ISA Exam Flashcards
12- strand
for arborist ropes, a braided rope consisting of 12 strands. Mostar Corliss. There are two types of 12 – strand construction: a tight braid that is not easily splice able, used for climbing and rigging lines: and a loose, Easily spliceable braid, commonly used for slings.
Hinge cut
Sequence of cuts used to control the direction of the limb being removed.
Balance
In rigging, a technique for lowering a limb without allowing either end to drop.
Bend ratio
Ratio of the diameter of a branch, sheave, or other object to the diameter of the rope that is wrapped around it.
Bollard
Post on which wraps can be taken with the rope to tie it off or to provide friction for control.
Climbing Spurs
Sharp devices strap two climbers lower legs to assisting climbing poles or trees being removed. Also called spikes, gaffes, irons, hooks, or climbers.
Bight
Curve or arc in a rope between working and the standing part.
Friction hitch
Any of numerous knots used in tree climbing or rigging that may alternately slide along and then grip the rope.
Clove hitch
KNot used to secure a rope to an object.
Footlock
Method of asending a rope by wrapping the rope around the feet. See secured Footlock.
Butt – hitching
Method of lowering pieces when the rigging point is below the work, traditionally without the use of the block.
Aerial rescue
Method of bringing an injured worker down from a tree or aerial lift device.
Climbing saddle (harness)
Work positioning harness designed for climbing trees.
Landing zone
Predetermined area were cut branches or wood sections will be dropped or lowered from a tree. See drop zone.
Back cut
Cut made on a tree trunk or branch, opposite from them toward the notch, face cut, or undercut, to complete filling or branch removal.
Design factor
Factor by which the rated or minimum breaking strength of a rope or piece of equipment is divided by in determining it’s working load limit.
Drop cut
Branch removal technique consisting of an undercut and then a top cut, usually made farther out on the branch, or with a chainsaw, directly over the undercut.
Hinge
Strip of uncut wood fibers created between the face cut or not she and the back cut that helps control direction and tree felling or limb removal. Holding wood.
16- strand
For arborist ropes, a braided rope that has a 16 strand load – bearing cover and the filler core that is not significant and load carrying.
24-strand
For arborist ropes, a braided rope that has a 24 – strand cover and is available and double – sprayed or Kern mantle construction.
Block
1) heavy duty pulley used and rigging. Design for dynamic loading.
2) casing in closing one or more parallel pulleys.
Friction device
Device used to take wraps and a load line to provide friction for controlled lowering or climbing.
Double braid
Rope construction consisting of a braided rope within a braided rope, both of which carry part of the load.
Hollow braid
Rope construction consisting of a braided rope with no core.
Bend
Type of knot used to join two rope ends together. Contrast with hitch.
Climbing hitch
Hit used to secure a tree climber to the climbing line, which permits controlled assent, decent, and work positioning.
Blakes hitch
Friction knot climbers use, sometimes in place of the tautline hitch or prusik knot.
Ascender
Piece of gear that enables a climber to ascend the rope. Attached to the rope, it will grip in one direction(down) and slide in the other ( up)
3- strand
Rope construction which three strands are twisted together and a spiral pattern.
Cycles to failure
Number of times a rope or other piece of equipment can be used with the given load before mechanical failure.
Half hitch
Simple knot used to temporarily attach a line to an object. Also used as a back up in combination with other knots.
Climbing line
Rope that meets specifications for use in tree climbing.
Arborist block
Heavy duty pulley with an integrated connection point (bushing for attaching a rope sling), A rotating sheave for the rope, and extended chic plates. used in tree rigging operations.
Drop zone
Predetermined area where cut branches or would sections will be dropped or lowered from a tree. See you landing zone.
Carabiner
Connecting device. Oblong metal ring used in climbing and static rigging that is opened and closed with the spring-loaded gate. Contrast with snap.
Figure 8 knot
Particular not tied as the safety not or stop or not at the end of the line.
Access line
1) Second climbing line hung in the tree in case it is needed to reach a victim in an emergency.
2) climbing line installed in the tree to gain access to, but not used to work in, the tree.
Dynamic loading
Forces created by moving load. Load that changes with time and motion.
Butt-tie
Tying off a limb at the butt (larger) end for rigging.
Body – thrust
Method of asending a tree using a climbing rope.
Kerf
Slit or cut made by a saw in a log. Space created by a saw cut.
Hitch
1) type of knot made when a rope is secured around an object or its own standing part. Contrast with bend.
2) mechanical device for connecting a towing vehicle to a trailer or towed vehicle or implement.
- Name the four factors required for a treat disease.
A. The tree must be susceptible to the pathogen.
B. The pathogen must be present.
C.The environment must be suitable for disease development.
D.The timing of the overlap of these factors dictates the severity of the disease. So time is the fourth factor.
- Name five insect pests of trees with chewing mouthparts. Name five with piercing or sucking mouth parts.
Chewing Piercing/sucking
A caterpillars A aphids
B. Webworms. B Adelgids
C. Sawfly larvae C scales
D. Beetles D leafhoppers
E. Weevils E Psyllids
Trunk flare
Transition zone from trunk to routes where the trunk expands into the buttress or structural roots. Root flare.
Nematode
Microscopic roundworm. Many are beneficial organisms, but some feed on plant tissues and may cause disease or damage.
Acute
Disorder or disease that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time. Contrast with chronic.
Aerobic
With oxygen. Process that occurs in the presence of oxygen.
Vector
1) in pathology , biotic or abiotic agent that transmits a pathogen.2) in mechanics or rigging, quantity that has both magnitude and direction( e.g. , Force)
Anaerobic
Without oxygen. Process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Sample test questions:
1. A condition characterized by a cluster of dwarf shoots on affected twigs is called
Witches’-broom
Chronic
Disorder or disease occurring over a long period of time. Contrast with acute.
Tree stress
Factor that negatively affects the health of the plant: a factor that stimulates a response.
Frost crack
Vertical split in the wood of the tree, generally near the base of the bowl, caused by internal stresses and low temperatures. Radial shake.
Leaf spot
Patches of disease or other damage on plant foliage.
- Damage caused by nonliving factors tend to be
A. Uniform with definite borders
- Curling and cupping of the foliage, and parallel Venation, our common symptoms of__damage.
Herbicide
Phytotoxicity
Quality of being phytotoxic.
Pathogen
Causal agent of disease. Usually refers to micro organisms.
- Twig died back from periodical cicadas is primarily a result of
A. Ovipositing ( egg laying)
Symptom
Plant reaction to a disease or disorder(e.g.,wilting, Dybeck). Contrast with sign.
- Scale damage to plants is the result of
C. Vascular damage from fungal invasion
Leaf blotch
Irregularly shaped areas of disease on plant foliage.
- True/false – vascular diseases of trees are rarely fatal.
False
- Leave scorch, girdling roots, and mineral deficiencies are examples of___disorders.
Abiotic
- Plant damage associated with the sap – feeding insect pests might appear as
B. Distorted leaves or shoots
Frass
Fecal material and/or wood shavings produced by insects.
Complex
Combination of factors contributing to the stress or decline of the tree.
- True/false – mites are not actually insects.
True
Skeletonized
Leave feeding damage caused by insects(Skeletonizers), characterized by the loss of tissue between the leaf veins.
Systemic
(1)substance that moves throughout an organism after it is absorbed.2)any condition, disease, disorder, or past that affects the entire organism.
- True/false – pollution damage is often difficult to diagnose because the symptoms may mimic other problems such as insect injury and mineral deficiencies.
True
Canker
Localized diseased area on stems, roots, and branches. Often shrunken and discolored.
- Insects that carry plant pathogens are said to be____.
Vectors
Scorch
Browning and shriveling of foliage., Especially at the leave margin.
Blight
Any disease or disorder, regardless of the causal agent, that kills young plant tissues.
Abiotic disorder
Plant malady caused by nonliving environmental or man-made agents
Witches’-broom
Plant disorder characterized by a shortening of the internodes and a pro liferation of terminal shoots forming a dense, brush like mass of twigs.
Gummosis
Exudation of sap or gum from the Bark, often in response to disease or insect damage.
- True/false – if a tree declines or dies within the first year following installation, I likely causes excess or insufficient water.
True
Chapter 10 Workbook
1. true/false – information about the trees history and symptoms gain from a homeowner can always be considered accurate.
False
Honeydew
Sugary substance secreted by certain insects, including aphids and some scale insects, when feeding on plants.
- True/false – diseases that affect only the foliage of the tree maybe not be a serious problem unless defoliation occurs in several consecutive years.
True
Powdery mildew
Any of various fungi of the genus Erysiphe, that produce powdery conidia that appear is white, fuzzy coating on the upper leave surfaces, often causing distortion of the leaf.
Stunting
Growth reduction of organisms, specificallyplants or plant parts.
Biotic disorder
Disorder caused by an infectious living agent.
Sooty mold
Fungus that appears as the black coating on the surface of leaves, fruits, branches, and other services often found growing on sugary honey do excreted by aphids.
Chlorosis
Whitish or yellowish leave discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll. Often caused by nutrient deficiency.
- Name five causes of physical or mechanical injuries to trees.
A. Lightning B. Lawn mower, weed whippers C. Vandalism D. Construction E. Cars
Decay
(1) (noun) an area of wood that is undergoing decomposition.(2)(verb) decomposition of organic tissues by fungi or bacteria.
Rust
Disease caused by a certain group of fungi and characterized by reddish brown spots on the foliage and or the formation of stem galls
Vascular discoloration
Darkening of the vascular tissues of woody plants in response to disease.
- Fire blight is an example of a disease caused by a___.
Bacteria
Dieback
Condition in which the branches on the tree crown die from the tips toward the center.
Gall
Abnormal swelling of plant tissues caused by a gall wasps, mites, Nematodes, and various insects and less commonly by fungi or bacteria.
- Insect damage to trees is usually the result of feeding or__ ___.
Egg laying
- True/false – the pathogens that cause plant diseases are primarily fungi.
True
Sign
Physical evidence of a causal agent (e.g.,insect eggs, borer hole, frAss). Contrast with symptom
Necrosis
Localized death of tissue in a living organism.
- A common mistake and diagnosis is to carefully examine the above ground portion of the tree, while ignoring the___.
Roots
- If the tree is not well-suited for the site in which it has been planted, it may become____, predisposing it to other problems.
Stressed
- Most fungi cause plant disease.
True
Allelopathy
Chemical affect or inhibition of growth or development of plants that is induced by alellochemicals.
- _____Is the chemical inhibition of growth and development of one plant by another.
Allelopathy
Noninfectious
Disorders that are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be passed from one host to another.
Physiological disorder
Implants, a disorder not directly caused by an insect, pathogen, or injury.
Wilt
1)(noun) loss of turgor and subsequence drooping of leaves and young stems: a symptom.2) (noun) infectious disease caused by a particular agent on a particular host or range of hosts.3) (verb) to lose turgor.
Defoliation
Lots of leaves from a tree or other plant by biological or mechanical means.
11.microscopic worms that sometimes feed on trees and may carry diseases are called____.
Nematodes
Infectious
Capable of being spread two plants from other plants or organisms.
Come along
Manually operated winch type device used to bring two limbs together, using bark protection if possible.
Lag I
Lag threaded cable anchor with a closed I.
thimble
In cabling a device used to form and protects the termination loop in the cable. Or device used to increase the bend radius of and reduce where on a rope when attached to hardware.
Eyebolt
Cable anchor with a closed I usually machine threaded. Only dropforged I bolts are accepted and approved for tree support systems in the United States.
- The two types of rods commonly used to brace a tree are__–__ __And_–__ __.
Lag threaded rods and machine threaded rods
- Name three circumstances in which lightning protection for trees might be recommended
A
B
C
A- trees that are close to houses were other buildings and that are much taller than the building are trees that should be considered for protection.
B- trees of historic interest and high economic value are also good candidates for lightning protection.
C- trees that are more prone to strikes and are located within recreational areas parks golf courses or other areas where people congregate should be considered for lightning protection.
Bend radius
Radius of cable bend around a thimble, creates a loop.
Lag hook /J hook
Lag threaded cable anchor with an open I (J shaped)
1 workbook . Codominant stems are often considered the weakest part of a healthy tree. Do split , decayed, multi stemmed , and branch unions with included bark , need to be additionally supported?
Yes, cabling, bracing, propping, And guying may help extend life and health, values of the tree.
Extra high strength cable
Much stronger but less flexible.
4.if a lag hook is installed into decayed wood the
D- all of the above
- True/false – when more than one cable is installed on the same limb the hardware should be spaced at least as far apart as the diameter of the limb.
True
- A phenomenon in which lightning travels down the stem for a distance and then leaves the tree jumping to a more conductive tree structure person or animal is called__ __.
Side flash
- The purpose of the lightning protection system is to
D. All of the above
Machine threaded rod
Bracing rod with a fine thread pattern that is used with a nut and washer and installed through predrilled hole that is larger in diameter them the Rod. Contrast with lag threaded rod.
- If a tree has a crown radius smaller than__feet ( ___m) , only one conductor is required.
35 feet or 10 m
- Richard structures mounted or built on the ground to support a branch or trunk or called___.
Props
- Dead end hardware such as____ ___Or___ ____Can be used as anchors and smaller branches that are not decayed.
Eyebolts or threaded rods with amon eye nuts.
Ground terminal
Either a ground rod or ground plate. Used in grounding a tree lightning protection system.
Dynamic cable system
Nonrigid synthetic fiber support systems. Allows for more tree sway
peen
Act of bending rounding or flattening the end of through hardware for the purpose of preventing the nut from backing off.
- A___is used to form the eye at the end of the cable
Thimble
Propping
Rigid brace acting in compression to support a tree tree branch or utility pole. Prop pool. Contrast with guy.
Static cable system
Cabling system that utilizes rigid materials such as rods and steel cable to limit movement and provide constant support of limbs.
- ____Is the installation of the cable between the tree and an External anchor to provide supplemental support reduced tree movement.
guying
Ground rod
Metal rod used in grounding a tree lightning protection system
3 and #4 workbook. 1)What is the primary mechanism used by arborist for decades to provide support in trees all over the world ? 2)as a general rule cable should be installed ______–_____The distance from the week branch union to the top of the tree. As long as the wood is solid and large enough to install the hardware.
1)Cabling. With it goes all sorts of hardware that is dictated by tree size. 2) two thirds
Anchor hardware
Passes through the limb and is fastened on opposite side. Preferred hardware for cAble attachment.
7 strand common grade cable
Is relatively malleable (bendable) , and easy to work with. 3/16- 3/8” are common
Guying
Installing a guy and associated anchor
Workbook continued-
5. Limbs may be brought closer together while installing the cable so that when released the cable will be just_____.
Taut
Cable stop
Metal knobs affixed to steel cable ends protruding through the drilled hole in a host limb or stem.
- If two brazing rods are installed to support a week union they should be placed
C. staggered and no closer together than the diameter of the trunk
- When bracing a tree with the machine threaded rod the pre-drilled a hole should be approximately 1/16 to 1/8 inch__than the diameter of the rod.
Larger
- _ _ _ Allow for more trees sway and acting restraint only when environmental conditions demand it.
Dynamic cable systems
2 workbook. Why Should a tree be carefully analyzed when deciding to install tree support systems?
Because a tree may have other problems from the top down to the roots which must warrant it from a standpoint of real value and effectiveness that it will have. If it needs more work and cost than it’s worth, it’s a chip pile!
Amon -eye nut
Anchor hardware, horshoe shaped nut for threading onto bolt. Like a nut.
Side flash
Phenomenon of a lightning strike leaving its current path and jumping to reach a better grounded conductor.
Aircraft cable
19 strands of galvanized wire , Australia and u. k. Both strong and flexible.
