ISA Exam Flashcards
12- strand
for arborist ropes, a braided rope consisting of 12 strands. Mostar Corliss. There are two types of 12 – strand construction: a tight braid that is not easily splice able, used for climbing and rigging lines: and a loose, Easily spliceable braid, commonly used for slings.
Hinge cut
Sequence of cuts used to control the direction of the limb being removed.
Balance
In rigging, a technique for lowering a limb without allowing either end to drop.
Bend ratio
Ratio of the diameter of a branch, sheave, or other object to the diameter of the rope that is wrapped around it.
Bollard
Post on which wraps can be taken with the rope to tie it off or to provide friction for control.
Climbing Spurs
Sharp devices strap two climbers lower legs to assisting climbing poles or trees being removed. Also called spikes, gaffes, irons, hooks, or climbers.
Bight
Curve or arc in a rope between working and the standing part.
Friction hitch
Any of numerous knots used in tree climbing or rigging that may alternately slide along and then grip the rope.
Clove hitch
KNot used to secure a rope to an object.
Footlock
Method of asending a rope by wrapping the rope around the feet. See secured Footlock.
Butt – hitching
Method of lowering pieces when the rigging point is below the work, traditionally without the use of the block.
Aerial rescue
Method of bringing an injured worker down from a tree or aerial lift device.
Climbing saddle (harness)
Work positioning harness designed for climbing trees.
Landing zone
Predetermined area were cut branches or wood sections will be dropped or lowered from a tree. See drop zone.
Back cut
Cut made on a tree trunk or branch, opposite from them toward the notch, face cut, or undercut, to complete filling or branch removal.
Design factor
Factor by which the rated or minimum breaking strength of a rope or piece of equipment is divided by in determining it’s working load limit.
Drop cut
Branch removal technique consisting of an undercut and then a top cut, usually made farther out on the branch, or with a chainsaw, directly over the undercut.
Hinge
Strip of uncut wood fibers created between the face cut or not she and the back cut that helps control direction and tree felling or limb removal. Holding wood.
16- strand
For arborist ropes, a braided rope that has a 16 strand load – bearing cover and the filler core that is not significant and load carrying.
24-strand
For arborist ropes, a braided rope that has a 24 – strand cover and is available and double – sprayed or Kern mantle construction.
Block
1) heavy duty pulley used and rigging. Design for dynamic loading.
2) casing in closing one or more parallel pulleys.
Friction device
Device used to take wraps and a load line to provide friction for controlled lowering or climbing.
Double braid
Rope construction consisting of a braided rope within a braided rope, both of which carry part of the load.
Hollow braid
Rope construction consisting of a braided rope with no core.
Bend
Type of knot used to join two rope ends together. Contrast with hitch.
Climbing hitch
Hit used to secure a tree climber to the climbing line, which permits controlled assent, decent, and work positioning.
Blakes hitch
Friction knot climbers use, sometimes in place of the tautline hitch or prusik knot.
Ascender
Piece of gear that enables a climber to ascend the rope. Attached to the rope, it will grip in one direction(down) and slide in the other ( up)
3- strand
Rope construction which three strands are twisted together and a spiral pattern.
Cycles to failure
Number of times a rope or other piece of equipment can be used with the given load before mechanical failure.
Half hitch
Simple knot used to temporarily attach a line to an object. Also used as a back up in combination with other knots.
Climbing line
Rope that meets specifications for use in tree climbing.
Arborist block
Heavy duty pulley with an integrated connection point (bushing for attaching a rope sling), A rotating sheave for the rope, and extended chic plates. used in tree rigging operations.
Drop zone
Predetermined area where cut branches or would sections will be dropped or lowered from a tree. See you landing zone.
Carabiner
Connecting device. Oblong metal ring used in climbing and static rigging that is opened and closed with the spring-loaded gate. Contrast with snap.
Figure 8 knot
Particular not tied as the safety not or stop or not at the end of the line.
Access line
1) Second climbing line hung in the tree in case it is needed to reach a victim in an emergency.
2) climbing line installed in the tree to gain access to, but not used to work in, the tree.
Dynamic loading
Forces created by moving load. Load that changes with time and motion.
Butt-tie
Tying off a limb at the butt (larger) end for rigging.
Body – thrust
Method of asending a tree using a climbing rope.
Kerf
Slit or cut made by a saw in a log. Space created by a saw cut.
Hitch
1) type of knot made when a rope is secured around an object or its own standing part. Contrast with bend.
2) mechanical device for connecting a towing vehicle to a trailer or towed vehicle or implement.
- Name the four factors required for a treat disease.
A. The tree must be susceptible to the pathogen.
B. The pathogen must be present.
C.The environment must be suitable for disease development.
D.The timing of the overlap of these factors dictates the severity of the disease. So time is the fourth factor.
- Name five insect pests of trees with chewing mouthparts. Name five with piercing or sucking mouth parts.
Chewing Piercing/sucking
A caterpillars A aphids
B. Webworms. B Adelgids
C. Sawfly larvae C scales
D. Beetles D leafhoppers
E. Weevils E Psyllids
Trunk flare
Transition zone from trunk to routes where the trunk expands into the buttress or structural roots. Root flare.
Nematode
Microscopic roundworm. Many are beneficial organisms, but some feed on plant tissues and may cause disease or damage.
Acute
Disorder or disease that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time. Contrast with chronic.
Aerobic
With oxygen. Process that occurs in the presence of oxygen.
Vector
1) in pathology , biotic or abiotic agent that transmits a pathogen.2) in mechanics or rigging, quantity that has both magnitude and direction( e.g. , Force)
Anaerobic
Without oxygen. Process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Sample test questions:
1. A condition characterized by a cluster of dwarf shoots on affected twigs is called
Witches’-broom
Chronic
Disorder or disease occurring over a long period of time. Contrast with acute.
Tree stress
Factor that negatively affects the health of the plant: a factor that stimulates a response.
Frost crack
Vertical split in the wood of the tree, generally near the base of the bowl, caused by internal stresses and low temperatures. Radial shake.
Leaf spot
Patches of disease or other damage on plant foliage.
- Damage caused by nonliving factors tend to be
A. Uniform with definite borders
- Curling and cupping of the foliage, and parallel Venation, our common symptoms of__damage.
Herbicide
Phytotoxicity
Quality of being phytotoxic.
