondary?
Trunk>scaffold>lateral
What determines the direction of growth for a lateral branch after pruning is performed?
The direction of the top remaining lateral bud
If a thinning pruning cut is to be made on a larger branch, what is the preferred angle of the first cut to be made?
45 degrees pointing to the branch bark ridge
What type of pruning involves an initial heading cut the first year?
Pollarding
Loin tailing is caused by the removal of what type of tree component?
inner laterals
The removal of dead fronds from palms should be done in which of the following ways?
Top-down
Regular pruning doesn’t helps to prevent what?
Increase growth rate
What is not a recommended practice when performing root pruning?
Cut close to the trunk
Growth inhibitors can be applied where?
Soil, bark and foilage
Sap bleed due to early spring pruning has what detrimental effects on a tree?
Aethetics
Proper pruning cuts enhance a trees ability to perform what function?
Compartmentalization
What is the preferred optimal angle of a scaffold branch to remain?
45-60 degrees
What pruning method is used to remove branches which may conflict with clearance to the lowest permanent branch?
Raising
As per the ISA Basic Tree Risk Assessment Form, the occupancy rating is a measure of what condition?
The frequency of area used by people
What is not a prohibited action inside the area of a tree protection zone?
Mulching
What is a common indication of anaerobic soil condition?
Sour smell
What example of tree stressors can be classified as chronic?
Soil compaction
For proper emergency response preparedness, all workers on a job should be trained in what procedure?
CPR, first aid and aerial rescue
What degree of skin burn is it not recommended to use cold water as a treatment?
Third
Damage to bark during construction is best treated by what activity?
Bark tracing
What type of injury if identified shall not be followed by a rescue attempt aerially?
Electrocution
What health risk is not considered an abiotic disorder?
Pathogens
What identified element is classified as a symptom and not a sign of a health disorder?
Leaf wilt
The degeneration of a plant’s cells or tissue defines what type of disorder?
Necrosis
The presence of fungi is not generally associated with which health disorder symptom?
Trunk gummosis
What statement is true regarding the frequency of biotic vs abiotic disorders being the cause of distress?
Non-living factors are more common than living
A tree is found to have the presence of leaves that are deformed. What is most likely not a possible cause of the symptom?
Mechanically injury
What health symptom can be linked to poor soil PH?
Off-color foliage
What root cause of tree stress has the most rapid effect on the deterioration of the tree’s health?
Sustained temperature below freezing
Frost cracks are due to what temperature conditions?
rapid decrease in temperature
Allelopathy can be accurately described as what?
Detrimental release of biochemicals on surrounding species, beneficial release of biochemicals on surrounding species, and rapid increase in temperature from below freezing to above
Pollution damage is most likely to be evident on which part of the tree?
Foliage
Damage to trees caused by insects is most likely to be associated with what?
Feeding
A “skeletonized” leaf in which the interveinal tissue is removed can be a sign of presence of what type of insect?
Japanese bettle
What type of alternative pesticide has the effect of breaking down the cell membrane of soft-bodied insects?
Insecticidal soap
What is the main effect on the health of the tree as a result of vascular disease?
Disrupts the flow of water from the roots to the rest of the tree
In general, how long after a tree has been infected is the disease able to be removed?
The disease is likely permanent
What is a main disadvantage of the use of biological control on pest populations?
Slow effective rate
An Appropriate Response Process determines the appropriate response by considering factors such as:
Client expectations, plant health and outside stressors
What is a true statement regarding a tree’s natural defense system?
It can be enhanced with moderate levels of stress
What is a measure of a tree’s ability to throe despite stress from a specific environment?
Vitality
What biological control method incorporates the use of beneficial organisms to support the growth of existing populations?
Alugmentation
If a lag-threaded rod is to be used as a bracing support between two branches, what is the correct procedure for pre-drilled holes?
Fully through the small branch, halfway through larger
What is the most common location of sunscald on the trunk in America?
South
A phenology calendar is used to determine what?
Seasonal presence of pests
What metric is used to determine the action threshold for pest control?
Pest population density
What is not a true statement regarding the sequestering and release of carbon dioxide in trees?
Decomposition retains the sequestered CO2
What is not an example of an economic benefit realized by the presence of trees?
Increase in population
Replacement cost as a valuation and appraisal method is best suited for what type of situation?
Damaged or lost trees
Determine the basic reproductive cost of a tree with a 10” diameter and a unit tree cost of 38.17 per square inch.