Cable grip
Device used to grip the cable and help the arborist pull the cable for tensioning or attaching to anchor hardware.
Conductor
Copper cable connected to the air terminal, which runs down a main branch and the trunk. ( lightning protection system)
Extra high-strength cable
EH S cable is much stronger but less flexible than common grade cable both are available in a range of sizes between 3/16 inch to three eights inch and are commonly used in trees.
- In Decayed wood or limbs greater than 8 inches in diameter__ __or __ _ with__–___ ___ must be used to attach gables
Eyebolts ,or threaded rods ,Amon -eye nuts
Sample test questions:
1.an advantage of the Amon I system over the use of an eye bolt is:
B. The links of the rod can be adjusted
- EH S cable should be attached to hardware using__–__ __.
Dead-end grip
Lag threaded rod
Bracing rod with a coarse thread pattern that is typically screwed into a pre-drilled a hole that is smaller in diameter than the anchor or Rod. Contrast with machine threaded rod.
Dead-end grip
Manufactured spiral wrap designed to form a termination at the end of the seven strand EH S cable
Cable aid
Used to spread open thimbles, tighten lags, and help wrap dead end grips onto the cable.
I splice
In cabling a close termination loop hand formed in common grade cable by wrapping the successive strands back up on the standing part to attach the cable to anchor hardware. Number two splice that forms a close or loop.
- The main conductor of the lightning protection system is a cable made of___.
Copper
Air terminal
Blunt tip, top end of tree lightning protection system and is intended to intercept lightning strike
Threaded rod
Metal rod used to support weak sections or crotches of the tree. Also called bracing rod.
- True/false – the installation of metal cables if done properly will not wound the tree.
True
Step up voltage
Significant difference in electrical potential which can lead to electrocution if contacted simultaneously.
Ship auger
Type of drill bit with an open spiral form. Used to drill holes and trees for cable are bracing installation.
- When cabling a multi-stemmed tree extra support can be added to the system by
A-cabling the limbs together and triangular combinations
Frond
Large divided leaf structures found in palms and ferns
T or F: as a general rule, mature trees are less tolerant of severe pruning than juvenile trees
True
To maximize flowering, plants that bloom on current seasons wood should be pruned prior to _____, or in the summer after Bloom has occurred. Plants that bloom on last seasons wood should be pruned just after _____.
Leaf emergence, bloom
Pollarding
Specialty pruning technique in which a tree with a large maturing form is kept relatively short. starting on a young tree, internodal cuts are made at a chosen height, resulting in the development of callus knobs at the cut height. Requires regular, usually annual, removal of the sprouts arising from the cuts.
Heading
Cutting a shoot back to a bud or cutting branches back to buds, stubs, or lateral branches not large enough to assume apical dominance. Cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub in order to meet a structural objective.
When practical, temporary lower branches should be left on a young tree to help develop trunk _______.
Taper
Restoration
Pruning to improve the structure, form, and appearance of trees that have been improperly trimmed, vandalized, or damaged.
Management and planting to restore altered or damaged ecosystems or landscapes.
T or F: even the removal of 25% of the canopy of a large, mature tree can be stressful to the tree.
True
Included bark
Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or between codominant stems. Causes a weak structure.
when pruning a branch from a tree, the final cut should be
A. Flush with the parent stem
B. At a 45 degree angle to the parent stem
C. Parallel to the branch bark ridge
D. Just outside the branch collar
D
Lateral
Secondary or subordinate branch or root
Leader
Primary terminal shoot or trunk of the tree. Large, usually upright stem. A stem that dominates a portion of the crown by suppressing lateral branches.
To prune trees that flower on the previous years growth and maximize flowering, you should prune a. Any time during the dormant season B. Shortly after flowering C. In late summer after seed formation D. In the fall, just after leaf drop
B
Watersprout
Upright, epicormic shoot arising from the trunk or branches of a plant above the root graft or soil line. Incorrectly called a sucker.
Scaffold branch
permanent or structural branches that form the scaffold architecture or structure of a tree
T or F: Codominant stems can represent a structurally unstable branch configuration, especially if there is included bark in the junction
True
Wound dressing
Compound applied to tree wounds or Pruning cuts.
Antigibberellin
Plant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone gibberellin, which, among other things, regulates cell elongation.
Reduction
Pruning to decrease height and or spread of a branch or crown.
_______
Includes crown cleaning as well selective removal of branches to increase late penetration and air movement into the crown of the tree.
Thinning
When it comes to pruning, as a rule, mature trees are
A. More tolerant of extremes then young trees
B. Not tolerant of severe pruning
C. Capable of tolerating heading
D. Unlikely to produce watersprouts
B
______ _______ is bark that gets pushed inside the branch union as two branches grow and develop.
Included bark
Branch protection zone
Chemically and physically modified tissue within the trunk or parent branch at the base of the smaller, subordinate branch that retards the spread of discoloration and decay from the subordinate stem into the trunk or parent branch
ANSI A300
In the United States, industry developed, national consensus standards of practice for tree care
_______ _________ is The removal of dead, dying and weak branches from a tree.
Crown cleaning
Temporary branch
In structural pruning of young trees, branches, generally the lower branches, that are left in place or subordinated but will be removed later in forming the permanent scaffold framework of the tree. Contrast with permanent branches.
When pruning palms, if older, live fronds must be removed, avoid removing fronds that initiate above ______.
Horizontal
Crown cleaning
In pruning, the selective removal of dead, dying, disease, and broken branches from the tree crown.
Subordinate
Verb: Proven to reduce the size of the ensuing growth of a branch in relation to other branches or leaders.
Adjective: dominated by other trees, branches, or parts; suppressed.
apical control
Inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down, by apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form.
Caution must be taken not to create an effect known as ______ ______which is caused by excessive removal of inner laterals and foliage
Lion tailing
If the height of a tree must be reduced,
A. Branches should be removed at their point of origin or to a lateral large enough to assume the terminal role
B. All cuts should be made at internodes to avoid cutting through buds
C. The tree should be root pruned to compensate for foliage loss
D. All of the above
A
Three adverse effects of topping include
Excessive water sprout development
Weak branch attachment
Unnatural growth form
Thinning
And pruning, the selectiveremoval of live branches to provide light or air penetration through the tree or to lighten the weight of the remaining branches
Branch bark ridge
Raised strip of bark at the top of the branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
T or F: research on wound dressings shows that their use prevents decay.
False
Name two ways plant growth regulators are used by arborists
Reduce growth
Restrict sucker growth
Lion tailing
Poor pruning practice in which an excessive number of branches are thinned from the inside and lower part of specific limbs of a tree crown leaving mostly terminal foliage. Results in poor branch taper, poor wind load distribution, and a higher risk of branch failure. Also refers to a haircut I give my cats every spring.
When training young trees, a single central leader should be selected and competing leaders should be removed or_______.
Subordinated
Raising
Selective pruning to provide vertical clearance
When pruning young trees it is important to train for a dominant leader and well space to scaffold branches so that A. Future pruning can be minimized B. The tree will be structurally strong C. Codominant branching can be avoided D. All of the above
D
Utility pruning
Pruning around or near utility facilities with the object of maintaining safe and reliable utility service.
Compartmentalization
Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms. See CODIT
Internodal
Between the nodes in a stem
Branch collar
Area where a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the base of the branch.
Topping
Inappropriate pruning technique to reduce tree size. Cutting back a tree to a predetermined crown limit, often at internodes.
Three adverse effects of lion tailing are
Uneven foliage distribution
Sunburned bark tissue
Weekend branch structure
_______is Best accomplished by cutting limbs back to laterals that are large enough to sustain the remaining branch and assume the terminal role.
Reduction
The swollen area at the base of the branch where it arises from the trunk is called the ______ _______.
Branch collar
Codominant stem
forked stems nearly the same size and diameter, arising from a common junction and lacking in normal branch union.
Structural pruning
Pruning to establish a strong arrangement or system of scaffold branches.
T or F: trees that tend to bleed should never be pruned in the early spring because doing so is likely to cause a major decline in vigor.
False
Vista pruning
Selective pruning to enable a view from a predetermined point
Two limbs that arise from apical buds on the same stem are known as ______, and are both extensions of the stem below.
Codominant stems/branches
Permanent branch
In structural pruning of young trees, branches that will be left in place, often forming the initial scaffold framework of the tree. Contrast with temporary branches.
Pruning when trees are _______can minimize the risk of past problems associated with wound entry and allow trees to take advantage of the full growing season to begin closing and compartmentalizing wounds.
Dormant
Reduction cut
Pruning cut that reduces the links of a branch or stem back to a lateral branch large enough to assume apical dominance.
_____ ______ _______ are substances, usually effective in small quantities, which enhance or alter the growth and development of a plant.
Plant growth regulators
T or F: in the absence of included bark, the relative size of a branch in relation to the trunk is more important for strength of branch attachment then is the angle of attachment.
True
Because pruning remove leaves and reduces the overall photosynthetic capacity of a tree, it also reduces _________.
Growth
Name five common reasons for removing limbs from trees.
Dead Diseased Hazardous Crossing Thinning for light or air penetration Weight reduction Size reduction Obstructing signs, views, clearance etc
Plant growth regulator
Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and or development of plans. Maybe naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic.
Espalier
Noun: Specialized technique of pruning and trimming plants to grow within a plane such as along a wall or fence. Noun: plant trained in that manner. Verb: To train plants in that manner.
Plant with xylem and phloem elements for conducting water nutrients and photosynthates
Vascular plant
Primary taxonomic group, separating plants from animals
Kingdom
Naturally occurring subdivision of a species having a distinct difference and breeding true to that difference compare to cultivar
Variety
Term describing a leaf margin without teeth.
Entire
Group of plants within a species having distinct differences that occur naturally and usually within. Specific geographic region
Subspecies
Group of plants within a species having distinct variations that occur sporadically and naturally
Forma
Leaves of a plant
Foliage
Phylum. Taxonomic group below the kingdom level but above the class level
Division
Study of the form and structure of plants and other living organisms contrast with taxonomy
Morphology
Taxonomic group, composed of species having similar fundamental traits. Botanical classification under the family level and above specific epithet level
Genus
Scientific naming system for living organisms. Scientific names are Latin (or Latinized forms of other languages) and written in italics, the genus first ( always starting with capital letter) followed by the specific epithet(species always starting with lowercase letter) e.g., Quercus alba
Nomenclature
Taxonomic group of organisms composed of individuals of the same genus that can reproduce among themselves and have similar offspring
Species
Taxonomic group under the order level and above the genus level
Family
Plant with an embryo that has one seed leaf (cotyledon). Examples are grasses and palms contrast with dicotyledon
Monocotyledon
Single bladed leaf. Not composed of leaflets. Contrast with compound leaf
Simple leaf
Primary taxonomic group within a kingdom. Division
Phylum
Pertaining to leaf or branch arrangement, leaves or branches situated two at each node, across from each other on the stem contrast with alternate and whorled
Opposite
Leaf with two or more leaflets contrast with simple leaf
Compound leaf
Tip of the leaf blade
Leaf apex
Outer edge of the leaf blade
Leaf margin
Taxonomic group below the class level but above the family level
Order
Plant resulting from a cross between two or more other plants that are more or less alike
Hybrid
Science that studies the description, denomination, and classification of living organisms based on their similarities and differences. Contrast with morphology
Taxonomy
Classification name that follows the genus name in scientific nomenclature
Specific epithet
Taxonomic group below the division level but above the order level
Class
Cultivated variety of a plant. Cannot be reproduced without human assistance. Usually propagated a sexually(cloned) compare to variety.
Cultivar
Type of compound leaf with veins or leaflets radiating in a fan like pattern contrast with bi pinnate and pinnate
Palmate
Pertaining to bud or leaf arrangement, one leaf or bud at each node. Situated at alternating positions along the stem. In this arrangement, the leaves are not directly across from each other. Contrast with opposite and whorled.
Alternate
Plant with two cotyledons in its embryo; netted or palmate leaf veins; and flowers with three, four or five petals in multiples of these numbers contrast with monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
Bottom part of the leaf blade
Leaf base
Cone bearing tree or other plant that has its seeds in a structure called a cone
Conifer
Type of compound leaf, with leaflets along each side of a common axis. Contrast with bipinnate and palmate
Pinnate
Sawtooth margin of a leaf, with the teeth pointed forward
Serrate
Diagnostic aid to help identify plants and other organisms
Identification key
In physiology plant part that produces carbohydrates. Mature leaves are these
Source
- managing large populations of trees under the common urban pressures and financial restraints of a municipality requires a strong, well-thought-out __________ ________.
Management plan
Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as gravity (geotropism) or light (phototropism)
Tropism
True/False - Although a tree may be considered hardy in a given area, it may decline or die if the roots are unprotected.
True
Water that drains from the macropores is called_____ water. Following drainage ,the soil is said
to be at____ _____.
Gravitational water
field capacity
Wire basket
Type of metal basket used to support the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree or a tree dug with a tree spade.
Bare root
Opposite of B&B. Tree removed from ground for replanting without soil around the roots.
Tree ordinance
Tree – specific legal document that defines a public agencies authority, describes required conditions or actions, establishes penalties for non-conformance, and identifies who is responsible for enforcement an oversight.
Carbon sequestration
Capturing and long-term storage of carbon most often used in reference to the capturing of atmospheric carbon dioxide through biological chemical or physical processes. Trees sequester carbon through photosynthesis.
Liquid injection fertilization
Applying liquid formulations of fertilizer by injection into the root zone of a tree.
1) trees are generally available from the nursery in one of four forms: A. B. C. D.
A. Balled and burlapped
B. Bare root
C. Container grown
D. Containerized
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Fertilization recommendations should be based on ___.
Element requirements
- List three environmental benefits of trees.
Any of the following:
- improve air quality
- sequester carbon, reducing greenhouse effect
- conserve energy by protecting surroundings from sun and wind
- cool the air three transpiration
- reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion
- provide habitat for wildlife
- An important action that should be taken at the start of a construction project is to erect _______around all of the trees that are to remain.
Fences/barriers
Process of increasing plant numbers both sexually and a sexually
Propagation
If fertilizer “burn” or leaching are potential problems, it may be desirable to use a ___-___ fertilizer.
Slow-release
- The urban forest provides ________ and food for a wide range of wildlife.
Habitat
- Written _________ should detail exactly what can and cannot be done to and around the trees.
Specifications
Bare root trees are normally planted when blank before buds begin to grow
Dormant
A soil test may not identify a nutrient deficiency problem in a plant because
A. the tests are not reliable
B. the nutrient content can change after collecting
C. the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something may be inhibiting uptake
D. no one knows which levels of nutrients in soils are adequate
C. the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something may be inhibiting uptake
Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem. Branches and roots of some trees. In temperate zones the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings.
Growth rings
Arborists should be involved early in the construction planning process because…
A. Tree preservation measures should be in the specifications
B. once construction has begun, it may be too late to save the trees
C. There is often little arborists can do to treat construction damage
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Trees that are dug in the nursery are often wrapped with ______to help keep the root ball intact and reduce exposure of the roots to air
Burlap
The macronutrient ___ is a constituent of chlorophyll and, if deficient, can cause reduced growth and yellowing of the foliage.
Nitrogen
Stalk or support axis of leaf
Petiole
Compound combing carbon hydrogen and oxygen and that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis. sugars and starches
Carbohydrate
Increase in root and stem girth or diameter. Occurs at lateral meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots
Secondary growth
Exfoliating bark
Flaking or peeling bark
- True/false – the largest, most mature trees are not always the best candidates for preservation.
True
Geographic information system(GIS)
Computer application used to store, view, and analyze geographical information, typically maps.