Pathogen
Causal agent of disease. Usually refers to micro organisms.
- Twig died back from periodical cicadas is primarily a result of
A. Ovipositing ( egg laying)
Symptom
Plant reaction to a disease or disorder(e.g.,wilting, Dybeck). Contrast with sign.
- Scale damage to plants is the result of
C. Vascular damage from fungal invasion
Leaf blotch
Irregularly shaped areas of disease on plant foliage.
- True/false – vascular diseases of trees are rarely fatal.
False
- Leave scorch, girdling roots, and mineral deficiencies are examples of___disorders.
Abiotic
- Plant damage associated with the sap – feeding insect pests might appear as
B. Distorted leaves or shoots
Frass
Fecal material and/or wood shavings produced by insects.
Complex
Combination of factors contributing to the stress or decline of the tree.
- True/false – mites are not actually insects.
True
Skeletonized
Leave feeding damage caused by insects(Skeletonizers), characterized by the loss of tissue between the leaf veins.
Systemic
(1)substance that moves throughout an organism after it is absorbed.2)any condition, disease, disorder, or past that affects the entire organism.
- True/false – pollution damage is often difficult to diagnose because the symptoms may mimic other problems such as insect injury and mineral deficiencies.
True
Canker
Localized diseased area on stems, roots, and branches. Often shrunken and discolored.
- Insects that carry plant pathogens are said to be____.
Vectors
Scorch
Browning and shriveling of foliage., Especially at the leave margin.
Blight
Any disease or disorder, regardless of the causal agent, that kills young plant tissues.
Abiotic disorder
Plant malady caused by nonliving environmental or man-made agents
Witches’-broom
Plant disorder characterized by a shortening of the internodes and a pro liferation of terminal shoots forming a dense, brush like mass of twigs.
Gummosis
Exudation of sap or gum from the Bark, often in response to disease or insect damage.
- True/false – if a tree declines or dies within the first year following installation, I likely causes excess or insufficient water.
True
Chapter 10 Workbook
1. true/false – information about the trees history and symptoms gain from a homeowner can always be considered accurate.
False
Honeydew
Sugary substance secreted by certain insects, including aphids and some scale insects, when feeding on plants.
- True/false – diseases that affect only the foliage of the tree maybe not be a serious problem unless defoliation occurs in several consecutive years.
True
Powdery mildew
Any of various fungi of the genus Erysiphe, that produce powdery conidia that appear is white, fuzzy coating on the upper leave surfaces, often causing distortion of the leaf.
Stunting
Growth reduction of organisms, specificallyplants or plant parts.
Biotic disorder
Disorder caused by an infectious living agent.
Sooty mold
Fungus that appears as the black coating on the surface of leaves, fruits, branches, and other services often found growing on sugary honey do excreted by aphids.
Chlorosis
Whitish or yellowish leave discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll. Often caused by nutrient deficiency.
- Name five causes of physical or mechanical injuries to trees.
A. Lightning B. Lawn mower, weed whippers C. Vandalism D. Construction E. Cars
Decay
(1) (noun) an area of wood that is undergoing decomposition.(2)(verb) decomposition of organic tissues by fungi or bacteria.
Rust
Disease caused by a certain group of fungi and characterized by reddish brown spots on the foliage and or the formation of stem galls
Vascular discoloration
Darkening of the vascular tissues of woody plants in response to disease.
- Fire blight is an example of a disease caused by a___.
Bacteria
Dieback
Condition in which the branches on the tree crown die from the tips toward the center.
Gall
Abnormal swelling of plant tissues caused by a gall wasps, mites, Nematodes, and various insects and less commonly by fungi or bacteria.
- Insect damage to trees is usually the result of feeding or__ ___.
Egg laying
- True/false – the pathogens that cause plant diseases are primarily fungi.
True
Sign
Physical evidence of a causal agent (e.g.,insect eggs, borer hole, frAss). Contrast with symptom
Necrosis
Localized death of tissue in a living organism.
- A common mistake and diagnosis is to carefully examine the above ground portion of the tree, while ignoring the___.
Roots
- If the tree is not well-suited for the site in which it has been planted, it may become____, predisposing it to other problems.
Stressed
- Most fungi cause plant disease.
True
Allelopathy
Chemical affect or inhibition of growth or development of plants that is induced by alellochemicals.
- _____Is the chemical inhibition of growth and development of one plant by another.
Allelopathy
Noninfectious
Disorders that are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be passed from one host to another.
Physiological disorder
Implants, a disorder not directly caused by an insect, pathogen, or injury.
Wilt
1)(noun) loss of turgor and subsequence drooping of leaves and young stems: a symptom.2) (noun) infectious disease caused by a particular agent on a particular host or range of hosts.3) (verb) to lose turgor.
Defoliation
Lots of leaves from a tree or other plant by biological or mechanical means.
11.microscopic worms that sometimes feed on trees and may carry diseases are called____.
Nematodes
Infectious
Capable of being spread two plants from other plants or organisms.
Come along
Manually operated winch type device used to bring two limbs together, using bark protection if possible.
Lag I
Lag threaded cable anchor with a closed I.
thimble
In cabling a device used to form and protects the termination loop in the cable. Or device used to increase the bend radius of and reduce where on a rope when attached to hardware.
Eyebolt
Cable anchor with a closed I usually machine threaded. Only dropforged I bolts are accepted and approved for tree support systems in the United States.
- The two types of rods commonly used to brace a tree are__–__ __And_–__ __.
Lag threaded rods and machine threaded rods
- Name three circumstances in which lightning protection for trees might be recommended
A
B
C
A- trees that are close to houses were other buildings and that are much taller than the building are trees that should be considered for protection.
B- trees of historic interest and high economic value are also good candidates for lightning protection.
C- trees that are more prone to strikes and are located within recreational areas parks golf courses or other areas where people congregate should be considered for lightning protection.
Bend radius
Radius of cable bend around a thimble, creates a loop.
Lag hook /J hook
Lag threaded cable anchor with an open I (J shaped)
1 workbook . Codominant stems are often considered the weakest part of a healthy tree. Do split , decayed, multi stemmed , and branch unions with included bark , need to be additionally supported?
Yes, cabling, bracing, propping, And guying may help extend life and health, values of the tree.
Extra high strength cable
Much stronger but less flexible.