2996$
A=pi r^2
A= 3.145^2
A=78.5
78.538.17=2996
Tree ordinances are required to provide what information?
define the jurisdiction’s authority, provide the requirements of the ordinance, and outline penalties for noncompliance.
What is most likely an appropriate use of a tree preservation order? (TRO)
Protection of a historic tree during construction
What is the commonly accepted reasonable maximum amount of a single plant species within an overall tree population?
10%
Specifications may include what?
Plans, work procedures, and submission requirements
What is not a component that is a part of a tree inventory?
Applicable ordinances
What statement is accurate regarding the trend of value vs. time for green and civil infrastrucure?
Green increases and civil decreases
A tree identified as a hazard must have what characterstics?
An assessment has been performed, a target has been identified, and mitigation is required to prevent damage.
What composting byproduct kills off the pathogens or weed seed present to ensure rich organic soil?
Heat
What is true in regards to proper use of tree support systems to mitigate risk
Systems can be used for codominant stems, systems may provide an increased risk of decay, and systems may be used on muti-stemmed trees.
What tree support cable type is flexible and strong but is limited to specific types of anchorage choices?
7-strand common grade
A cable is to be anchored to a tree using an eyebolt, what is an acceptable drilling procedure for the installation?
Drill hole 1/8 inch larger than eyebolt diameter fully through the branch
The use of tree support systems is most likely lease appropriate for what scenario?
unstable root system on a leaning tree
The J-loop on an installed J-hook shall be positioned in what direction?
Vertically
A dead-end grip is used for attachment of what type of cable?
Extra high strength cable
A tree is measured to have a total height of 82 feet. A codominant stem is identified at a height of 38 feet from the ground. A cable is to be installed for support of the codominant weak point. At what height shall the cable be installed measured from the ground?
68’
2/3 the distance from the weak point to end of limb.
82-38=44
44*2/3= 29.33
38+29.33=67.33
Height from ground to co dom stem plus 2/3
What is approximately the minimum amount of sound wood to make an acceptable anchor connect?
30%
What cable installation configuration allows for the least amount of crown movement?
Triangular
A 50ft tree that needs support is to be anchored to an adjacent tree which is 80ft tall. What is an acceptable location of the anchorage for each tree?
35’ at supported tree, and 20’ at anchor tree
What is the minimum depth of the underground portion of a conductor?
8”
What situation is least likely to be susceptible to lightning strikes?
Shortest tree in a group
A target zone for risk assessment can be stablished to identify potential targets. What is an acceptable range for the radius of the zone?
The height of the tree
A tree with high risk has what evaluated scenario?
Both a high likelihood of event and severity of consequences
What mitigation option is used only as a last resort?
Removal of tree
What rot type primarily is most commonly associated with conifer trees?
Brown
A strong trunk taper follows which vertical profiles?
Gradually decreasing diameter
The trunk flare is located at what location of the tree?
The intersection of the trunk and the roots
When performing a risk assessment for the branches of a tree, what scenario is least likely to have a high level of risk?
Vertically spaced branches
How is an acoustic measurement device used to determine the extent of decay in a section of the tree?
Sound passes slower through decay
What decay detection device is the least limiting in terms of cost and expertise?
Resonance testing
A visual tree assessment for risk evaluation may include what activities?
360 degrees visual inspection, identification of microclimates, and structural assessment.
What is the specific goal of risk mitigation?
Reducing the potential for failure
What is most likely the recommended mitigation action for a tree with an existing cavity including decayed wood?
Leave the area alone
The determination of standard of care may not be established by what means?
Level of experience
What is used to determine if negligence has occurred?
Due care
As per the ISA basic tree risk assessment form, if a tree is identified as having an extreme risk rating at what combination of likelihood of event and consequences of the event respectively?
Very likely/sever
What is the natural defense for a tree against lean?
Development of reaction wood
What construction activities are most likely to have significant impact on the health of a tree’s root system?
Trenching, increased grading, and compaction
Once a j-hook is installed what is the correct distance from the open end of the j-loop to the bark?
the loop shall be flushed with the bark
In general, the most concerning construction activities for an identified tree has what type of effect on the site?
Activities that affect subsurface compaction
What is a false statement regarding the selection of trees to remain during construction activities?
Identify a single species that is best suited to handle the process
What action is legally binding for the requirements of tree protection to be included in a construction contract?
Include requirements in contract specifications
What characteristic of engineered fill has a detrimental effect on root growth if used near an existing tree?
High level of compaction