Hardscape
Constructed in animate elements of a landscape, such as walls, pathways, and seats made of wood, stone, and\or other materials.
Wilting, marginal burning, and dieback may be symptoms of excess ___ ___ in the root zone.
Fertilizer salts
Prescription fertilization
Philosophy of basing fertilization recommendations on plant needs.
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
Organic
In chemistry, a substance containing carbon. In an applied arboriculture context, a substance, especially a fertilizer or pesticide, of animal or vegetable origin.
- True/false – increasing awareness of an urban forestry program’s benefits and goals with key policy makers is critical for maintaining funding when city budgets are tight.
True
- Urban for street is the management of naturally occurring and planted trees and associated plants in urban areas. Arboriculture focuses on the ______; urban for street focuses on the_______, or larger populations of trees in urban areas.
Tree, Forest
Parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport storage structural strength and defense
Ray
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
True or false: digging a tree for transplanting can remove as much as 90% of the absorbing roots
True
Fastigiate trees have a growth form that is A. Upright B. Weeping C. Overarching D. Vase-shaped
A. Upright
Organic layer
Thin layer of decomposing organic material
Top horizon of profile in an unaltered soil
Arising from a Latent adventitious bud (growth point) usually in reference to a shoot
Epicormic
Most of the fine absorbing roots are typically found near the soil surface because
It is normally Rich and organic matter
Placing gravel in the bottom of the planting hole in a clay soil site will
A. Improve drainage
B. Prevent the formation of girdling roots
C. Restrict soil space and create a perched water table
D. Improve aeration and water infiltration
C
Substance produced by a plant that in low concentrations affects physiological processes such as growth and development often at a distance from the subsequent point of origin
Plant hormone
Design criteria
1.) aspects of the landscape or site and the required functions to be served by the plant that must be considered in plant selection 2.) factors considered in the design of equipment
Balled & burlapped (B&B)
Tree or other plant Doug and removed from soil for replanting with roots and soil wrapped in burlap or burlap like fabric.
Ion
Charged particles
Minerals required for tree growth
Study of the relationships among organisms and other living and nonliving elements of their environment
Ecology
In a period of dormancy
Dormant
- Approval for a tree work _______ might be conditional upon establishing certain work procedures and clearances, requiring that all applicable standards and best management practices are followed, and requiring monitoring by a qualified arborist.
Permit
________ roots can become a problem because they can construct the vascular system in the trunk or in other roots.
Girdling
Balled & burlapped (B&B)
Tree or other plant Doug and removed from soil for replanting with roots and soil wrapped in burlap or burlap like fabric.
Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms see. CODIT
Compartmentalization
The planting whole should never be _______than the root ball
Deeper
In areas where the soil is heavy clay, plant trees with the root ball _____ to _______inches higher than the original grade.
2,3
Residential properties the trees generally…
A. Are more difficult to sell due to liability concerns
B. Command higher appraisal and sales values and similar properties without trees
C. Reduce the real estate appraisals have adjoining properties
D. Have no effect on sales or real estate appraisals
B. Command higher appraisal and sales values than similar properties without trees
- True/false – modern tree inventories are collected with paper and pencil, and the trees are leader added manually to maps of city trees.
False
Perched water table
The accumulation of water in the upper soil layer above the actual water table, resulting when draining in an area is impeded by and in permeable layer such as rock or heavy clay, or when the interface between soil layers has been stratified (ie with sharp contrast in soil pore sizes).
Balled & burlapped (B&B)
Tree or other plant Doug and removed from soil for replanting with roots and soil wrapped in burlap or burlap like fabric.
- A _______ _____________ policy statement should set out the policies for identifying, assessing, reporting, and mitigating risk.
Risk management
Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the root tips buds cambium cork cambium and latent buds
Meristem
Permit
Written order granting permission to do something.
Large divided leave structures found in palms and ferns
Fronds
Bark Tracing
Cutting away torn or injured bark to leave a smooth edge.
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
Trees to be planted under utility lines should be
A. Tolerant of heavy top pruning
B. Low-growing to remain below the lines
C. Variegated foliage losing variegation, or colored foliage tending to be greener
D. Any or all of the above
B. Low-growing to remain below the lines
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
Nematode
Type of microbes
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
The tendency for terminal buds to inhibit growth of lateral buds is called?
Apical dominance
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
When cutting through a tree with a chainsaw or drilling into a tree, you would pass through (in order) A)Bark,cambium,phloem,xylem B) bark, phloem, cambium, xylem C) bark, cambium, xylem, phloem D) bark, xylem, phloem, cambium
B) bark, phloem,cambium, xylem
Mineralization
Organic plant nutrients are converted into inorganic plant available forms
- The phases of land development are…
Planning, Design, grading, construction, maintenance.
Trees with upright growth and a strong, central leader are said to exhibit_______ growth. More rounded trees, which are often broader than they are tall, have ________ growth habits.
Excurrent, decurrent
The planting whole should never be _______than the root ball
Deeper
Risk management
Systematic application of management policies, procedures, and practices for identifying, evaluating, treating, monitoring, and communicating risk.
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
Pest resistance
In plants, the tendency to withstand or to not develop certain pest problems
Tree spade
Mechanical equipment to dig, transport, and replant trees with a sufficiently large volume of roots and soil.
Tree warden
Title given to an individual who cares for trees on public town lands, mostly used in several new England states (U. S.).
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Green building rating system developed by the U. S. Green building Council (USTBC) to provide standards for environmentally sustainable construction and building management practices.
Actinomycetes
A type of bacteria that can be symbolic with some species and play a critical role in the decomposition of organic matter to form HUMUS
Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or between co dominant stems causes a weak structure
Included bark
Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces
Sink
Many essential elements are dissolved in the soil water in the form of positively charged particles called
Cations
Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and or development of plants. May be naturally produced(hormone) or synthetically produced see plant hormone
Plant growth regulator
Long slender phloem cell in gymnosperms
Sieve cell
Staking
Supporting the tree with steaks and ties. Usually refers to newly planted trees.
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
Essential element
17 minerals essential to the growth and development of trees. These minerals are essential because plants cannot complete their lifecycle without them.
- A technique used to reduce soil compaction around trees on a construction site is to spread a temporary, thick layer of _________.
Mulch
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Leach
To wash thru the soil
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Root ball
The soil containing all, for example containerized, or a portion (B&B) of the routes that are removed with the plant one planted or transplanted.
Container grown
Tree or plant that has been grown in a container. (Contrast with B&B or bare root).
True or false: digging a tree for transplanting can remove as much as 90% of the absorbing roots
True
Adaptability
Genetic ability of plants and other living organisms to adjust or acclimate to different environments
Tree growth habit characterized by a central leader in a pyramidal crown contrast with decurrent
Excurrent
Region lying between the tropics and the poles that’s has relatively moderate temperatures
Temperate
Species diversity
Measure of the number and variety of different species found in a given area.
Wire basket
Type of metal basket used to support the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree or a tree dug with a tree spade.
The most important reason to Prune a tree when transplanting is to
A.compensate for root loss
B. Invigorate the tree
C. Reduce growth at the tips
D. Remove structurally weak or damaged branches
D
- True/false – Even where standards do not carry direct legislative authority, they may be recognized in a court of law.
True
Name four functions of the root system
Absorption, conduction, anchorage, storage, hormone production. Any four of these is correct
The ________ is a layer of meristematic cells located between the phloem and xylem.
Cambium
Containerized
Field grown plant placed in a container for a time and then sold as a potted plant, initially ground in a container.
Point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem
Leaf axil
- True/false – performing pruning and other maintenance on a cycle is likely to increase emergency calls and the potential for damage or injuries from tree failures.
False
Pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are concentrated in the early wood contrast with diffuse porous
Ring porous
Foliar application of fertilizer is sometimes used to correct ___ deficiencies.
Micronutrient
Cluster of flowers
Inflorescence
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
Name three plant characteristics that may make a tree aesthetically desirable.
Any three of the following: Flowers Attractiveness to birds Fall color Exfoliating bark Growth habit
Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport exist only in angiosperms
Sieve tube elements
- List five Allied professionals or groups that in urban forester should learn to communicate with.
Urban planners Civil engineers Public Works officials Government agencies The public
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
Area where the main roots join the plant stem usually at or near ground level root collar
Root crown
A social benefit of trees and natural areas that has been identified to research is…
A. Stress reduction from settings with trees
B. Hospital recovery times are lower if trees are visible to patients
C. Behavioral improvements in children
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Tree spade
Mechanical equipment to dig, transport, and replant trees with a sufficiently large volume of roots and soil.
Sulfur-coated urea or urea formaldehyde is sometimes included in nitrogen fertilizers because
A. slow-release forms of nitrogen are sometimes desired
B. the soil pH must be adjusted to optimize nutrient uptake
C. the soil’s buffering capacity may inhibit nitrogen absorption
D. urea is a good, natural source of phosphorus
A. slow-release gems of nitrogen are sometimes desired
The climatic factor that determines hardiness zones is A. North-South location B. Temperature, rainfall, and winds C. East-West location D. Low temperature extremes
D. Low temperature extremes
- True/false – it is better to total directly under a tree then to cut directly across the roof system of a tree when excavating for utility lines.
True
Soil compaction
Increase in bulk density and decrease in total pore space
Composting
Subjecting organic matter to decay and decomposition processes.
- To maintain species diversity in the urban forest, a common guideline is to aim for densities not to exceed____percent from a single plant family,____Percent of a single gene us, and____percent of a single species.
30, 20, 10
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
Symbiotic
Fungi and roots benefit from the relationship
A 50 pound (23kg) bag of 20-10-5 fertilizer contains ___ pounds (or ___ kg) of actual nitrogen.
10 pounds, 4.6 kg
Fertilizer analysis
Percentage of primary elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] of a fertilizer.
Plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of the bark. Just outside the cambium is bidirectional( transports up and down) contrast with xylem
Phloem
Tree wrap
Material used to wrap the trunks of newly planted or transplanted trees or to protect thin barked mature trees when they are newly exposed to the sun.
____________ is the loss of water vapor from the leaves.
Transpiration
The green color of leaves is created by the presence of __________ ,which is necessary for photosynthesis to take place.
Chlorophyll
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
Girdling root
Root that in circles all or parts of the trunk of the tree or other roots and constricts the vascular tissue; inhibits secondary growth and movement of water and photosynthates.
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Thin walked living cells essential in photosynthesis radial transport energy storage and production of protective compounds
Parenchyma cells
Water holding capacity
Soils with a large percentage of micropores
Roots at the trunk base that helps support the tree and equalize mechanical stress
Buttress root
T or F: in general, palms are easy to transplant.
True
Drum lace
Method of tying the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree for moving.
Tree island
Enclosed planting bed surrounding a tree, often within a paved area or adjacent to a street.
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide are called…
A. Standards
B. Best management practices
C. Specifications
D. Ordinances
B. Best management practices
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
A major that can be taken to minimize compaction on a construction site is…
A. Watering the site thoroughly before equipment is brought in.
B. Permanently raising the soil grade to protect tree roots.
C. Spreading a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site.
D. Root pruning the trees in advance.
C. Spreading a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
The process by which chemical energy, stored as sugar and starch, is released is called __________
Respiration
Chlorosis
Whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll. Often caused by nutrient deficiency.
- The __________ program was created by the Green Building Council to establish a set of standards for building and development certification to encourage energy efficiency, conservation of resources, and improved air and water quality.
LEED
Chelate
Chemical compound that keeps plant nutrients [usually iron (Fe)] soluble and available for plant absorption over a broad range of pH.
Rounded or spreading growth habit of the Tree crown contrast with excurrent
Decurrent
____ ____ modifies the effects of soil texture as the soil particles form clumps or aggregates
Soil structure
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
Nutrient cycling
Process of decomposing by soil organisms
As seasons pass plant parts die and returned to soil
Root pruning
1) in transplanting, the process of pre-digging the root ball to increase the density of root development.
2) in tree conservation and preservation, the process of pre-cutting roots behind the line of a planned excavation to prevent tearing and splintering of the remaining roots.
3) in tree disease management, severing tree roots to prevent disease transmission through root grafts
End to end tube like water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms
Vessels
Bare root
Opposite of B&B. Tree removed from ground for replanting without soil around the roots.
Root and stem growth in length. Occurs and the apical meristems and lateral meristems of all vascular plants
Primary growth
Naturalized species
Non-native species that has become established in a region and propagates without human assistance
Symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of a plant
Mycorrhizae
- List three social benefits of the trees.
Any of the following:
- reduce stress and mental fatigue
- enhance mental health
- hands recuperation rates
- reduced psychological precursors to crime
- enhance community pride
- heal and restore communities
- increase recreational opportunities
Above ground roots usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions
Aerial roots
Plant with an embryo that has one seed leaf (cotyledon) examples are grasses and palms contrast with dicotyledon
Monocotyledon(Monocot)
What is the biggest problem with deep root fertilization?
Fertilizer is placed below the absorbing roots.
Capillary water
Water that is held in micropores
Specification
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide work.
When transplanting a tree the root ball should be______ to ______ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general, a root ball depth of______ to ______ should be sufficient.
10 to 12 inches; 2.5 to 3 feet
Implant
Device, capsule, or pellet inserted into the tree’s xylem system to treat or prevent diseases, disorders, or pest problems. Requires a relatively large diameter and deep hole in the trunk.
The process in which ions of essential elements washdown through the soil profile and are lost is called
Leaching
Water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves
Transpiration
In temperate climates, the 2 best times to transplant most trees are ____ _____and _____.
Early spring and fall
___ is the ability of a tree to withstand low temperatures and winter stresses in a given site.
Hardiness
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
- True/false – there is far more that an arborist can do to treat trees that have been damaged by construction then to prevent the damage.
False
- _________ is the ability to maintain ecological, social, and economic benefits over time.
Sustainability
Native species
Plants indigenous to a region. Naturally occurring and not introduced by man.
Pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of a stomate see stomata due to a change in water pressure within cells
Guard cells
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
Planting a row of palms at various depths to create a row of uniform height
A. Will not be harmful as long as the soil is Sandy and well-drained
B. Can lead to death of the deeply planted trees
C. Is acceptable due to the deep rooting of palms
D. Is recommended to achieve deep rooting in Sandy soils
B
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
Specifications
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide work.
The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it such as bark
Periderm
Mycorrhizae are? A) collar rot fungi B) elongated underground stems producing sucker sprouts C) a symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots D) cells in which photosynthesis takes place
C) a symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots
If a particular disease is known to be a problem, a tree species or cultivar should be selected that is ___ to that disease.
Resistant
- List four types of data that are typically collected in a tree inventory.
Species Diameter Location Condition codes Maintenance codes Notes
The growth rings of many trees A) are visible because of the rapid growth rate of early wood relative to latewood B) can be counted to approximate a trees age C) can give information about growing conditions in previous years D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Central vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity
Tap root
Staking
Supporting the tree with steaks and ties. Usually refers to newly planted trees.
Complex carbohydrate found in the cellular walls of the majority of plants and algae and certain fungi
Cellulose
Trees that are dug in the nursery are often wrapped with ______to help keep the root ball intact and reduce exposure of the roots to air
Burlap
Saline soil
Excess levels of soluble salts in soils
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
A tree may not respond immediately to fertilizer application if
A. a slow-release fertilizer was applied
B. there is inadequate soil moisture
C. the tree is not actively growing
D. all of the above
D. All of the above
Humus
Decomposition of organic material
Fine fibrous roots that take up water and materials most absorbing roots are within the top 12 inches of soil
Absorbing roots
Tunneling
Digging, often with special machinery and shoring or other supports, below the surface of the ground with an open trench. Alternative for installation of underground utilities that avoids cutting of tree roots or damage to hard scape or existing utilities.