4.if a lag hook is installed into decayed wood the
D- all of the above
- True/false – when more than one cable is installed on the same limb the hardware should be spaced at least as far apart as the diameter of the limb.
True
- A phenomenon in which lightning travels down the stem for a distance and then leaves the tree jumping to a more conductive tree structure person or animal is called__ __.
Side flash
- The purpose of the lightning protection system is to
D. All of the above
Machine threaded rod
Bracing rod with a fine thread pattern that is used with a nut and washer and installed through predrilled hole that is larger in diameter them the Rod. Contrast with lag threaded rod.
- If a tree has a crown radius smaller than__feet ( ___m) , only one conductor is required.
35 feet or 10 m
- Richard structures mounted or built on the ground to support a branch or trunk or called___.
Props
- Dead end hardware such as____ ___Or___ ____Can be used as anchors and smaller branches that are not decayed.
Eyebolts or threaded rods with amon eye nuts.
Ground terminal
Either a ground rod or ground plate. Used in grounding a tree lightning protection system.
Dynamic cable system
Nonrigid synthetic fiber support systems. Allows for more tree sway
peen
Act of bending rounding or flattening the end of through hardware for the purpose of preventing the nut from backing off.
- A___is used to form the eye at the end of the cable
Thimble
Propping
Rigid brace acting in compression to support a tree tree branch or utility pole. Prop pool. Contrast with guy.
Static cable system
Cabling system that utilizes rigid materials such as rods and steel cable to limit movement and provide constant support of limbs.
- ____Is the installation of the cable between the tree and an External anchor to provide supplemental support reduced tree movement.
guying
Ground rod
Metal rod used in grounding a tree lightning protection system
3 and #4 workbook. 1)What is the primary mechanism used by arborist for decades to provide support in trees all over the world ? 2)as a general rule cable should be installed ______–_____The distance from the week branch union to the top of the tree. As long as the wood is solid and large enough to install the hardware.
1)Cabling. With it goes all sorts of hardware that is dictated by tree size. 2) two thirds
Anchor hardware
Passes through the limb and is fastened on opposite side. Preferred hardware for cAble attachment.
7 strand common grade cable
Is relatively malleable (bendable) , and easy to work with. 3/16- 3/8” are common
Guying
Installing a guy and associated anchor
Workbook continued-
5. Limbs may be brought closer together while installing the cable so that when released the cable will be just_____.
Taut
Cable stop
Metal knobs affixed to steel cable ends protruding through the drilled hole in a host limb or stem.
- If two brazing rods are installed to support a week union they should be placed
C. staggered and no closer together than the diameter of the trunk
- When bracing a tree with the machine threaded rod the pre-drilled a hole should be approximately 1/16 to 1/8 inch__than the diameter of the rod.
Larger
- _ _ _ Allow for more trees sway and acting restraint only when environmental conditions demand it.
Dynamic cable systems
2 workbook. Why Should a tree be carefully analyzed when deciding to install tree support systems?
Because a tree may have other problems from the top down to the roots which must warrant it from a standpoint of real value and effectiveness that it will have. If it needs more work and cost than it’s worth, it’s a chip pile!
Amon -eye nut
Anchor hardware, horshoe shaped nut for threading onto bolt. Like a nut.
Side flash
Phenomenon of a lightning strike leaving its current path and jumping to reach a better grounded conductor.
Aircraft cable
19 strands of galvanized wire , Australia and u. k. Both strong and flexible.
Cable grip
Device used to grip the cable and help the arborist pull the cable for tensioning or attaching to anchor hardware.
Conductor
Copper cable connected to the air terminal, which runs down a main branch and the trunk. ( lightning protection system)
Extra high-strength cable
EH S cable is much stronger but less flexible than common grade cable both are available in a range of sizes between 3/16 inch to three eights inch and are commonly used in trees.
- In Decayed wood or limbs greater than 8 inches in diameter__ __or __ _ with__–___ ___ must be used to attach gables
Eyebolts ,or threaded rods ,Amon -eye nuts
Sample test questions:
1.an advantage of the Amon I system over the use of an eye bolt is:
B. The links of the rod can be adjusted
- EH S cable should be attached to hardware using__–__ __.
Dead-end grip
Lag threaded rod
Bracing rod with a coarse thread pattern that is typically screwed into a pre-drilled a hole that is smaller in diameter than the anchor or Rod. Contrast with machine threaded rod.
Dead-end grip
Manufactured spiral wrap designed to form a termination at the end of the seven strand EH S cable
Cable aid
Used to spread open thimbles, tighten lags, and help wrap dead end grips onto the cable.
I splice
In cabling a close termination loop hand formed in common grade cable by wrapping the successive strands back up on the standing part to attach the cable to anchor hardware. Number two splice that forms a close or loop.
- The main conductor of the lightning protection system is a cable made of___.
Copper
Air terminal
Blunt tip, top end of tree lightning protection system and is intended to intercept lightning strike
Threaded rod
Metal rod used to support weak sections or crotches of the tree. Also called bracing rod.
- True/false – the installation of metal cables if done properly will not wound the tree.
True
Step up voltage
Significant difference in electrical potential which can lead to electrocution if contacted simultaneously.
Ship auger
Type of drill bit with an open spiral form. Used to drill holes and trees for cable are bracing installation.
- When cabling a multi-stemmed tree extra support can be added to the system by
A-cabling the limbs together and triangular combinations
Frond
Large divided leaf structures found in palms and ferns
T or F: as a general rule, mature trees are less tolerant of severe pruning than juvenile trees
True
To maximize flowering, plants that bloom on current seasons wood should be pruned prior to _____, or in the summer after Bloom has occurred. Plants that bloom on last seasons wood should be pruned just after _____.
Leaf emergence, bloom
Pollarding
Specialty pruning technique in which a tree with a large maturing form is kept relatively short. starting on a young tree, internodal cuts are made at a chosen height, resulting in the development of callus knobs at the cut height. Requires regular, usually annual, removal of the sprouts arising from the cuts.
Heading
Cutting a shoot back to a bud or cutting branches back to buds, stubs, or lateral branches not large enough to assume apical dominance. Cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub in order to meet a structural objective.
When practical, temporary lower branches should be left on a young tree to help develop trunk _______.
Taper
Restoration
Pruning to improve the structure, form, and appearance of trees that have been improperly trimmed, vandalized, or damaged.
Management and planting to restore altered or damaged ecosystems or landscapes.
T or F: even the removal of 25% of the canopy of a large, mature tree can be stressful to the tree.
True
Included bark
Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or between codominant stems. Causes a weak structure.
when pruning a branch from a tree, the final cut should be
A. Flush with the parent stem
B. At a 45 degree angle to the parent stem
C. Parallel to the branch bark ridge
D. Just outside the branch collar
D
Lateral
Secondary or subordinate branch or root
Leader
Primary terminal shoot or trunk of the tree. Large, usually upright stem. A stem that dominates a portion of the crown by suppressing lateral branches.
To prune trees that flower on the previous years growth and maximize flowering, you should prune a. Any time during the dormant season B. Shortly after flowering C. In late summer after seed formation D. In the fall, just after leaf drop
B
Watersprout
Upright, epicormic shoot arising from the trunk or branches of a plant above the root graft or soil line. Incorrectly called a sucker.
Scaffold branch
permanent or structural branches that form the scaffold architecture or structure of a tree
T or F: Codominant stems can represent a structurally unstable branch configuration, especially if there is included bark in the junction
True
Wound dressing
Compound applied to tree wounds or Pruning cuts.
Antigibberellin
Plant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone gibberellin, which, among other things, regulates cell elongation.
Reduction
Pruning to decrease height and or spread of a branch or crown.
_______
Includes crown cleaning as well selective removal of branches to increase late penetration and air movement into the crown of the tree.
Thinning
When it comes to pruning, as a rule, mature trees are
A. More tolerant of extremes then young trees
B. Not tolerant of severe pruning
C. Capable of tolerating heading
D. Unlikely to produce watersprouts
B
______ _______ is bark that gets pushed inside the branch union as two branches grow and develop.
Included bark
Branch protection zone
Chemically and physically modified tissue within the trunk or parent branch at the base of the smaller, subordinate branch that retards the spread of discoloration and decay from the subordinate stem into the trunk or parent branch
ANSI A300
In the United States, industry developed, national consensus standards of practice for tree care
_______ _________ is The removal of dead, dying and weak branches from a tree.
Crown cleaning
Temporary branch
In structural pruning of young trees, branches, generally the lower branches, that are left in place or subordinated but will be removed later in forming the permanent scaffold framework of the tree. Contrast with permanent branches.
When pruning palms, if older, live fronds must be removed, avoid removing fronds that initiate above ______.
Horizontal
Crown cleaning
In pruning, the selective removal of dead, dying, disease, and broken branches from the tree crown.
Subordinate
Verb: Proven to reduce the size of the ensuing growth of a branch in relation to other branches or leaders.
Adjective: dominated by other trees, branches, or parts; suppressed.
apical control
Inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down, by apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form.
Caution must be taken not to create an effect known as ______ ______which is caused by excessive removal of inner laterals and foliage
Lion tailing
If the height of a tree must be reduced,
A. Branches should be removed at their point of origin or to a lateral large enough to assume the terminal role
B. All cuts should be made at internodes to avoid cutting through buds
C. The tree should be root pruned to compensate for foliage loss
D. All of the above
A
Three adverse effects of topping include
Excessive water sprout development
Weak branch attachment
Unnatural growth form
Thinning
And pruning, the selectiveremoval of live branches to provide light or air penetration through the tree or to lighten the weight of the remaining branches
Branch bark ridge
Raised strip of bark at the top of the branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
T or F: research on wound dressings shows that their use prevents decay.
False
Name two ways plant growth regulators are used by arborists
Reduce growth
Restrict sucker growth
Lion tailing
Poor pruning practice in which an excessive number of branches are thinned from the inside and lower part of specific limbs of a tree crown leaving mostly terminal foliage. Results in poor branch taper, poor wind load distribution, and a higher risk of branch failure. Also refers to a haircut I give my cats every spring.
When training young trees, a single central leader should be selected and competing leaders should be removed or_______.
Subordinated
Raising
Selective pruning to provide vertical clearance
When pruning young trees it is important to train for a dominant leader and well space to scaffold branches so that A. Future pruning can be minimized B. The tree will be structurally strong C. Codominant branching can be avoided D. All of the above
D
Utility pruning
Pruning around or near utility facilities with the object of maintaining safe and reliable utility service.
Compartmentalization
Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms. See CODIT
Internodal
Between the nodes in a stem
Branch collar
Area where a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the base of the branch.
Topping
Inappropriate pruning technique to reduce tree size. Cutting back a tree to a predetermined crown limit, often at internodes.
Three adverse effects of lion tailing are
Uneven foliage distribution
Sunburned bark tissue
Weekend branch structure
_______is Best accomplished by cutting limbs back to laterals that are large enough to sustain the remaining branch and assume the terminal role.
Reduction
The swollen area at the base of the branch where it arises from the trunk is called the ______ _______.
Branch collar
Codominant stem
forked stems nearly the same size and diameter, arising from a common junction and lacking in normal branch union.
Structural pruning
Pruning to establish a strong arrangement or system of scaffold branches.
T or F: trees that tend to bleed should never be pruned in the early spring because doing so is likely to cause a major decline in vigor.
False
Vista pruning
Selective pruning to enable a view from a predetermined point
Two limbs that arise from apical buds on the same stem are known as ______, and are both extensions of the stem below.
Codominant stems/branches
Permanent branch
In structural pruning of young trees, branches that will be left in place, often forming the initial scaffold framework of the tree. Contrast with temporary branches.
Pruning when trees are _______can minimize the risk of past problems associated with wound entry and allow trees to take advantage of the full growing season to begin closing and compartmentalizing wounds.
Dormant
Reduction cut
Pruning cut that reduces the links of a branch or stem back to a lateral branch large enough to assume apical dominance.
_____ ______ _______ are substances, usually effective in small quantities, which enhance or alter the growth and development of a plant.
Plant growth regulators
T or F: in the absence of included bark, the relative size of a branch in relation to the trunk is more important for strength of branch attachment then is the angle of attachment.
True
Because pruning remove leaves and reduces the overall photosynthetic capacity of a tree, it also reduces _________.
Growth
Name five common reasons for removing limbs from trees.