Staking or guying when planting a tree is
A. Done only for bare root trees
B. Not necessary for trees greater than 6 inches diameter
C. Not always required or necessary
D. For promoting a larger and stronger root system and better trunk taper
C
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
- ______ ____________ are legal regulations drafted and instituted to protect trees within a given jurisdiction.
Tree ordinances
True / false
Soil can hold water so tightly in micropores the ability of the tree roots to absorb the water is restricted
True
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
Water and dissolved essential minerals are transported within the tree in the _________ . The ________ conducts carbohydrates.
Xylem, phloem
Hardened off
Plans tissue that’s acclimated to the cold or a new environment.
Girdling root
Root that in circles all or parts of the trunk of the tree or other roots and constricts the vascular tissue; inhibits secondary growth and movement of water and photosynthates.
Wildlife
Animals living in a natural, underestimated state.
Acclimation
The physiological adaptation process of plants and other livings organisms to a climate or environment different from their native environment or where originally grown
Name two limitations to implants and microinjections.
Any of the following:
- limited to trees over four inches (10 cm) in diameter
- not suited for addressing macronutrient deficiencies
- resulting wounds limit ability to repeat applications
- Name five ways the trees can be adversely affected by construction.
Root injury Soil compaction Injury to trunk or branches Grade changes Excavation/severing root systems
Planting a row of palms at various depths to create a row of uniform height
A. Will not be harmful as long as the soil is Sandy and well-drained
B. Can lead to death of the deeply planted trees
C. Is acceptable due to the deep rooting of palms
D. Is recommended to achieve deep rooting in Sandy soils
B
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
Vegetative bud on the side of a stem. Contrast with terminal bud
Lateral bud
- If the soil grade on a construction site is _______, a large percentage of a trees root system might be removed. If the grade is _________, the trees roots might be suffocated.
Lowered
Raised
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
Main water and mineral conducting (unidirectional,up only) tissue in trees and other plants provides structural support arises (inward)from cambium and becomes wood after lignifying contrast with phloem
Xylem
Root pruning
1) in transplanting, the process of pre-digging the root ball to increase the density of root development.
2) in tree conservation and preservation, the process of pre-cutting roots behind the line of a planned excavation to prevent tearing and splintering of the remaining roots.
3) in tree disease management, severing tree roots to prevent disease transmission through root grafts
___ is the washing out of chemicals through the soil.
Leaching
Specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Upright, pyramidal, and weeping. Are three examples of tree ___ ___ that are important in selection.
Growth habits (growth forms)
The opening and closing of__________ allow for gas exchange, and transpiration is controlled by the ___ ____
Stomata, guard cells
Staking or guying when planting a tree is
A. Done only for bare root trees
B. Not necessary for trees greater than 6 inches diameter
C. Not always required or necessary
D. For promoting a larger and stronger root system and better trunk taper
C
When transplanting a tree the root ball should be______ to ______ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general, a root ball depth of______ to ______ should be sufficient.
10 to 12 inches; 2.5 to 3 feet
Two of the most important levels measured in a soil analysis are the ___ and the salt levels (especially in arid regions).
pH
Name five tree species that would NOT be appropriate for planting under utility wires.
Any species that grows higher than the wires would be a correct answer
Region of the stem between to successive nodes. Contrast with node
Internode
Gutting
Installing a guy and associated anchor.
1) trees are generally available from the nursery in one of four forms: A. B. C. D.
A. Balled and burlapped
B. Bare root
C. Container grown
D. Containerized
Root ball
The soil containing all, for example containerized, or a portion (B&B) of the routes that are removed with the plant one planted or transplanted.
- A software suite of management tools that can, among other functions, calculate collective cost – benefit analysis for populations of trees based on inventories is called _________.
i-Tree
If the terminal bud is removed in pruning, A) growth may be stimulated in lateral buds. B) flowering is stimulated to enhance fruit production. C) the branch will die back. D) all of the above
A) growth may be stimulated in lateral buds
Microclimate
Small area with climatic characteristics that distinguish it from its immediate surrounding area
Yellowing between the leaf veins is called ___ and may be the result of mineral deficiencies.
Chlorosis
Driving vehicles across wet soil will___ the soil and destroy soil____
Compact
aggregates
Trenching
Linear, open excavation, often used to install utilities or structural footings. Can cause tree root damage.
Region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge
Root initiation zone
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
The process of __________combines carbon dioxide and water in a reaction driven by light to produce sugars.__________ is also a product of this reaction.
Photosynthesis, oxygen
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
T or F: in general, palms are easy to transplant.
True
T or F: in general, palms are easy to transplant.
True
Planting specifications
Detailed plans and statements of particular procedures requirements and standards for pruning.
Inorganic
Not containing carbon. Not containing organic material.
- True/false – because decomposition processes generate heat, most of the pathogens and weed seed present will be killed and composting.
True
- The ________ _______________ _______ is the area around the tree or groups of trees in which no grading, excavation, or construction activity is to occur.
Tree protection zone
pH
The measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil
7 neutral
Less than 7 acidic
More than 7 alkaline
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
Habitat
In environment suitable for sustaining a population of a given organism.
Studies now show that nitrogen fertilization can trigger a tree’s energy allocation toward growth, sometimes at the expense of ___.
Defense
Standard
And established or widely recognized authority of acceptable performance.
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
Plant growth produced as a response to the force of gravity either positive as in the direction of gravity or negative as in opposite direction of gravity
Geotropism
Specialized cell in the angiosperm phloem derived from the same parent cell as the closely associated immediately adjacent sieve tube member
Companion cell
Leaching
(1) Tendency for elements or compounds to wash down through the soil. (2) Tendency for elements or compounds to wash into the soil.
Micronutrient
Essential element that is required by plants in relatively small quantities.
Cation
Positively charged ions
Planting specifications
Detailed plans and statements of particular procedures requirements and standards for pruning.
Movement of water minerals or photosynthates longitudinally within the tree
Axial transport
Horizon
Horizontal layers in soil developed below the surface
When planting a container grown tree
A. Separate and tease apart the roots to Reduce girdling roots formation
B. Place soft fill in the bottom of the planting hole to encourage tap root growth
C. Back fill the hole with the soilless growth medium to encourage root growth
D. None of the above
A
Tree wrap
Material used to wrap the trunks of newly planted or transplanted trees or to protect thin barked mature trees when they are newly exposed to the sun.
Gravitational water
Drains from macropores under the force of gravity
Containerized
Field grown plant placed in a container for a time and then sold as a potted plant, initially ground in a container.
True or false
Overtime, mulching can improve soil structure, reduce compaction, and add organic matter to the soil
True
Exudates
Materials from roots that are released into soils
Permanent wilting point
Trees and plants reach a point where they cannot recover
Hydrology
Study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the Earth’s surface, underground, and in the atmosphere.
An 80-pound bag of 10-6-4 fertilizer contains how many pounds of actual nitrogen?
A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 4
B. 8
Drum lace
Method of tying the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree for moving.
Plants with exposed seeds usually within cones contrast with angiosperm.
Gymnosperm
Anion
Negatively charged ions
________ protects the branches and trunk of a tree from mechanical injury and desiccation.
Bark
Is the soil property that resists changes to the pH
Buffering capacity
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Ability of a soil to absorb and hold cations. Affected by a soil pH. Measures soil fertility, clay composition, and engineering characteristics.
Perched water table
The accumulation of water in the upper soil layer above the actual water table, resulting when draining in an area is impeded by and in permeable layer such as rock or heavy clay, or when the interface between soil layers has been stratified (ie with sharp contrast in soil pore sizes).
Sustainability
The ability to maintain ecological, social, and economic benefits over time.
- True/false –The overriding objective of an arborist involved in a development project is to save every tree on the site.
False
Name three adverse effects of staking or guying trees:
A.
B.
C.
Any three of the following: wounding of trunk or branches, girdling if left in place too long, less stable root development, uneven Trunkwood and taper development
In temperate climates, the 2 best times to transplant most trees are ____ _____and _____.
Early spring and fall
Growth rate
Speed at which something grows
Bud at the top of a twig or shoot apical bud contrast with lateral bud
Terminal bud
Greenhouse effect
Rise in temperature that the earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy from the sun.
In areas where the soil is heavy clay, plant trees with the root ball _____ to _______inches higher than the original grade.
2,3
- True/false – the leaves and branches of trees catch and slow rainwater and can reduce soil erosion and water waste from runoff.
True
The most important reason to Prune a tree when transplanting is to
A.compensate for root loss
B. Invigorate the tree
C. Reduce growth at the tips
D. Remove structurally weak or damaged branches
D
Tree spade
Mechanical equipment to dig, transport, and replant trees with a sufficiently large volume of roots and soil.
Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions
Differentiation
The orientation of growth in response to an external stimulus is called ________ . Two examples are __________and _________
Tropism, phototropism, geotropism
Green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Area at the base of the petiole where the cellular breakdown leads to leaf and fruit drop
Abscission Zone
Digging or air – excavating trenches in a wheel – spoke pattern and backfilling with organic matter or a more porous soil is called… A. Radial aeration B. Tunnel aeration C. Soil fracturing D. Vertical radiation
A. Radial aeration
Rhizosphere
Microzone of intense biological activity surrounding actively elongated roots
Structural cell
Three dimensional grid of cell like modular units that can be filled with soil
Plant with seeds born in an ovary consist of two large groups monocotyledons (grasses palms and related plants) and dicotyledons(most woody trees shrubs herbaceous plants and related plants. Contrast with Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
Tree wrap
Material used to wrap the trunks of newly planted or transplanted trees or to protect thin barked mature trees when they are newly exposed to the sun.
Name three adverse effects of staking or guying trees:
A.
B.
C.
Any three of the following: wounding of trunk or branches, girdling if left in place too long, less stable root development, uneven Trunkwood and taper development
T or F: in general, palms are easy to transplant.
True
Drip line
Imaginary line defined by the branch spread of a single plant or group of plants.
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
In areas where the soil is heavy clay, plant trees with the root ball _____ to _______inches higher than the original grade.
2,3
Wire basket
Type of metal basket used to support the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree or a tree dug with a tree spade.
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
Growing point at the tips of shoots and roots
Apical meristem
The____ is the zone of intense biological activity near the actively elongating roots
Rhizosphere
If a significant portion of a trees root system has been removed during building construction, a step that will help preserve the tree is…
A. Pruning one third of the crown to compensate for root loss.
B. A service application of a high rate of soluble nitrogen.
C. Construction of a tree well
D. none of the above
D. None of the above
- _______ _______ occurs when the trees take up more carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and “store” it in the form of wood and other carbon – based tissues.
Carbon sequestration
Drill-hole method (of fertilization)
Applying fertilizer by drilling holes in the soil within the root zone.
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot
Apical bud
Suspended sidewalk
Provide adequate root space under pavement or concrete
Area where a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk typically enlarged at the base of the branch
Branch collar
Process in green plants and algae and some bacteria by which light energy is used to form glucose(chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
Organic substance that jmpregnates certain cell Walls to thicken and strengthen the cell to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage.
Lignin
Dense network of roots near the base of a palm
Root mat
Transplant shock
Plants stress following transplant; characterized by decreased growth, wilting, dropping foliage, and death.
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
- A ______ _____________ ________ is a legal regulation, established by the local authority that protects a tree or multiple trees.
Tree protection order
True/false
negatively charged clay particles hold cations near their surface
True
Site analysis
1.) Consideration or evaluation of the conditions, restrictions, and environment of a planting site. 2.) Consideration or evaluation of a construction or development site requiring a tree conservation or preservation site
A pH of 5 is____times more acidic than a pH of 7
100
Transplant shock
Plants stress following transplant; characterized by decreased growth, wilting, dropping foliage, and death.
Soil profile
Arrangement depth and number of horizons vary with different soils
True or false- Research has shown that the soil amendments generally do not assist the tree in establishment and growth.
True
________ roots can become a problem because they can construct the vascular system in the trunk or in other roots.
Girdling
Municipal arborist
In individual specializing in the field of arboriculture an urban forestry and having responsibility for the management of all or part of planted and naturally occurring green spaces on public land in communities.
Parent material
Underlying bedrock
Native soils / physical weathering
Substrate
The layer of material below the soil surface; materials used to provide plant support, regulate moisture, and in many cases provide mineral nutrients to container plants.
Warm soil temperatures and adequate soil ______ are the optimal conditions for new root growth
Moisture
Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
A measure of the soils capacity to attract, retain and exchange positively charged cations (ions)
Susceptibility
Extent to which a tree would suffer from a pest or pathogen if exposed.
- List three environmental benefits of trees.
Any of the following:
- Increase residential and business property values
- Attract visitors, businesses, and new residence
- increase rental apartments and offices and reduce vacancy rates
- encourage shoppers to linger
- deferred maintenance on materials that are degraded by heat, such as pavements
If the concentration of salts within the surrounding soil is much greater than the concentration of the solutes (salts) found in the root cells, this leads to a phenomenon known as ___ ___, in which water is drawn out of the roots.
Reverse osmosis
Hardiness
Genetically determined ability of a plant to survive low temperatures
Plant hormone involved in cell division leaf expansion and other physiological processes compounds with cytokinin like activity may be synthetically produced
Cytokinin
Name three site characteristics that must be considered in site selection.
Any three of the following: Growing space Light conditions Soil conditions Climate Functional requirements
Loam
Sand, Silt and Clay
Three different particle sizes
___ is the gradual process by which a tree adapts to changes in the environment.
Acclimation
Small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases
Lenticel
Slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise contrast with internode
Node
Tree or other planet that does not shed all of its Foliage annually. contrast with deciduous
Evergreen
____ are elements required by trees in relatively large quantities.
Macronutrients
Water enters young roots or mycorrhizal roots, in part, by a process called____________.
Osmosis
Soil compaction
Compression of the soil, often as a result or heavy-equipment traffic, that breaks down soil aggregates and reduces soil volume and total pore space, especially macropods space.
Trees take up essential elements, dissolved in _____, through the roots.
Water
Tree or other plant that sheds all of its leaves according to a genetically scheduled cycle as impacted by climate factors usually during the cold season in temperate zones contrast with evergreen
Deciduous
Structural soils
Designed soils that can be compacted to meet engineering requirements
Raise strip of bark at the top of a branch union where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge
Branch bark ridge
Planting holes should be dug ____to ____times the width of the root ball at the surface, with the side sloping down to the diameter at the base of the root ball.
2,3
Bulk density
The mass of dry soil per unit of undisturbed soil volume
Warm soil temperatures and adequate soil ______ are the optimal conditions for new root growth
Moisture
Stakeholder
Person or group that has an interest in, or is affected by, inactivity or decision.
It is desirable to use ___-___ ___, because they release nutrients, usually nitrogen, over an extended period of time.
Slow-release fertilizers
Bare root trees are normally planted when blank before buds begin to grow
Dormant
Placing gravel in the bottom of the planting hole in a clay soil site will
A. Improve drainage
B. Prevent the formation of girdling roots
C. Restrict soil space and create a perched water table
D. Improve aeration and water infiltration
C
Soil texture
Coarseness of the inorganic, mineral soil particles
Urban Forest management plan
Document that describes how urban for street goals are to be accomplished within a defined timeframe: includes tasks, priorities, best management practices, standards, specifications, budgets, and staffing analysis.
A typical tree ordinance well-defined the jurisdictions authority and…
A. Describe the conditions and requirements of the ordinance
B. Establish penalties for noncompliance
C. Specify the responsibility for enforcement
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Access Route
Defined entrance and exit route for a property during construction, tree work, or landscape operations.