Dead Diseased Hazardous Crossing Thinning for light or air penetration Weight reduction Size reduction Obstructing signs, views, clearance etc
Plant growth regulator
Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and or development of plans. Maybe naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic.
Espalier
Noun: Specialized technique of pruning and trimming plants to grow within a plane such as along a wall or fence. Noun: plant trained in that manner. Verb: To train plants in that manner.
Plant with xylem and phloem elements for conducting water nutrients and photosynthates
Vascular plant
Primary taxonomic group, separating plants from animals
Kingdom
Naturally occurring subdivision of a species having a distinct difference and breeding true to that difference compare to cultivar
Variety
Term describing a leaf margin without teeth.
Entire
Group of plants within a species having distinct differences that occur naturally and usually within. Specific geographic region
Subspecies
Group of plants within a species having distinct variations that occur sporadically and naturally
Forma
Leaves of a plant
Foliage
Phylum. Taxonomic group below the kingdom level but above the class level
Division
Study of the form and structure of plants and other living organisms contrast with taxonomy
Morphology
Taxonomic group, composed of species having similar fundamental traits. Botanical classification under the family level and above specific epithet level
Genus
Scientific naming system for living organisms. Scientific names are Latin (or Latinized forms of other languages) and written in italics, the genus first ( always starting with capital letter) followed by the specific epithet(species always starting with lowercase letter) e.g., Quercus alba
Nomenclature
Taxonomic group of organisms composed of individuals of the same genus that can reproduce among themselves and have similar offspring
Species
Taxonomic group under the order level and above the genus level
Family
Plant with an embryo that has one seed leaf (cotyledon). Examples are grasses and palms contrast with dicotyledon
Monocotyledon
Single bladed leaf. Not composed of leaflets. Contrast with compound leaf
Simple leaf
Primary taxonomic group within a kingdom. Division
Phylum
Pertaining to leaf or branch arrangement, leaves or branches situated two at each node, across from each other on the stem contrast with alternate and whorled
Opposite
Leaf with two or more leaflets contrast with simple leaf
Compound leaf
Tip of the leaf blade
Leaf apex
Outer edge of the leaf blade
Leaf margin
Taxonomic group below the class level but above the family level
Order
Plant resulting from a cross between two or more other plants that are more or less alike
Hybrid
Science that studies the description, denomination, and classification of living organisms based on their similarities and differences. Contrast with morphology
Taxonomy
Classification name that follows the genus name in scientific nomenclature
Specific epithet
Taxonomic group below the division level but above the order level
Class
Cultivated variety of a plant. Cannot be reproduced without human assistance. Usually propagated a sexually(cloned) compare to variety.
Cultivar
Type of compound leaf with veins or leaflets radiating in a fan like pattern contrast with bi pinnate and pinnate
Palmate
Pertaining to bud or leaf arrangement, one leaf or bud at each node. Situated at alternating positions along the stem. In this arrangement, the leaves are not directly across from each other. Contrast with opposite and whorled.
Alternate
Plant with two cotyledons in its embryo; netted or palmate leaf veins; and flowers with three, four or five petals in multiples of these numbers contrast with monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
Bottom part of the leaf blade
Leaf base
Cone bearing tree or other plant that has its seeds in a structure called a cone
Conifer
Type of compound leaf, with leaflets along each side of a common axis. Contrast with bipinnate and palmate
Pinnate
Sawtooth margin of a leaf, with the teeth pointed forward
Serrate
Diagnostic aid to help identify plants and other organisms
Identification key
In physiology plant part that produces carbohydrates. Mature leaves are these
Source
- managing large populations of trees under the common urban pressures and financial restraints of a municipality requires a strong, well-thought-out __________ ________.
Management plan
Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as gravity (geotropism) or light (phototropism)
Tropism
True/False - Although a tree may be considered hardy in a given area, it may decline or die if the roots are unprotected.
True
Water that drains from the macropores is called_____ water. Following drainage ,the soil is said
to be at____ _____.
Gravitational water
field capacity
Wire basket
Type of metal basket used to support the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree or a tree dug with a tree spade.
Bare root
Opposite of B&B. Tree removed from ground for replanting without soil around the roots.
Tree ordinance
Tree – specific legal document that defines a public agencies authority, describes required conditions or actions, establishes penalties for non-conformance, and identifies who is responsible for enforcement an oversight.
Carbon sequestration
Capturing and long-term storage of carbon most often used in reference to the capturing of atmospheric carbon dioxide through biological chemical or physical processes. Trees sequester carbon through photosynthesis.
Liquid injection fertilization
Applying liquid formulations of fertilizer by injection into the root zone of a tree.
1) trees are generally available from the nursery in one of four forms: A. B. C. D.
A. Balled and burlapped
B. Bare root
C. Container grown
D. Containerized
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Fertilization recommendations should be based on ___.
Element requirements
- List three environmental benefits of trees.
Any of the following:
- improve air quality
- sequester carbon, reducing greenhouse effect
- conserve energy by protecting surroundings from sun and wind
- cool the air three transpiration
- reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion
- provide habitat for wildlife
- An important action that should be taken at the start of a construction project is to erect _______around all of the trees that are to remain.
Fences/barriers
Process of increasing plant numbers both sexually and a sexually
Propagation
If fertilizer “burn” or leaching are potential problems, it may be desirable to use a ___-___ fertilizer.
Slow-release
- The urban forest provides ________ and food for a wide range of wildlife.
Habitat
- Written _________ should detail exactly what can and cannot be done to and around the trees.
Specifications
Bare root trees are normally planted when blank before buds begin to grow
Dormant
A soil test may not identify a nutrient deficiency problem in a plant because
A. the tests are not reliable
B. the nutrient content can change after collecting
C. the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something may be inhibiting uptake
D. no one knows which levels of nutrients in soils are adequate
C. the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something may be inhibiting uptake
Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem. Branches and roots of some trees. In temperate zones the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings.
Growth rings
Arborists should be involved early in the construction planning process because…
A. Tree preservation measures should be in the specifications
B. once construction has begun, it may be too late to save the trees
C. There is often little arborists can do to treat construction damage
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Trees that are dug in the nursery are often wrapped with ______to help keep the root ball intact and reduce exposure of the roots to air
Burlap
The macronutrient ___ is a constituent of chlorophyll and, if deficient, can cause reduced growth and yellowing of the foliage.