True or false
Many tree roots exist in a symbiotic relationship with fungi that assist the tree in the water and mineral absorption
True
Tree protection zone(TPZ)
Defined area within which certain activities are prohibited or restricted to prevent or minimize potential injury to designated trees, especially during construction or development.
Manure and sewage sludge are ___ forms of fertilizer.
Organic
- When soil is compacted, the ______ _______ between soil particles is reduced.
Pore Space
True/False - A tree listed as adaptable to wet soil conditions will always thrive if planted in those conditions.
False
Silt
Intermediate in size - fineness in soil texture
Yellow orange or red pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants compare to Anthocyanin
Carotenoid
City Forrester
In individual specializing in the fields of arboriculture and urban forestry and having responsibility for the management of all or part of planted and naturally occurring green spaces on public land in communities
Stormwater runoff
Water originating from precipitation (rain or melting snow and ice) that flows above ground rather then infiltrating into the soil. May occur if soils are frozen or saturated or if the rate at which precipitation falls is greater than the infiltration rate of a soil.
The ________ ______ is formed when trunk tissue grows around branch tissues. As the branch and trunk tissues expand against each other in the branch Union, the _______ _______ is formed.
Branch collar,Branch bark ridge
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Substrate
The layer of material below the soil surface; materials used to provide plant support, regulate moisture, and in many cases provide mineral nutrients to container plants.
Meristems located at the end of the shoots are called primary or ___________meristems
Apical
The “food factories” of trees are_______?
Leaves
Urban forestry
Management of naturally occurring in planted trees and associated plants in urban areas.
Council of tree and landscape appraisers(CTLA)
Group of representatives of several tree care and landscape associations that works to research and author the Guide for Plant Appraisal.
The most important factor for good uptake of fertilizer elements is adequate ___.
Water
Tree officer
In the United Kingdom and other countries, in individual responsible for the care and protection of public trees and green spaces.
Habit
Characteristic form of growth
Hardened off
Plans tissue that’s acclimated to the cold or a new environment.
Planting holes should be dug ____to ____times the width of the root ball at the surface, with the side sloping down to the diameter at the base of the root ball.
2,3
Wood that is altered inward from sapwood and provides chemical defense against decay causing organisms and continues to provide structural strength to the trunk trees may or may not have heartwood contrast with sapwood
Heartwood
Small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot (2) undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point
Bud
Name three adverse effects of staking or guying trees:
A.
B.
C.
Any three of the following: wounding of trunk or branches, girdling if left in place too long, less stable root development, uneven Trunkwood and taper development
________ roots can become a problem because they can construct the vascular system in the trunk or in other roots.
Girdling
Sand
Larger particals resulting in coarser textured soils
Coarse textured soil particles
Free spaces in plant tissues includes cell walls and intra-cellular spaces contrast with symplasm
Apoplasm
Bare root trees are normally planted when blank before buds begin to grow
Dormant
On the pH scale
Less than 7 is___
7 is__
More than 7 is___
Acidic
neutral
alkaline
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
When transplanting a tree the root ball should be______ to ______ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general, a root ball depth of______ to ______ should be sufficient.
10 to 12 inches; 2.5 to 3 feet
Best management practice(BMP)
Best available industry recognized courses of action in consideration of the benefits and limitations based on scientific research and current knowledge
In temperate climates, the 2 best times to transplant most trees are ____ _____and _____.
Early spring and fall
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
Foliar application
Applying a fertilizer, pesticide, or other substance directly to the foliage.
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
True or false- Research has shown that the soil amendments generally do not assist the tree in establishment and growth.
True
Injection
Method of putting a liquid fertilizer or pesticide directly into the soil or a tree’s tissues.
Association of two different types of living organisms that’s is often but not always beneficial to each
Symbiosis(symbiotic)
The ___ ___, listed on the container, gives the relative percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Fertilizer analysis
Mycorrhizae
Fungus roots
Tree inventory
Record of each tree within a designated population: typically include species, size, location, condition, and maintenance requirements.
Radial Trenching
Technique for aerating the soil around a tree by removing and replacing soil in trenches made in a spokelike pattern(radial from trunk) in the root zone to improve conditions for root growth.
Warm soil temperatures and adequate soil ______ are the optimal conditions for new root growth
Moisture
Macronutrient
Essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities.
I-Tree
Suite of software products and management tools that allows the user to inventory the urban Forest and analyze it costs, benefits, and management needs.
True/False - Surface application of fertilizer is relatively inexpensive and makes the fertilizer available in the upper few inches (centimeters) of soil.
True
When soils are contacted by construction equipment, trees usually decline because…
A. Oxygen availability is reduced
B. The ability of the routes to absorb water and minerals decreases
C. Root growth and expansion may be diminished
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Outer wood (xylem) that is active in longitudinal transport of water and minerals contrast with heartwood
Sapwood
A commonly used set of method for appraising trees was developed by the…
A.Council of tree and landscape appraisers
B. Society of consulting arborist
C. Society of commercial arborists
D. Consortium of landscape professionals
A. Council of tree and landscape appraisers
1) elongated,tapering, thick walled cell that provides strength to wood. 2) smallest compound of a rope.
Fiber
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
Trunk formula method
Method to appraise the monetary value of trees consider too large to be replaced with nursery or feels ground stock. Based on developing a representative unit cost for replacement with the same or comparable species of the same size and in the same place, subject to depreciation for various factors.
Tree preservation order (TPO)
In the United Kingdom (and being adopted elsewhere), A legal regulation, established by local authority, that protects a tree or multiple trees.
CODIT stands for?
Compartmentalization of decay in trees
True or false: digging a tree for transplanting can remove as much as 90% of the absorbing roots
True
Trees that are dug in the nursery are often wrapped with ______to help keep the root ball intact and reduce exposure of the roots to air
Burlap
Warm soil temperatures and adequate soil ______ are the optimal conditions for new root growth
Moisture
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
Warm soil temperatures and adequate soil ______ are the optimal conditions for new root growth
Moisture
When planting a container grown tree
A. Separate and tease apart the roots to Reduce girdling roots formation
B. Place soft fill in the bottom of the planting hole to encourage tap root growth
C. Back fill the hole with the soilless growth medium to encourage root growth
D. None of the above
A
General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis
Photosynthate
T or F: in general, palms are easy to transplant.
True
Arboriculture
Practice and study of the care of trees and other woody plants in the landscape
- Urban foresters should establish detailed ________for all tree work including planting, pruning, fertilizing, pest control and monitoring, installation of support or protection systems, construction near trees, and removals.
Specifications
Ecosystem
Complex system of living organisms and their abiotic environment.
Sustainable sites initiative
Program created to establish national (U. S.) Guidelines and performance benchmarks for sustainable land design, construction, and maintenance practices.
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
Acronym for compartmentalization of Decay in trees. see compartmentalization
CODIT
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
Soil structure
Shape, size, strength and arrangement
Name five characteristics to look for when selecting a tree in the nursery.
Any five of the following: Plentiful, light-colored, healthy roots Solid root mass Good twig extension growth in previous years No major scars or injuries No insect or disease problems Good branch structure
Which of the following is a true statement?
A. Flood plain species will always grow well in wet soils.
B. Forest understory plants tend to make good street trees because they do not grow tall.
C. Some tree species are adapted to hot, dry, or bright light conditions with small, thick foliage and sunken stomata.
D. Most evergreen conifers are very shade tolerant and tend to scorch in full sunlight.
C. Some tree species are adapted to hot, dry, or bright light conditions with small , thick foliage and sunken stomata.
- True/false – evaluating suitability of individual trees or stands for preservation is one of the most important tasks for the arborist.
True
But in the axil of a leaf. lateral bud
Axillary bud
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
Buffering capacity
Resistance to changes in PH
Perched water table
The accumulation of water in the upper soil layer above the actual water table, resulting when draining in an area is impeded by and in permeable layer such as rock or heavy clay, or when the interface between soil layers has been stratified (ie with sharp contrast in soil pore sizes).
Replacement cost
Method to appraise the monetary value of trees considered replaceable with nursery – or field – ground stock. Based on the cost of replacement with the same or comparable species of the same size in the same place, subject to depreciation for various factors.
Sodic soil
Cation sodium occupies unusually high percentage of the CEC
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
- Use of a ______ ___________ has proven effective for soil aeration and radial trenching, causing much less root injury then mechanical excavation equipment.
Air excavator
Gutting
Installing a guy and associated anchor.
Drum lace
Method of tying the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree for moving.
The planting whole should never be _______than the root ball
Deeper
True or false- Research has shown that the soil amendments generally do not assist the tree in establishment and growth.
True
Root pruning
1) in transplanting, the process of pre-digging the root ball to increase the density of root development.
2) in tree conservation and preservation, the process of pre-cutting roots behind the line of a planned excavation to prevent tearing and splintering of the remaining roots.
3) in tree disease management, severing tree roots to prevent disease transmission through root grafts
Roots and fungi form_______, which are a symbiotic relationship, aiding in the uptake of water and minerals.
Mycorrhizae
Macropore
Large spaces between aggregates
Pores both within and between
Substance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss (transpiration)
Antitranspirant
Bud arising from a place other than a leaf axle or shoot tip usually as a result of hormonal triggers
Adventitious Bud
Bare root
Opposite of B&B. Tree removed from ground for replanting without soil around the roots.
Transplant shock
Plants stress following transplant; characterized by decreased growth, wilting, dropping foliage, and death.
Entire mass of protoplasm of all cells in a plant interconnected by plasmodesmata symplast contrast with apoplasm
Symplasm
Staking
Supporting the tree with steaks and ties. Usually refers to newly planted trees.
Name three adverse effects of staking or guying trees:
A.
B.
C.
Any three of the following: wounding of trunk or branches, girdling if left in place too long, less stable root development, uneven Trunkwood and taper development
Name three adverse effects of staking or guying trees:
A.
B.
C.
Any three of the following: wounding of trunk or branches, girdling if left in place too long, less stable root development, uneven Trunkwood and taper development
Root ball
The soil containing all, for example containerized, or a portion (B&B) of the routes that are removed with the plant one planted or transplanted.
Elongated tapering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water and elements
Tracheid
Micropore
small spaces between soil particles
Planting holes should be dug ____to ____times the width of the root ball at the surface, with the side sloping down to the diameter at the base of the root ball.
2,3
Substrate
The layer of material below the soil surface; materials used to provide plant support, regulate moisture, and in many cases provide mineral nutrients to container plants.
- Sometimes the single ________ _________ established to limit traffic on the site can later serve as the route for utility wires, water lines, the driveway, or other paved surfaces.
Access route
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
Greenhouse infrastructure
Leaving components within developed areas. Can be incorporated with gray infrastructure (Utilities, paved surfaces, and buildings) To perform important ecological functions such as Stormwater management, erosion control, temperature buffering, and more.
- _________ is the process of decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms.
Composting
Which layer of cells is responsible for outward trunk growth and increased girth of a tree? A) cambium B) pith C) epidermis D) cortex
A) Cambium
Introduced species
Organisms not native to a region
Gutting
Installing a guy and associated anchor.
Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season
Apical dominance
Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential(lower salt concentration) to a region of lower water potential(higher salt concentration)
Osmosis
Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants compare to Carotenoids
Anthocyanin
Waxy layer outside the epidermis of a leaf that reduces water loss and resists insect damage
Cuticle
Downward growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals especially useful during periods of drought
Sinker roots
The majority of the fine, absorbing roots of a tree are in the __ and __ horizons.
A
O
Barrier(tree protection zone)
Defined area within which certain activities are prohibited or restricted to prevent or minimize potential injury to designated trees, especially during construction or development.
When transplanting a tree the root ball should be______ to ______ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general, a root ball depth of______ to ______ should be sufficient.
10 to 12 inches; 2.5 to 3 feet
Sites of rapid cell division in the shoot tips,root tips, and cambium are called?
Meristems
Container grown
Tree or plant that has been grown in a container. (Contrast with B&B or bare root).
Influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light
Phototropism
Aggregate
Helps to bind soil particles together which improves soil structure
Small pores between two guard cells on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated
Stomata(stomates)
Vertical mulching
An aeration or fertilization technique. Drilling vertical holes in the soil and filling them with materials to improve aeration.
In plants process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen
Respiration
Site considerations
Factors that must be taken into consideration when assessing a site for planting, tree conservation, or preservation for any operation
Complete fertilizer
Fertilizer containing the three primary elements: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).
Some trees acclimate to shade conditions by
A. Developing larger leaves
B. Developing thinner leaves
C. Variegated foliage losing variegation, or colored foliage tending to be greener
D. Any or all of the above
D. Any or all of the above
Lateral movement of substances perpendicular to the longitudes axis of the tree or stem
Radial transport
Foliar analysis
Laboratory analysis of the mineral content of foliage.
Root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis
Lateral root
A complete fertilizer contains
A. all 16 essential elements
B. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
C. organic and inorganic nitrogen
D. equal amounts of N, P, and K
B. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Trees that lose their leaves in the autumn are called_________. Trees that maintain their leaves for more than one year are called__________.
Deciduous, evergreen
Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel size are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring contrast with ring porous
Diffuse porous
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
Thin layers of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem and (inward) to the xylem increasing the stem and root diameter
Cambium
Plant hormone or substance that promotes or regulates the growth of development of plants produce at sites or cells are dividing primarily in the shoot tips auxin like compounds maybe synthetically produced
Auxin
1) trees are generally available from the nursery in one of four forms: A. B. C. D.
A. Balled and burlapped
B. Bare root
C. Container grown
D. Containerized
Meristematic tissue from which the corky protective outer layer of bark is formed
Cork cambium
When transplanting a tree the root ball should be______ to ______ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general, a root ball depth of______ to ______ should be sufficient.
10 to 12 inches; 2.5 to 3 feet
Natural boundary formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Important in the process of compartmentalization
Reaction zone
Container grown
Tree or plant that has been grown in a container. (Contrast with B&B or bare root).
Hardened off
Plans tissue that’s acclimated to the cold or a new environment.
Air excavator
Device that directs a jet of highly compressed air to excavate soil. Used within the root zone of trees to avoid or minimize damage to the roots, or near underground structures such as pipes and wires to avoid or minimize damage to them.
Fertilizer burn
Injury to a plant resulting from excess fertilizer salts in the surrounding soil.
Containerized
Field grown plant placed in a container for a time and then sold as a potted plant, initially ground in a container.
Planting specifications
Detailed plans and statements of particular procedures requirements and standards for pruning.
Girdling root
Root that in circles all or parts of the trunk of the tree or other roots and constricts the vascular tissue; inhibits secondary growth and movement of water and photosynthates.
Functional goal
In landscape design, the set of goals pertaining to the future needs and function of the site
Augmentation
In plant health care, the release of beneficial organisms to suppress pest insect or mite populations.
Pest resurgence
Increase in the population of a pest following a reduction in the population of natural predators or parasites of that pest. Usually the result of a nonspecific pesticide or unfavorable environmental condition.
Prevention
Proactive process intended to guard against adverse impact by avoiding or reducing the risk of its occurrence
Systemic pesticide
Pesticide the moves throughout a treat after it has been injected or absorbed (often by roots or foliage).
Biological control
Method of managing plant pests or weeds through the use of natural predators, parasites, or pathogens.
Horticultural oil
Highly refined petroleum oil that may be applied plans to smother certain insects and other pass by disrupting the respiration
Monitoring
Keeping a close watch. Performing regular checks or inspections.
Phenology
Relationship between the client and biological events, such as flowering or leafing out in plants.
Allelochemical
Substance produced naturally by plants as part of a defense against pests and other plants. May adversely affect the growth and development of other plants.
Secondary pest outbreak
Increase in a secondary past population following a reduction in the population of natural predators or parasites.