Nitrogen
Stalk or support axis of leaf
Petiole
Compound combing carbon hydrogen and oxygen and that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis. sugars and starches
Carbohydrate
Increase in root and stem girth or diameter. Occurs at lateral meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots
Secondary growth
Exfoliating bark
Flaking or peeling bark
- True/false – the largest, most mature trees are not always the best candidates for preservation.
True
Geographic information system(GIS)
Computer application used to store, view, and analyze geographical information, typically maps.
Hardscape
Constructed in animate elements of a landscape, such as walls, pathways, and seats made of wood, stone, and\or other materials.
Wilting, marginal burning, and dieback may be symptoms of excess ___ ___ in the root zone.
Fertilizer salts
Prescription fertilization
Philosophy of basing fertilization recommendations on plant needs.
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
Organic
In chemistry, a substance containing carbon. In an applied arboriculture context, a substance, especially a fertilizer or pesticide, of animal or vegetable origin.
- True/false – increasing awareness of an urban forestry program’s benefits and goals with key policy makers is critical for maintaining funding when city budgets are tight.
True
- Urban for street is the management of naturally occurring and planted trees and associated plants in urban areas. Arboriculture focuses on the ______; urban for street focuses on the_______, or larger populations of trees in urban areas.
Tree, Forest
Parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport storage structural strength and defense
Ray
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
True or false: digging a tree for transplanting can remove as much as 90% of the absorbing roots
True
Fastigiate trees have a growth form that is A. Upright B. Weeping C. Overarching D. Vase-shaped
A. Upright
Organic layer
Thin layer of decomposing organic material
Top horizon of profile in an unaltered soil
Arising from a Latent adventitious bud (growth point) usually in reference to a shoot
Epicormic
Most of the fine absorbing roots are typically found near the soil surface because
It is normally Rich and organic matter
Placing gravel in the bottom of the planting hole in a clay soil site will
A. Improve drainage
B. Prevent the formation of girdling roots
C. Restrict soil space and create a perched water table
D. Improve aeration and water infiltration
C
Substance produced by a plant that in low concentrations affects physiological processes such as growth and development often at a distance from the subsequent point of origin
Plant hormone
Design criteria
1.) aspects of the landscape or site and the required functions to be served by the plant that must be considered in plant selection 2.) factors considered in the design of equipment
Balled & burlapped (B&B)
Tree or other plant Doug and removed from soil for replanting with roots and soil wrapped in burlap or burlap like fabric.
Ion
Charged particles
Minerals required for tree growth
Study of the relationships among organisms and other living and nonliving elements of their environment
Ecology
In a period of dormancy
Dormant
- Approval for a tree work _______ might be conditional upon establishing certain work procedures and clearances, requiring that all applicable standards and best management practices are followed, and requiring monitoring by a qualified arborist.
Permit
________ roots can become a problem because they can construct the vascular system in the trunk or in other roots.
Girdling
Balled & burlapped (B&B)
Tree or other plant Doug and removed from soil for replanting with roots and soil wrapped in burlap or burlap like fabric.
Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms see. CODIT
Compartmentalization
The planting whole should never be _______than the root ball
Deeper
In areas where the soil is heavy clay, plant trees with the root ball _____ to _______inches higher than the original grade.
2,3
Residential properties the trees generally…
A. Are more difficult to sell due to liability concerns
B. Command higher appraisal and sales values and similar properties without trees
C. Reduce the real estate appraisals have adjoining properties
D. Have no effect on sales or real estate appraisals
B. Command higher appraisal and sales values than similar properties without trees
- True/false – modern tree inventories are collected with paper and pencil, and the trees are leader added manually to maps of city trees.
False
Perched water table
The accumulation of water in the upper soil layer above the actual water table, resulting when draining in an area is impeded by and in permeable layer such as rock or heavy clay, or when the interface between soil layers has been stratified (ie with sharp contrast in soil pore sizes).
Balled & burlapped (B&B)
Tree or other plant Doug and removed from soil for replanting with roots and soil wrapped in burlap or burlap like fabric.
- A _______ _____________ policy statement should set out the policies for identifying, assessing, reporting, and mitigating risk.
Risk management
Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the root tips buds cambium cork cambium and latent buds
Meristem
Permit
Written order granting permission to do something.
Large divided leave structures found in palms and ferns
Fronds
Bark Tracing
Cutting away torn or injured bark to leave a smooth edge.
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
Trees to be planted under utility lines should be
A. Tolerant of heavy top pruning
B. Low-growing to remain below the lines
C. Variegated foliage losing variegation, or colored foliage tending to be greener
D. Any or all of the above
B. Low-growing to remain below the lines
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
Nematode
Type of microbes
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
The tendency for terminal buds to inhibit growth of lateral buds is called?
Apical dominance
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
When cutting through a tree with a chainsaw or drilling into a tree, you would pass through (in order) A)Bark,cambium,phloem,xylem B) bark, phloem, cambium, xylem C) bark, cambium, xylem, phloem D) bark, xylem, phloem, cambium
B) bark, phloem,cambium, xylem
Mineralization
Organic plant nutrients are converted into inorganic plant available forms
- The phases of land development are…
Planning, Design, grading, construction, maintenance.
Trees with upright growth and a strong, central leader are said to exhibit_______ growth. More rounded trees, which are often broader than they are tall, have ________ growth habits.
Excurrent, decurrent
The planting whole should never be _______than the root ball
Deeper
Risk management
Systematic application of management policies, procedures, and practices for identifying, evaluating, treating, monitoring, and communicating risk.
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
Pest resistance
In plants, the tendency to withstand or to not develop certain pest problems
Tree spade
Mechanical equipment to dig, transport, and replant trees with a sufficiently large volume of roots and soil.
Tree warden
Title given to an individual who cares for trees on public town lands, mostly used in several new England states (U. S.).
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Green building rating system developed by the U. S. Green building Council (USTBC) to provide standards for environmentally sustainable construction and building management practices.
Actinomycetes
A type of bacteria that can be symbolic with some species and play a critical role in the decomposition of organic matter to form HUMUS
Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or between co dominant stems causes a weak structure
Included bark
Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces
Sink
Many essential elements are dissolved in the soil water in the form of positively charged particles called
Cations
Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and or development of plants. May be naturally produced(hormone) or synthetically produced see plant hormone
Plant growth regulator
Long slender phloem cell in gymnosperms
Sieve cell
Staking
Supporting the tree with steaks and ties. Usually refers to newly planted trees.