Vigor
Overall health. Capacity to grow and resist stress. Sometimes limited in reference to genetic capacity.
Miticide
Chemical compound that is toxic to mites
Integrated pest management (IPM)
Method of controlling plant pests by combining biological, cultural, mechanical, physical, and/or chemical management strategies.
Predator
Any organism that preys on another organism
Threshold
(1) in Integrated Pest Management, pest-population levels requiring action. (2) in hazard assessment, risk assessment, and risk management, levels of risk requiring action.
Monoculture
Cultivation or planting of a single species on agricultural land, any for setting, or within an urban landscape.
Pesticide
Any chemical used to control or kill unwanted pests such as weeds, insects, or Sunday.
Insecticidal soap
Soap – based pesticide approved for application to plants to kill insects in certain mites by disrupting the cell membranes.
Vitality
Overall health. Ability of a plant to deal effectively with stress.
Pesticide resistance
Ability to withstand certain pesticides; survival of just a few genetically resistant pass that reproduce can lead to populations that are resistant.
PLANT HEALH CARE(PHC)
Comprehensive program to manage the health, structure, and appearance of plants in the landscape.
Phenol
Naturally produced organic alcohol with acidic properties. One of several chemical Defense compounds in trees.
Fungicide
Chemical compound that is toxic to fungi.
Bactericide
Pesticide that is used to kill or inhibit bacteria in plants or soil.
Eradication
Total removal of the species from a particular area. May refer to pathogens, insect pests, or unwanted plants.
Resource allocation
1) in plant physiology, distribution and use of photosynthates for various plant functions and processes. (2) in management, distribution of materials or other assets to accomplish objectives.
Degree day
Difference between the daily average temperature in a given temperature base.
Herbivore
An animal that feeds primarily on plants.
Parasite
Organism living in or on another living organism (host) from which it arrives nourishment to the detriment of the host, sometimes killing the host.
Action threshold
Pest population or plant damage level that requires action to prevent irreversible or unacceptable physiological and/or aesthetic harm.
Appropriate response process(ARP)
Method of systematically assessing plant health and client needs to determine which course of action, if any, is recommended.
Contact pesticide
Materials that cause post injury or death on contact.
Botanical pesticide
Pesticide derived from plants
Lignin
Organic substance that impregnates certain cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage.
Cellulose
Complex carbohydrate Found in the cellular walls of the majority of plants and algae and certain fungi.
Mortality spiral
Sequence of stressful events or conditions causing the decline and eventual death of the tree.
Cultural control
Method of controlling plant pass by providing a growing environment favorable to the host plant and/or unfavorable to the pest.
Pathogen
Causal agent of disease. Usually refers to microorganisms.
Microbial pesticide
Pesticides derived from microorganisms.
Phytotoxic
Term to describe a compound that is poisonous to plants.
Biorational control product
(1) Control product or pesticide formulated from naturally occurring plant extracts, microbes, or microbial byproducts that poses very low risk to nontarget organisms.
(2) Control product or pesticide that has limited environmental persistence and poses very low risk to nontarget organisms.
Tannin
Organic substance produced by trees. Believed to be involved in a trees chemical Defense processes.
Suppression
Management practices intended to reduce the past population and associated plant injury to a tolerable level.
Chemical control
Control of pests using conventional pesticides.
Insecticide
Substance toxic to insects
Insect growth regulator
Substance, man – made or naturally occurring in sakes, that affects growth and development of insects.
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
Girdling root
Root that in circles all or parts of the trunk of the tree or other roots and constricts the vascular tissue; inhibits secondary growth and movement of water and photosynthates.
Perched water table
The accumulation of water in the upper soil layer above the actual water table, resulting when draining in an area is impeded by and in permeable layer such as rock or heavy clay, or when the interface between soil layers has been stratified (ie with sharp contrast in soil pore sizes).
Tree spade
Mechanical equipment to dig, transport, and replant trees with a sufficiently large volume of roots and soil.
The planting whole should never be _______than the root ball
Deeper
Balled & burlapped (B&B)
Tree or other plant Doug and removed from soil for replanting with roots and soil wrapped in burlap or burlap like fabric.
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
Planting specifications
Detailed plans and statements of particular procedures requirements and standards for pruning.
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
In areas where the soil is heavy clay, plant trees with the root ball _____ to _______inches higher than the original grade.
2,3
Bare root trees are normally planted when blank before buds begin to grow
Dormant
________ roots can become a problem because they can construct the vascular system in the trunk or in other roots.
Girdling
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
T or F: in general, palms are easy to transplant.
True
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
Containerized
Field grown plant placed in a container for a time and then sold as a potted plant, initially ground in a container.
In temperate climates, the 2 best times to transplant most trees are ____ _____and _____.
Early spring and fall
The most important reason to Prune a tree when transplanting is to
A.compensate for root loss
B. Invigorate the tree
C. Reduce growth at the tips
D. Remove structurally weak or damaged branches
D
Drum lace
Method of tying the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree for moving.
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Placing gravel in the bottom of the planting hole in a clay soil site will
A. Improve drainage
B. Prevent the formation of girdling roots
C. Restrict soil space and create a perched water table
D. Improve aeration and water infiltration
C
Name three adverse effects of staking or guying trees:
A.
B.
C.
Any three of the following: wounding of trunk or branches, girdling if left in place too long, less stable root development, uneven Trunkwood and taper development
Planting a row of palms at various depths to create a row of uniform height
A. Will not be harmful as long as the soil is Sandy and well-drained
B. Can lead to death of the deeply planted trees
C. Is acceptable due to the deep rooting of palms
D. Is recommended to achieve deep rooting in Sandy soils
B
T or F: in general, palms are easy to transplant.
True
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
Wire basket
Type of metal basket used to support the root ball of a balled and burlapped tree or a tree dug with a tree spade.
Hardened off
Plans tissue that’s acclimated to the cold or a new environment.
T or F: there is no advantage to pruning one third of the tree crown at the time of planting.
True
Tree wrap
Material used to wrap the trunks of newly planted or transplanted trees or to protect thin barked mature trees when they are newly exposed to the sun.
True or false: digging a tree for transplanting can remove as much as 90% of the absorbing roots
True
Gutting
Installing a guy and associated anchor.
1) trees are generally available from the nursery in one of four forms: A. B. C. D.
A. Balled and burlapped
B. Bare root
C. Container grown
D. Containerized
T or F: staking of newly planted trees is not always necessary.
True
T or F: tree roots may suffocate if the tree receives too much water after planting.
True
Pre digging to create a more densely routed ball is called ________.
Root pruning
Staking
Supporting the tree with steaks and ties. Usually refers to newly planted trees.
True or false- Research has shown that the soil amendments generally do not assist the tree in establishment and growth.
True
Root ball
The soil containing all, for example containerized, or a portion (B&B) of the routes that are removed with the plant one planted or transplanted.
When transplanting a tree the root ball should be______ to ______ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general, a root ball depth of______ to ______ should be sufficient.
10 to 12 inches; 2.5 to 3 feet
Transplant shock
Plants stress following transplant; characterized by decreased growth, wilting, dropping foliage, and death.
When planting a container grown tree
A. Separate and tease apart the roots to Reduce girdling roots formation
B. Place soft fill in the bottom of the planting hole to encourage tap root growth
C. Back fill the hole with the soilless growth medium to encourage root growth
D. None of the above
A
Root pruning
1) in transplanting, the process of pre-digging the root ball to increase the density of root development.
2) in tree conservation and preservation, the process of pre-cutting roots behind the line of a planned excavation to prevent tearing and splintering of the remaining roots.
3) in tree disease management, severing tree roots to prevent disease transmission through root grafts
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
Trees that are dug in the nursery are often wrapped with ______to help keep the root ball intact and reduce exposure of the roots to air
Burlap
Container grown
Tree or plant that has been grown in a container. (Contrast with B&B or bare root).
Planting holes should be dug ____to ____times the width of the root ball at the surface, with the side sloping down to the diameter at the base of the root ball.
2,3
Substrate
The layer of material below the soil surface; materials used to provide plant support, regulate moisture, and in many cases provide mineral nutrients to container plants.
Transplant shock is mainly due to _________stress from the greatly reduced root system.
Water
The most important maintenance factor in the survival of the newly planted tree is proper _______.
Watering
T or F: if trees have a wire baskets to help maintain the integrity of the root ball, these baskets should never be removed nor should the top portion be cut off at planting.
False
Warm soil temperatures and adequate soil ______ are the optimal conditions for new root growth
Moisture
Staking or guying when planting a tree is
A. Done only for bare root trees
B. Not necessary for trees greater than 6 inches diameter
C. Not always required or necessary
D. For promoting a larger and stronger root system and better trunk taper
C
Name three adverse effects of staking or guying trees:
A.
B.
C.
Any three of the following: wounding of trunk or branches, girdling if left in place too long, less stable root development, uneven Trunkwood and taper development
If fertilizer is applied at planting, it should be a _______-________ type to avoid excess salt buildup in the root zone.
Slow release
T or F: The material used to attach the tree to the stake should be broad, smooth, and flexible.
True
When transplanting palms, the fronds are often tied up to protect the solitary_______.
Bud
When transplanting a tree the root ball should be______ to ______ inches diameter for every inch of tree caliper. In general, a root ball depth of______ to ______ should be sufficient.
10 to 12 inches; 2.5 to 3 feet
Bare root
Opposite of B&B. Tree removed from ground for replanting without soil around the roots.
T or F: most of the new roots generated after planting will grow horizontally and near the soil surface.
True
Warm soil temperatures and adequate soil ______ are the optimal conditions for new root growth
Moisture
Hydrology
Study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the Earth’s surface, underground, and in the atmosphere.
- If the soil grade on a construction site is _______, a large percentage of a trees root system might be removed. If the grade is _________, the trees roots might be suffocated.
Lowered
Raised
- True/false – it is better to total directly under a tree then to cut directly across the roof system of a tree when excavating for utility lines.
True
- True/false – there is far more that an arborist can do to treat trees that have been damaged by construction then to prevent the damage.
False
Bark Tracing
Cutting away torn or injured bark to leave a smooth edge.
Arborists should be involved early in the construction planning process because…
A. Tree preservation measures should be in the specifications
B. once construction has begun, it may be too late to save the trees
C. There is often little arborists can do to treat construction damage
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A major that can be taken to minimize compaction on a construction site is…
A. Watering the site thoroughly before equipment is brought in.
B. Permanently raising the soil grade to protect tree roots.
C. Spreading a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site.
D. Root pruning the trees in advance.
C. Spreading a temporary, thick layer of mulch over the site
- The phases of land development are…
Planning, Design, grading, construction, maintenance.
Radial Trenching
Technique for aerating the soil around a tree by removing and replacing soil in trenches made in a spokelike pattern(radial from trunk) in the root zone to improve conditions for root growth.
Access Route
Defined entrance and exit route for a property during construction, tree work, or landscape operations.
Tree island
Enclosed planting bed surrounding a tree, often within a paved area or adjacent to a street.
Trenching
Linear, open excavation, often used to install utilities or structural footings. Can cause tree root damage.
Air excavator
Device that directs a jet of highly compressed air to excavate soil. Used within the root zone of trees to avoid or minimize damage to the roots, or near underground structures such as pipes and wires to avoid or minimize damage to them.
- The ________ _______________ _______ is the area around the tree or groups of trees in which no grading, excavation, or construction activity is to occur.
Tree protection zone
Digging or air – excavating trenches in a wheel – spoke pattern and backfilling with organic matter or a more porous soil is called… A. Radial aeration B. Tunnel aeration C. Soil fracturing D. Vertical radiation
A. Radial aeration
- Written _________ should detail exactly what can and cannot be done to and around the trees.
Specifications
- Use of a ______ ___________ has proven effective for soil aeration and radial trenching, causing much less root injury then mechanical excavation equipment.
Air excavator
- When soil is compacted, the ______ _______ between soil particles is reduced.
Pore Space
- True/false –The overriding objective of an arborist involved in a development project is to save every tree on the site.
False
Barrier(tree protection zone)
Defined area within which certain activities are prohibited or restricted to prevent or minimize potential injury to designated trees, especially during construction or development.
- A technique used to reduce soil compaction around trees on a construction site is to spread a temporary, thick layer of _________.
Mulch
Tree protection zone(TPZ)
Defined area within which certain activities are prohibited or restricted to prevent or minimize potential injury to designated trees, especially during construction or development.
- True/false – evaluating suitability of individual trees or stands for preservation is one of the most important tasks for the arborist.
True
If a significant portion of a trees root system has been removed during building construction, a step that will help preserve the tree is…
A. Pruning one third of the crown to compensate for root loss.
B. A service application of a high rate of soluble nitrogen.
C. Construction of a tree well
D. none of the above
D. None of the above
Specifications
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide work.
Tunneling
Digging, often with special machinery and shoring or other supports, below the surface of the ground with an open trench. Alternative for installation of underground utilities that avoids cutting of tree roots or damage to hard scape or existing utilities.
Vertical mulching
An aeration or fertilization technique. Drilling vertical holes in the soil and filling them with materials to improve aeration.
When soils are contacted by construction equipment, trees usually decline because…
A. Oxygen availability is reduced
B. The ability of the routes to absorb water and minerals decreases
C. Root growth and expansion may be diminished
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Soil compaction
Compression of the soil, often as a result or heavy-equipment traffic, that breaks down soil aggregates and reduces soil volume and total pore space, especially macropods space.
- Sometimes the single ________ _________ established to limit traffic on the site can later serve as the route for utility wires, water lines, the driveway, or other paved surfaces.
Access route
- Name five ways the trees can be adversely affected by construction.
Root injury Soil compaction Injury to trunk or branches Grade changes Excavation/severing root systems
- True/false – the largest, most mature trees are not always the best candidates for preservation.
True
- An important action that should be taken at the start of a construction project is to erect _______around all of the trees that are to remain.
Fences/barriers
Wildlife
Animals living in a natural, underestimated state.
Carbon sequestration
Capturing and long-term storage of carbon most often used in reference to the capturing of atmospheric carbon dioxide through biological chemical or physical processes. Trees sequester carbon through photosynthesis.
Tree officer
In the United Kingdom and other countries, in individual responsible for the care and protection of public trees and green spaces.
Sustainable sites initiative
Program created to establish national (U. S.) Guidelines and performance benchmarks for sustainable land design, construction, and maintenance practices.
A commonly used set of method for appraising trees was developed by the…
A.Council of tree and landscape appraisers
B. Society of consulting arborist
C. Society of commercial arborists
D. Consortium of landscape professionals
A. Council of tree and landscape appraisers
- Approval for a tree work _______ might be conditional upon establishing certain work procedures and clearances, requiring that all applicable standards and best management practices are followed, and requiring monitoring by a qualified arborist.
Permit
Composting
Subjecting organic matter to decay and decomposition processes.
Specification
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide work.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Green building rating system developed by the U. S. Green building Council (USTBC) to provide standards for environmentally sustainable construction and building management practices.
- List three social benefits of the trees.
Any of the following:
- reduce stress and mental fatigue
- enhance mental health
- hands recuperation rates
- reduced psychological precursors to crime
- enhance community pride
- heal and restore communities
- increase recreational opportunities
Replacement cost
Method to appraise the monetary value of trees considered replaceable with nursery – or field – ground stock. Based on the cost of replacement with the same or comparable species of the same size in the same place, subject to depreciation for various factors.
- True/false – the leaves and branches of trees catch and slow rainwater and can reduce soil erosion and water waste from runoff.
True
- Urban for street is the management of naturally occurring and planted trees and associated plants in urban areas. Arboriculture focuses on the ______; urban for street focuses on the_______, or larger populations of trees in urban areas.
Tree, Forest
- The urban forest provides ________ and food for a wide range of wildlife.
Habitat
Standard
And established or widely recognized authority of acceptable performance.
- The __________ program was created by the Green Building Council to establish a set of standards for building and development certification to encourage energy efficiency, conservation of resources, and improved air and water quality.
LEED
Arboriculture
Practice and study of the care of trees and other woody plants in the landscape
- List five Allied professionals or groups that in urban forester should learn to communicate with.
Urban planners Civil engineers Public Works officials Government agencies The public
Sustainability
The ability to maintain ecological, social, and economic benefits over time.
A typical tree ordinance well-defined the jurisdictions authority and…
A. Describe the conditions and requirements of the ordinance
B. Establish penalties for noncompliance
C. Specify the responsibility for enforcement
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Urban Forest management plan
Document that describes how urban for street goals are to be accomplished within a defined timeframe: includes tasks, priorities, best management practices, standards, specifications, budgets, and staffing analysis.
- _______ _______ occurs when the trees take up more carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and “store” it in the form of wood and other carbon – based tissues.
Carbon sequestration
A social benefit of trees and natural areas that has been identified to research is…
A. Stress reduction from settings with trees
B. Hospital recovery times are lower if trees are visible to patients
C. Behavioral improvements in children
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Habitat
In environment suitable for sustaining a population of a given organism.
Stormwater runoff
Water originating from precipitation (rain or melting snow and ice) that flows above ground rather then infiltrating into the soil. May occur if soils are frozen or saturated or if the rate at which precipitation falls is greater than the infiltration rate of a soil.
- True/false – increasing awareness of an urban forestry program’s benefits and goals with key policy makers is critical for maintaining funding when city budgets are tight.
True
Urban forestry
Management of naturally occurring in planted trees and associated plants in urban areas.
- _________ is the ability to maintain ecological, social, and economic benefits over time.
Sustainability
- True/false – modern tree inventories are collected with paper and pencil, and the trees are leader added manually to maps of city trees.
False
Tree ordinance
Tree – specific legal document that defines a public agencies authority, describes required conditions or actions, establishes penalties for non-conformance, and identifies who is responsible for enforcement an oversight.
- A ______ _____________ ________ is a legal regulation, established by the local authority that protects a tree or multiple trees.
Tree protection order
Detailed plans, requirements, and statements of particular procedures and/or standards used to define and guide are called…
A. Standards
B. Best management practices
C. Specifications
D. Ordinances
B. Best management practices
Residential properties the trees generally…
A. Are more difficult to sell due to liability concerns
B. Command higher appraisal and sales values and similar properties without trees
C. Reduce the real estate appraisals have adjoining properties
D. Have no effect on sales or real estate appraisals
B. Command higher appraisal and sales values than similar properties without trees
- managing large populations of trees under the common urban pressures and financial restraints of a municipality requires a strong, well-thought-out __________ ________.
Management plan
- A _______ _____________ policy statement should set out the policies for identifying, assessing, reporting, and mitigating risk.
Risk management
- _________ is the process of decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms.
Composting
Tree preservation order (TPO)
In the United Kingdom (and being adopted elsewhere), A legal regulation, established by local authority, that protects a tree or multiple trees.
Stakeholder
Person or group that has an interest in, or is affected by, inactivity or decision.
I-Tree
Suite of software products and management tools that allows the user to inventory the urban Forest and analyze it costs, benefits, and management needs.
- True/false – because decomposition processes generate heat, most of the pathogens and weed seed present will be killed and composting.
True
- True/false – performing pruning and other maintenance on a cycle is likely to increase emergency calls and the potential for damage or injuries from tree failures.
False
Trunk formula method
Method to appraise the monetary value of trees consider too large to be replaced with nursery or feels ground stock. Based on developing a representative unit cost for replacement with the same or comparable species of the same size and in the same place, subject to depreciation for various factors.
City Forrester
In individual specializing in the fields of arboriculture and urban forestry and having responsibility for the management of all or part of planted and naturally occurring green spaces on public land in communities
Municipal arborist
In individual specializing in the field of arboriculture an urban forestry and having responsibility for the management of all or part of planted and naturally occurring green spaces on public land in communities.
- List three environmental benefits of trees.
Any of the following:
- Increase residential and business property values
- Attract visitors, businesses, and new residence
- increase rental apartments and offices and reduce vacancy rates
- encourage shoppers to linger
- deferred maintenance on materials that are degraded by heat, such as pavements
Tree inventory
Record of each tree within a designated population: typically include species, size, location, condition, and maintenance requirements.
- True/false – Even where standards do not carry direct legislative authority, they may be recognized in a court of law.
True
Geographic information system(GIS)
Computer application used to store, view, and analyze geographical information, typically maps.
Council of tree and landscape appraisers(CTLA)
Group of representatives of several tree care and landscape associations that works to research and author the Guide for Plant Appraisal.
Best management practice(BMP)
Best available industry recognized courses of action in consideration of the benefits and limitations based on scientific research and current knowledge
Risk management
Systematic application of management policies, procedures, and practices for identifying, evaluating, treating, monitoring, and communicating risk.
- List three environmental benefits of trees.
Any of the following:
- improve air quality
- sequester carbon, reducing greenhouse effect
- conserve energy by protecting surroundings from sun and wind
- cool the air three transpiration
- reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion
- provide habitat for wildlife
Tree warden
Title given to an individual who cares for trees on public town lands, mostly used in several new England states (U. S.).
- Urban foresters should establish detailed ________for all tree work including planting, pruning, fertilizing, pest control and monitoring, installation of support or protection systems, construction near trees, and removals.
Specifications
Species diversity
Measure of the number and variety of different species found in a given area.
Hardscape
Constructed in animate elements of a landscape, such as walls, pathways, and seats made of wood, stone, and\or other materials.
Greenhouse effect
Rise in temperature that the earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy from the sun.
Ecosystem
Complex system of living organisms and their abiotic environment.
- To maintain species diversity in the urban forest, a common guideline is to aim for densities not to exceed____percent from a single plant family,____Percent of a single gene us, and____percent of a single species.
30, 20, 10
Greenhouse infrastructure
Leaving components within developed areas. Can be incorporated with gray infrastructure (Utilities, paved surfaces, and buildings) To perform important ecological functions such as Stormwater management, erosion control, temperature buffering, and more.
- A software suite of management tools that can, among other functions, calculate collective cost – benefit analysis for populations of trees based on inventories is called _________.
i-Tree
- ______ ____________ are legal regulations drafted and instituted to protect trees within a given jurisdiction.
Tree ordinances
- List four types of data that are typically collected in a tree inventory.
Species Diameter Location Condition codes Maintenance coats Notes
Permit
Written order granting permission to do something.
On the pH scale
Less than 7 is___
7 is__
More than 7 is___
Acidic
neutral
alkaline
Water holding capacity
Soils with a large percentage of micropores
The____ is the zone of intense biological activity near the actively elongating roots
Rhizosphere
Structural cell
Three dimensional grid of cell like modular units that can be filled with soil
Driving vehicles across wet soil will___ the soil and destroy soil____
Compact
aggregates
Anion
Negatively charged ions
Sodic soil
Cation sodium occupies unusually high percentage of the CEC
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
Ion
Charged particles
Minerals required for tree growth
Leach
To wash thru the soil
Bulk density
The mass of dry soil per unit of undisturbed soil volume
True or false
Overtime, mulching can improve soil structure, reduce compaction, and add organic matter to the soil
True
Mineralization
Organic plant nutrients are converted into inorganic plant available forms
Nematode
Type of microbes
Is the soil property that resists changes to the pH
Buffering capacity
Nutrient cycling
Process of decomposing by soil organisms
As seasons pass plant parts die and returned to soil
Most of the fine absorbing roots are typically found near the soil surface because
It is normally Rich and organic matter
pH
The measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil
7 neutral
Less than 7 acidic
More than 7 alkaline
Symbiotic
Fungi and roots benefit from the relationship
Aggregate
Helps to bind soil particles together which improves soil structure
Parent material
Underlying bedrock
Native soils / physical weathering
Rhizosphere
Microzone of intense biological activity surrounding actively elongated roots
Cation
Positively charged ions
Buffering capacity
Resistance to changes in PH
Horizon
Horizontal layers in soil developed below the surface
Soil texture
Coarseness of the inorganic, mineral soil particles
True or false
Many tree roots exist in a symbiotic relationship with fungi that assist the tree in the water and mineral absorption
True
Organic layer
Thin layer of decomposing organic material
Top horizon of profile in an unaltered soil
Sand
Larger particals resulting in coarser textured soils
Coarse textured soil particles
Structural soils
Designed soils that can be compacted to meet engineering requirements
Humus
Decomposition of organic material
Saline soil
Excess levels of soluble salts in soils
Soil profile
Arrangement depth and number of horizons vary with different soils
Soil compaction
Increase in bulk density and decrease in total pore space
Silt
Intermediate in size - fineness in soil texture
A pH of 5 is____times more acidic than a pH of 7
100
The process in which ions of essential elements washdown through the soil profile and are lost is called
Leaching
The majority of the fine, absorbing roots of a tree are in the __ and __ horizons.
A
O
Loam
Sand, Silt and Clay
Three different particle sizes
True / false
Soil can hold water so tightly in micropores the ability of the tree roots to absorb the water is restricted
False
____ ____ modifies the effects of soil texture as the soil particles form clumps or aggregates
Soil structure
Soil structure
Shape, size, strength and arrangement
Many essential elements are dissolved in the soil water in the form of positively charged particles called
Cations
Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
A measure of the soils capacity to attract, retain and exchange positively charged cations (ions)
Micropore
small spaces between soil particles
Mycorrhizae
Fungus roots
True/false
negatively charged clay particles hold cations near their surface
True
Capillary water
Water that is held in micropores
Suspended sidewalk
Provide adequate root space under pavement or concrete
Macropore
Large spaces between aggregates
Pores both within and between
Water that drains from the macropores is called_____ water. Following drainage ,the soil is said
to be at____ _____.
Gravitational water
field capacity
Gravitational water
Drains from macropores under the force of gravity
Actinomycetes
A type of bacteria that can be symbolic with some species and play a critical role in the decomposition of organic matter to form HUMUS
Exudates
Materials from roots that are released into soils
Permanent wilting point
Trees and plants reach a point where they cannot recover
When the piece must be removed without dropping either the butt or tip, it can be tied so it is _______ then lowered to the ground.
Balanced
The ______ _______ of the rope is the tensile strength divided by the working load limit.
Design factor
Tagline
Rope used to control the swing of a limb being removed or to control the direction or fall of a limb or tree being removed
Carabiners must always be loaded along their ______ _____, and never across the gate.
Major axis
Rigging
Method of using ropes and hardware (1) in tree pruning or removal, to control or direct the descent of cut material or to handle let heavy loads. (2) with cranes, loaders, or other equipment, to lift heavy loads.
Throwline
Thin, lightweight cord attached to a throw bag or throwing ball used to set climbing or rigging lines and trees.
_____ is the use of ropes and other equipment to take down trees or remove limbs.
Rigging
Two methods of using a climbing line to ascend a tree are ______-______ and ______ _______.
Body-thrust, secured footlock.
Snap cut
Cutting technique in which offset, bypassing cuts are made so that a section can be broken off easily.
Scabbard
Protective sheet for a pruning saw or other tool
Tautline hitch
Type of friction hitch used by climbers for fall protection during ascent, descent, and work positioning.
Work-positioning lanyard
Lanyard used in climbing, often as a secondary means of attachment.
Tensile strength
Force at which a new piece of equipment or rope in testing fails intention under a static load.
Stopper knot
Cannot, usually a figure 8 knot, tied in the end of the line or in the tail of the knot to prevent the end or tail from passing through the knot.
The classic 3 step cut used to remove limbs is also called the A. Drop cut B. Jump cut C. Hinge cut D. Topping cut
A
______ ____ are heavy duty pulleys with a large, rotating sheave for the lowering line, and a smaller, fixed sheave to accept a rope sling. In contrast, _______ _____are designed for static, overhead rigging, where the loads are known and very low friction is required.
Arborist blocks, rescue pulleys
The ______ ____ is a variation of standard tree felling techniques that employs the use of a notch and back cut to form a hinge and “steer” the limb
Topping cut
Because ______ _____ can damage a tree, they are approved for use only on trees to be removed, or for aerial rescues.
Climbing Spurs
Notch
Wedge cut into a log or tree for felling.
Prusik loop
Loop of rope used to form a Prusik hitch for climbing or rigging.
Pole pruner
Long handled tool used to make scissors-like small pruning cuts that cannot be reached with hand tools
Secured footlock
Method of footlocking in which the climber utilizes an additional means of securing against a fall.
A _____-_____ knot is often tied in the tail from the climbing hitch as a ______ ______ to prevent the end from going through the climbing hitch.
Figure-8, stopper knot
Rescue kit
Climbing gear and emergency equipment that should be set out on every job site and available to conduct an aerial rescue and apply first aid.
Before climbing a tree, a climber should inspect the tree for hazards such as A. B. C. D. E.
Broken limbs Electrical hazards Dead limbs Decay Splits
Screw link
Connecting device with a threaded closure mechanism. Used to secure equipment or tree sections and rigging operations
Split-tail
Separate, short length of rope used to tie the friction hitch and a climbing system.
A ____ is a type of knot used to secure a rope around an object, another rope, or the standing part of the same rope. A ____ joins two rope ends together.
Hitch, bend
Added safety and stability, a climber should be secured with a _____-_____ ______ in addition to the climbing line when using a chainsaw in a tree.
Work-positioning lanyard
A "rope inside a rope" is better known as a A. Hollow braid line B. 12-strand line C. Double-braid line D. 3-strand line
C
Running bowline
Bowline knot with the standing part of the line running through the loop. Often used to tie off and control branches or tree sections that are to be removed. Can be used when the desired tying point cannot be accessed directly by the worker.
T or F- The load on any piece of climbing or rigging equipment can be many times higher than the weight of the climber or the limb being rigged.
True
Webbing sling
Length of sewn webbing, often formed into a loop, used as an attachment and rigging.
Working end
End part of a rope used for rigging and climbing. Contrast with standing part.
T or F- when footlocking, putting hands on her above the Prusik hitch could cause it to slide down the climbing line, creating a fall.
True
Prusik hitch
Type of multi-wrapped friction hitch used in climbing and rigging. A common use is to attach the Prusik loop to the climbing line when footlocking.
Micro pulley
Small, light duty pulley used in climbing operations. Often used as a knot tender
Shock-loading
Dynamic, sudden force placed on a rope or rigging apparatus when a moving load or piece is stopped.
A separate, short length of rope used to tie the friction hitch in an open climbing system is known as a A. Prusik loop B. Split-tail C. Work-positioning lanyard D. Rope sling
B
Slip knot
Slipped overhand knot. (Also band popularized when I was in high school, known for making “music”)
Rigging point
Placement in the tree (in a natural or false crotch) or any other point through which the load line passes to control rigging operations
Rope sling
Length of rope, usually with at least one eye splice, used to secure equipment or tree sections and rigging operations.
Load line
Rope used to lower a tree branch or segment that has been cut. Lowering line.
List 4 defects that might be found during rope inspection that would require a rope to be retired.
Four of the following: cuts, excessive fraying puffs, pulled or herniated fibers, abrasions, changes in diameter, discoloration, glazing of the fibers
Single rope technique (SRT)
Set of methods used to ascend or descend on a single rope, as opposed to the doubled rope commonly used in secured footlocking techniques or dynamic climbing systems
Lowering device
Brand name of the piece of equipment that is attached to the tree base or other anchor in rigging. Used to take wraps with the load lines to provide friction for controlled lowering of sections of the tree.