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
Essential element
17 minerals essential to the growth and development of trees. These minerals are essential because plants cannot complete their lifecycle without them.
- A technique used to reduce soil compaction around trees on a construction site is to spread a temporary, thick layer of _________.
Mulch
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Leach
To wash thru the soil
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Root ball
The soil containing all, for example containerized, or a portion (B&B) of the routes that are removed with the plant one planted or transplanted.
Container grown
Tree or plant that has been grown in a container. (Contrast with B&B or bare root).
True or false: digging a tree for transplanting can remove as much as 90% of the absorbing roots
True
Adaptability
Genetic ability of plants and other living organisms to adjust or acclimate to different environments
Tree growth habit characterized by a central leader in a pyramidal crown contrast with decurrent
Excurrent
Region lying between the tropics and the poles that’s has relatively moderate temperatures
Temperate
Species diversity
Measure of the number and variety of different species found in a given area.
Wire basket
Type of metal basket used to support the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree or a tree dug with a tree spade.
The most important reason to Prune a tree when transplanting is to
A.compensate for root loss
B. Invigorate the tree
C. Reduce growth at the tips
D. Remove structurally weak or damaged branches
D
- True/false – Even where standards do not carry direct legislative authority, they may be recognized in a court of law.
True
Name four functions of the root system
Absorption, conduction, anchorage, storage, hormone production. Any four of these is correct
The ________ is a layer of meristematic cells located between the phloem and xylem.
Cambium
Containerized
Field grown plant placed in a container for a time and then sold as a potted plant, initially ground in a container.
Point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem
Leaf axil
- True/false – performing pruning and other maintenance on a cycle is likely to increase emergency calls and the potential for damage or injuries from tree failures.
False
Pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are concentrated in the early wood contrast with diffuse porous
Ring porous
Foliar application of fertilizer is sometimes used to correct ___ deficiencies.
Micronutrient
Cluster of flowers
Inflorescence
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
Name three plant characteristics that may make a tree aesthetically desirable.
Any three of the following: Flowers Attractiveness to birds Fall color Exfoliating bark Growth habit
Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport exist only in angiosperms
Sieve tube elements
- List five Allied professionals or groups that in urban forester should learn to communicate with.
Urban planners Civil engineers Public Works officials Government agencies The public
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
Area where the main roots join the plant stem usually at or near ground level root collar
Root crown
A social benefit of trees and natural areas that has been identified to research is…
A. Stress reduction from settings with trees
B. Hospital recovery times are lower if trees are visible to patients
C. Behavioral improvements in children
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Tree spade
Mechanical equipment to dig, transport, and replant trees with a sufficiently large volume of roots and soil.
Sulfur-coated urea or urea formaldehyde is sometimes included in nitrogen fertilizers because
A. slow-release forms of nitrogen are sometimes desired
B. the soil pH must be adjusted to optimize nutrient uptake
C. the soil’s buffering capacity may inhibit nitrogen absorption
D. urea is a good, natural source of phosphorus
A. slow-release gems of nitrogen are sometimes desired
The climatic factor that determines hardiness zones is A. North-South location B. Temperature, rainfall, and winds C. East-West location D. Low temperature extremes
D. Low temperature extremes
- True/false – it is better to total directly under a tree then to cut directly across the roof system of a tree when excavating for utility lines.
True
Soil compaction
Increase in bulk density and decrease in total pore space
Composting
Subjecting organic matter to decay and decomposition processes.
- To maintain species diversity in the urban forest, a common guideline is to aim for densities not to exceed____percent from a single plant family,____Percent of a single gene us, and____percent of a single species.
30, 20, 10
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
Symbiotic
Fungi and roots benefit from the relationship
A 50 pound (23kg) bag of 20-10-5 fertilizer contains ___ pounds (or ___ kg) of actual nitrogen.
10 pounds, 4.6 kg
Fertilizer analysis
Percentage of primary elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] of a fertilizer.
Plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of the bark. Just outside the cambium is bidirectional( transports up and down) contrast with xylem
Phloem
Tree wrap
Material used to wrap the trunks of newly planted or transplanted trees or to protect thin barked mature trees when they are newly exposed to the sun.
____________ is the loss of water vapor from the leaves.
Transpiration
The green color of leaves is created by the presence of __________ ,which is necessary for photosynthesis to take place.
Chlorophyll
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
Girdling root
Root that in circles all or parts of the trunk of the tree or other roots and constricts the vascular tissue; inhibits secondary growth and movement of water and photosynthates.
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Thin walked living cells essential in photosynthesis radial transport energy storage and production of protective compounds
Parenchyma cells
Water holding capacity
Soils with a large percentage of micropores
Roots at the trunk base that helps support the tree and equalize mechanical stress
Buttress root
T or F: in general, palms are easy to transplant.
True
Drum lace
Method of tying the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree for moving.
Tree island
Enclosed planting bed surrounding a tree, often within a paved area or adjacent to a street.
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide are called…
A. Standards
B. Best management practices
C. Specifications
D. Ordinances
B. Best management practices
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
A major that can be taken to minimize compaction on a construction site is…
A. Watering the site thoroughly before equipment is brought in.
B. Permanently raising the soil grade to protect tree roots.
C. Spreading a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site.
D. Root pruning the trees in advance.
C. Spreading a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
The process by which chemical energy, stored as sugar and starch, is released is called __________
Respiration
Chlorosis
Whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll. Often caused by nutrient deficiency.
- The __________ program was created by the Green Building Council to establish a set of standards for building and development certification to encourage energy efficiency, conservation of resources, and improved air and water quality.
LEED
Chelate
Chemical compound that keeps plant nutrients [usually iron (Fe)] soluble and available for plant absorption over a broad range of pH.
Rounded or spreading growth habit of the Tree crown contrast with excurrent
Decurrent
____ ____ modifies the effects of soil texture as the soil particles form clumps or aggregates
Soil structure
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
Nutrient cycling
Process of decomposing by soil organisms
As seasons pass plant parts die and returned to soil
Root pruning
1) in transplanting, the process of pre-digging the root ball to increase the density of root development.