Lanyard
Short rope equipped with carabiners, snaps, and or eye splices. Work -positioning lanyards are used for temporarily securing a climber in one place.
Rescue pulley
Light duty pulley used in light rigging operations.
Pole saw
long-handled tool with a pruning saw on the end.
Sheave
Inner fitting within a block or pulley over which the rope runs
Label the knots (see page 293)
From left to right: Blake’s hitch, bowline, figure 8, slipknot
The first steps of emergency response process are to
A. Assess the situation and call for emergency help
B. Shut off the electricity
C. Reach the victim and begin first aid
D. Reach the victim and secure him or her for descent
A
Climbers may also choose to use a ______-_____ device when tying in. This can reduce the wear on the rope and damage to the tree and can in some cases, facilitate climbing.
Friction saving
Standing part
In active part of the rope. Contrast with working end.
T or F- natural crotches can be fast and effective for use as a rigging point, but the consistent friction and versatility of placement of an arborist block is often a great advantage.
True
The ______ _______ reported by the manufacturer is the breaking strength of a rope or piece of hardware.
Tensile strength
A Prusik loop is used
A. To tie in with the secured footlock method
B. To attach a Tagline to a limb
C. As an arborist block for lowering limbs
D. To cable small, multi-stemmed trees
A
Snap
Connecting device used by tree climbers, primarily for connecting the climbing line to the saddle. Contrast with carabiner
Rigging line
Rope, usually the load line, used in rigging operations
_____-_____ ropes are not recommended for natural crotch rigging, where the friction of the cover with the tree causes an imbalance in the load taken by the core and cover braids.
Double braid
The _____ _____ is the classic three point cut, which dates back to the early years of Arboriculture.
Drop cut
T or F- The most important factor in any aerial rescue situation is speed: getting the victim to the ground in the shortest amount of time possible.
False
Working load limit (WLL)
Tensile strength divided by design factor. Maximum load that should not be exceeded in a piece of equipment, rope, or rope assembly when performing its normal work function.
Tip-tie
Tying a line in the tip (brush) end of a branch to be removed.
Shackle
U-shapes fitting with a pin running through it. Clevis.
A technique in which a piece is tied above the point where it will be cut and the line is run through a block or crotch below the cut is called ______ _____.
Butt hitching
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Personal safety gear such as hardhat, safety glasses, hearing protection, and leg protection, including chaps. (if anyone doesn’t know this by now then you should probably just give up and save yourself some time! )
Access line
1) Second climbing line hung in the tree in case it is needed to reach a victim in an emergency.
2) climbing line installed in the tree to gain access to, but not used to work in, the tree.
Design factor
Factor by which the rated or minimum breaking strength of a rope or piece of equipment is divided by in determining it’s working load limit.
3- strand
Rope construction which three strands are twisted together and a spiral pattern.
Friction device
Device used to take wraps and a load line to provide friction for controlled lowering or climbing.
Double braid
Rope construction consisting of a braided rope within a braided rope, both of which carry part of the load.
Drop cut
Branch removal technique consisting of an undercut and then a top cut, usually made farther out on the branch, or with a chainsaw, directly over the undercut.
Aerial rescue
Method of bringing an injured worker down from a tree or aerial lift device.
Hitch
1) type of knot made when a rope is secured around an object or its own standing part. Contrast with bend.
2) mechanical device for connecting a towing vehicle to a trailer or towed vehicle or implement.
Dynamic loading
Forces created by moving load. Load that changes with time and motion.
Bollard
Post on which wraps can be taken with the rope to tie it off or to provide friction for control.
Bend
Type of knot used to join to Rope ends together. Contrast with hitch.
Climbing saddle (harness)
Work positioning harness designed for climbing trees.
Ascender
Piece of gear that enables a climber to ascend the rope. Attached to the rope, it will grip in one direction(down) and slide in the other ( up)
Back cut
Cut made on a tree trunk or branch, opposite from them toward the notch, face cut, or undercut, to complete filling or branch removal.
24-strand
For arborist ropes, a braided rope that has a 24 – strand cover and is available and double – sprayed or Kern mantle construction.
Hinge
Strip of uncut wood fibers created between the face cut or not she and the back cut that helps control direction and tree felling or limb removal. Holding wood.
Hinge cut
Sequence of cuts used to control the direction of the limb being removed.
16- strand
For arborist ropes, a braided rope that has a 16 strand load – bearing cover and the filler core that is not significant and load carrying.
Climbing Spurs
Sharp devices strap two climbers lower legs to assisting climbing poles or trees being removed. Also called spikes, gaffes, irons, hooks, or climbers.
Bight
Curve or arc in a rope between working and the standing part.
Footlock
Method of asending a rope by wrapping the rope around the feet. See secured Footlock.
Kerf
Slit or cut made by a saw in a log. Space created by a saw cut.
Balance
In rigging, a technique for lowering a limb without allowing either end to drop.
Block
1) heavy duty pulley used and rigging. Design for dynamic loading.
2) casing in closing one or more parallel pulleys.
Butt-tie
Tying off a limb at the butt (larger) end for rigging.
Butt – hitching
Method of lowering pieces when the rigging point is below the work, traditionally without the use of the block.
Friction hitch
Any of numerous knots used in tree climbing or rigging that may alternately slide along and then grip the rope.
Climbing line
Rope that meets specifications for use in tree climbing.
Body – thrust
Method of asending a tree using a climbing rope.
12- strand
for arborist ropes, a braided rope consisting of 12 strands. Mostar Corliss. There are two types of 12 – strand construction: a tight braid that is not easily splice able, used for climbing and rigging lines: and a loose, Easily spliceable braid, commonly used for slings.
Bend ratio
Ratio of the diameter of a branch, sheave, or other object to the diameter of the rope that is wrapped around it.
Clove hitch
KNot used to secure a rope to an object.
Climbing hitch
Hit used to secure a tree climber to the climbing line, which permits controlled assent, decent, and work positioning.
Hollow braid
Road construction consisting of a braided rope with no core.
Drop zone
Predetermined area where cut branches or would sections will be dropped or lowered from a tree. See you landing zone.
Blakes hitch
Friction knot climbers use, sometimes in place of the tautline hitch or prusik knot.
Arborist block
Heavy duty pulley with an integrated connection point (bushing for attaching a rope sling), A rotating sheave for the rope, and extended chic plates. used in tree rigging operations.
Figure 8 knot
Particular not tied as the safety not or stop or not at the end of the line.
Carabiner
Connecting device. Oblong metal ring used in climbing and static rigging that is opened and closed with the spring-loaded gate. Contrast with snap.
Cycles to failure
Number of times a rope or other piece of equipment can be used with the given load before mechanical failure.
Half hitch
Simple knot used to temporarily attach a line to an object. Also used as a back up in combination with other knots.
Landing zone
Predetermined area were cut branches or wood sections will be dropped or lowered from a tree. See drop zone.
Inorganic
Not containing carbon. Not containing organic material.
Chelate
Chemical compound that keeps plant nutrients [usually iron (Fe)] soluble and available for plant absorption over a broad range of pH.
___ is the washing out of chemicals through the soil.
Leaching
A 50 pound (23kg) bag of 20-10-5 fertilizer contains ___ pounds (or ___ kg) of actual nitrogen.
10 pounds, 4.6 kg
The ___ ___, listed on the container, gives the relative percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Fertilizer analysis
The most important factor for good uptake of fertilizer elements is adequate ___.
Water
Foliar analysis
Laboratory analysis of the mineral content of foliage.
What is the biggest problem with deep root fertilization?
Fertilizer is placed below the absorbing roots.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Ability of a soil to absorb and hold cations. Affected by a soil pH. Measures soil fertility, clay composition, and engineering characteristics.
If fertilizer “burn” or leaching are potential problems, it may be desirable to use a ___-___ fertilizer.
Slow-release
A complete fertilizer contains
A. all 16 essential elements
B. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
C. organic and inorganic nitrogen
D. equal amounts of N, P, and K
B. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Studies now show that nitrogen fertilization can trigger a tree’s energy allocation toward growth, sometimes at the expense of ___.
Defense
Name two limitations to implants and microinjections.
Any of the following:
- limited to trees over four inches (10 cm) in diameter
- not suited for addressing macronutrient deficiencies
- resulting wounds limit ability to repeat applications
Drill-hole method (of fertilization)
Applying fertilizer by drilling holes in the soil within the root zone.
Manure and sewage sludge are ___ forms of fertilizer.
Organic
Fertilizer analysis
Percentage of primary elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] of a fertilizer.
Liquid injection fertilization
Applying liquid formulations of fertilizer by injection into the root zone of a tree.
Micronutrient
Essential element that is required by plants in relatively small quantities.
Injection
Method of putting a liquid fertilizer or pesticide directly into the soil or a tree’s tissues.
____ are elements required by trees in relatively large quantities.
Macronutrients
Sulfur-coated urea or urea formaldehyde is sometimes included in nitrogen fertilizers because
A. slow-release forms of nitrogen are sometimes desired
B. the soil pH must be adjusted to optimize nutrient uptake
C. the soil’s buffering capacity may inhibit nitrogen absorption
D. urea is a good, natural source of phosphorus
A. slow-release gems of nitrogen are sometimes desired
Implant
Device, capsule, or pellet inserted into the tree’s xylem system to treat or prevent diseases, disorders, or pest problems. Requires a relatively large diameter and deep hole in the trunk.
A tree may not respond immediately to fertilizer application if
A. a slow-release fertilizer was applied
B. there is inadequate soil moisture
C. the tree is not actively growing
D. all of the above
D. All of the above
An 80-pound bag of 10-6-4 fertilizer contains how many pounds of actual nitrogen?
A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 4
B. 8
Two of the most important levels measured in a soil analysis are the ___ and the salt levels (especially in arid regions).
pH
Organic
In chemistry, a substance containing carbon. In an applied arboriculture context, a substance, especially a fertilizer or pesticide, of animal or vegetable origin.
Trees take up essential elements, dissolved in _____, through the roots.
Water
Essential element
17 minerals essential to the growth and development of trees. These minerals are essential because plants cannot complete their lifecycle without them.
Foliar application
Applying a fertilizer, pesticide, or other substance directly to the foliage.
It is desirable to use ___-___ ___, because they release nutrients, usually nitrogen, over an extended period of time.
Slow-release fertilizers
A soil test may not identify a nutrient deficiency problem in a plant because
A. the tests are not reliable
B. the nutrient content can change after collecting
C. the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something may be inhibiting uptake
D. no one knows which levels of nutrients in soils are adequate
C. the soil may contain adequate nutrients but something may be inhibiting uptake
Yellowing between the leaf veins is called ___ and may be the result of mineral deficiencies.
Chlorosis
Leaching
(1) Tendency for elements or compounds to wash down through the soil. (2) Tendency for elements or compounds to wash into the soil.
Foliar application of fertilizer is sometimes used to correct ___ deficiencies.
Micronutrient
The macronutrient ___ is a constituent of chlorophyll and, if deficient, can cause reduced growth and yellowing of the foliage.
Nitrogen
True/False - Surface application of fertilizer is relatively inexpensive and makes the fertilizer available in the upper few inches (centimeters) of soil.
True
Macronutrient
Essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities.
If the concentration of salts within the surrounding soil is much greater than the concentration of the solutes (salts) found in the root cells, this leads to a phenomenon known as ___ ___, in which water is drawn out of the roots.
Reverse osmosis
Fertilizer burn
Injury to a plant resulting from excess fertilizer salts in the surrounding soil.
Prescription fertilization
Philosophy of basing fertilization recommendations on plant needs.
Wilting, marginal burning, and dieback may be symptoms of excess ___ ___ in the root zone.
Fertilizer salts
Fertilization recommendations should be based on ___.
Element requirements
Chlorosis
Whitish or yellowish leaf discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll. Often caused by nutrient deficiency.
Drip line
Imaginary line defined by the branch spread of a single plant or group of plants.
Complete fertilizer
Fertilizer containing the three primary elements: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).
Acclimation
The physiological adaptation process of plants and other livings organisms to a climate or environment different from their native environment or where originally grown
Design criteria
1.) aspects of the landscape or site and the required functions to be served by the plant that must be considered in plant selection 2.) factors considered in the design of equipment
___ is the ability of a tree to withstand low temperatures and winter stresses in a given site.
Hardiness
Naturalized species
Non-native species that has become established in a region and propagates without human assistance
If a particular disease is known to be a problem, a tree species or cultivar should be selected that is ___ to that disease.
Resistant
Susceptibility
Extent to which a tree would suffer from a pest or pathogen if exposed.
Introduced species
Organisms not native to a region
Name three plant characteristics that may make a tree aesthetically desirable.
Any three of the following: Flowers Attractiveness to birds Fall color Exfoliating bark Growth habit
Adaptability
Genetic ability of plants and other living organisms to adjust or acclimate to different environments
Name five characteristics to look for when selecting a tree in the nursery.
Any five of the following: Plentiful, light-colored, healthy roots Solid root mass Good twig extension growth in previous years No major scars or injuries No insect or disease problems Good branch structure
Trees to be planted under utility lines should be
A. Tolerant of heavy top pruning
B. Low-growing to remain below the lines
C. Variegated foliage losing variegation, or colored foliage tending to be greener
D. Any or all of the above
B. Low-growing to remain below the lines
Name five tree species that would NOT be appropriate for planting under utility wires.
Any species that grows higher than the wires would be a correct answer
Exfoliating bark
Flaking or peeling bark
Site analysis
1.) Consideration or evaluation of the conditions, restrictions, and environment of a planting site. 2.) Consideration or evaluation of a construction or development site requiring a tree conservation or preservation site
True/False - Although a tree may be considered hardy in a given area, it may decline or die if the roots are unprotected.
True
Hardiness
Genetically determined ability of a plant to survive low temperatures
Which of the following is a true statement?
A. Flood plain species will always grow well in wet soils.
B. Forest understory plants tend to make good street trees because they do not grow tall.
C. Some tree species are adapted to hot, dry, or bright light conditions with small, thick foliage and sunken stomata.
D. Most evergreen conifers are very shade tolerant and tend to scorch in full sunlight.
C. Some tree species are adapted to hot, dry, or bright light conditions with small , thick foliage and sunken stomata.
___ is the gradual process by which a tree adapts to changes in the environment.
Acclimation
Microclimate
Small area with climatic characteristics that distinguish it from its immediate surrounding area
Pest resistance
In plants, the tendency to withstand or to not develop certain pest problems
Functional goal
In landscape design, the set of goals pertaining to the future needs and function of the site
Habit
Characteristic form of growth
Fastigiate trees have a growth form that is A. Upright B. Weeping C. Overarching D. Vase-shaped
A. Upright
Growth rate
Speed at which something grows
The climatic factor that determines hardiness zones is A. North-South location B. Temperature, rainfall, and winds C. East-West location D. Low temperature extremes
D. Low temperature extremes
Native species
Plants indigenous to a region. Naturally occurring and not introduced by man.
True/False - A tree listed as adaptable to wet soil conditions will always thrive if planted in those conditions.
False
Name three site characteristics that must be considered in site selection.
Any three of the following: Growing space Light conditions Soil conditions Climate Functional requirements
Some trees acclimate to shade conditions by
A. Developing larger leaves
B. Developing thinner leaves
C. Variegated foliage losing variegation, or colored foliage tending to be greener
D. Any or all of the above
D. Any or all of the above
Site considerations
Factors that must be taken into consideration when assessing a site for planting, tree conservation, or preservation for any operation
Upright, pyramidal, and weeping. Are three examples of tree ___ ___ that are important in selection.
Growth habits (growth forms)