2) in tree conservation and preservation, the process of pre-cutting roots behind the line of a planned excavation to prevent tearing and splintering of the remaining roots.
3) in tree disease management, severing tree roots to prevent disease transmission through root grafts
End to end tube like water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms
Vessels
Bare root
Opposite of B&B. Tree removed from ground for replanting without soil around the roots.
Root and stem growth in length. Occurs and the apical meristems and lateral meristems of all vascular plants
Primary growth
Naturalized species
Non-native species that has become established in a region and propagates without human assistance
Symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of a plant
Mycorrhizae
- List three social benefits of the trees.
Any of the following:
- reduce stress and mental fatigue
- enhance mental health
- hands recuperation rates
- reduced psychological precursors to crime
- enhance community pride
- heal and restore communities
- increase recreational opportunities
Above ground roots usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions
Aerial roots
Plant with an embryo that has one seed leaf (cotyledon) examples are grasses and palms contrast with dicotyledon
Monocotyledon(Monocot)
What is the biggest problem with deep root fertilization?
Fertilizer is placed below the absorbing roots.
Capillary water
Water that is held in micropores
Specification
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide work.
When transplanting a tree the root ball should be______ to ______ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general, a root ball depth of______ to ______ should be sufficient.
10 to 12 inches; 2.5 to 3 feet
Implant
Device, capsule, or pellet inserted into the tree’s xylem system to treat or prevent diseases, disorders, or pest problems. Requires a relatively large diameter and deep hole in the trunk.
The process in which ions of essential elements washdown through the soil profile and are lost is called
Leaching
Water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves
Transpiration
In temperate climates, the 2 best times to transplant most trees are ____ _____and _____.
Early spring and fall
___ is the ability of a tree to withstand low temperatures and winter stresses in a given site.
Hardiness
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
- True/false – there is far more that an arborist can do to treat trees that have been damaged by construction then to prevent the damage.
False
- _________ is the ability to maintain ecological, social, and economic benefits over time.
Sustainability
Native species
Plants indigenous to a region. Naturally occurring and not introduced by man.
Pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of a stomate see stomata due to a change in water pressure within cells
Guard cells
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
Planting a row of palms at various depths to create a row of uniform height
A. Will not be harmful as long as the soil is Sandy and well-drained
B. Can lead to death of the deeply planted trees
C. Is acceptable due to the deep rooting of palms
D. Is recommended to achieve deep rooting in Sandy soils
B
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
Specifications
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide work.
The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it such as bark
Periderm
Mycorrhizae are? A) collar rot fungi B) elongated underground stems producing sucker sprouts C) a symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots D) cells in which photosynthesis takes place
C) a symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots
If a particular disease is known to be a problem, a tree species or cultivar should be selected that is ___ to that disease.
Resistant
- List four types of data that are typically collected in a tree inventory.
Species Diameter Location Condition codes Maintenance coats Notes
The growth rings of many trees A) are visible because of the rapid growth rate of early wood relative to latewood B) can be counted to approximate a trees age C) can give information about growing conditions in previous years D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Central vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity
Tap root
Staking
Supporting the tree with steaks and ties. Usually refers to newly planted trees.
Complex carbohydrate found in the cellular walls of the majority of plants and algae and certain fungi
Cellulose
Trees that are dug in the nursery are often wrapped with ______to help keep the root ball intact and reduce exposure of the roots to air
Burlap
Saline soil
Excess levels of soluble salts in soils
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
A tree may not respond immediately to fertilizer application if
A. a slow-release fertilizer was applied
B. there is inadequate soil moisture
C. the tree is not actively growing
D. all of the above
D. All of the above
Humus
Decomposition of organic material
Fine fibrous roots that take up water and materials most absorbing roots are within the top 12 inches of soil
Absorbing roots
Tunneling
Digging, often with special machinery and shoring or other supports, below the surface of the ground with an open trench. Alternative for installation of underground utilities that avoids cutting of tree roots or damage to hard scape or existing utilities.
Staking or guying when planting a tree is
A. Done only for bare root trees
B. Not necessary for trees greater than 6 inches diameter
C. Not always required or necessary
D. For promoting a larger and stronger root system and better trunk taper
C
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
- ______ ____________ are legal regulations drafted and instituted to protect trees within a given jurisdiction.
Tree ordinances
True / false
Soil can hold water so tightly in micropores the ability of the tree roots to absorb the water is restricted
False
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
Water and dissolved essential minerals are transported within the tree in the _________ . The ________ conducts carbohydrates.
Xylem, phloem
Hardened off
Plans tissue that’s acclimated to the cold or a new environment.
Girdling root
Root that in circles all or parts of the trunk of the tree or other roots and constricts the vascular tissue; inhibits secondary growth and movement of water and photosynthates.
Wildlife
Animals living in a natural, underestimated state.
Acclimation
The physiological adaptation process of plants and other livings organisms to a climate or environment different from their native environment or where originally grown
Name two limitations to implants and microinjections.
Any of the following:
- limited to trees over four inches (10 cm) in diameter
- not suited for addressing macronutrient deficiencies
- resulting wounds limit ability to repeat applications
- Name five ways the trees can be adversely affected by construction.
Root injury Soil compaction Injury to trunk or branches Grade changes Excavation/severing root systems
Planting a row of palms at various depths to create a row of uniform height
A. Will not be harmful as long as the soil is Sandy and well-drained
B. Can lead to death of the deeply planted trees
C. Is acceptable due to the deep rooting of palms
D. Is recommended to achieve deep rooting in Sandy soils
B
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
Vegetative bud on the side of a stem. Contrast with terminal bud
Lateral bud
- If the soil grade on a construction site is _______, a large percentage of a trees root system might be removed. If the grade is _________, the trees roots might be suffocated.
Lowered
Raised
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
Main water and mineral conducting (unidirectional,up only) tissue in trees and other plants provides structural support arises (inward)from cambium and becomes wood after lignifying contrast with phloem
Xylem
Root pruning
1) in transplanting, the process of pre-digging the root ball to increase the density of root development.
2) in tree conservation and preservation, the process of pre-cutting roots behind the line of a planned excavation to prevent tearing and splintering of the remaining roots.
3) in tree disease management, severing tree roots to prevent disease transmission through root grafts
___ is the washing out of chemicals through the soil.
Leaching
Specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
