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211L > IRs > Flashcards

IRs Flashcards

1
Q

This performs dynamic studies.

A

FLUOROSCOPIC SCREEN

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2
Q

The fluoroscope was invented by (1) in (2)

A
  1. Thomas A. Edison
  2. 1896
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3
Q

During fluoroscopy, the XRT is operated at (1), however, the patient dose is considerably higher because the XR beam is emitted for considerably (2) times.

A
  1. less than 5 mA
  2. longer
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4
Q

It is a complex electronic device that receives the image-forming XR beam and converts it into a visible light image of high intensity

A

IMAGE INTENSIFIER

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5
Q

Each photoelectron that arrives at the output phosphor (image intensifier) results in approximately (1) as many light photons as were necessary to create it.

A
  1. 50 to 70 times
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6
Q

Thin, light- tight device, slightly larger than the film it intends to hold

A

Cassette

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7
Q

CASSETTES loaded with screen-film: The front is made of (1) while the back is made of light metal such as (2).

(3) are used to insure light proof edges. Some inner (back) cassette (except (4)) are lined with thin layer of lead to absorb secondary radiation.

A
  1. Bakelite material
  2. magnesium
  3. Felt gaskets
  4. photo timers
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8
Q

— has reported a clever approach to describing and identifying the various DR imaging systems - CAPTURE ELEMENT, COUPLING ELEMENT and COLLECTION ELEMENT

A

Ehsan Samai

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9
Q

The capture element is that in which the x-ray is captured. In computed radiography (CR), the capture element is the —

A

photostimulable phosphor

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10
Q

In the other DR modes, the capture element may be (1), (2), (3), or (4).

A
  1. NaI
  2. CsI
  3. GdOS
  4. a-Se
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11
Q

The coupling element may be a(1), a (2), or (3)

A
  1. lens of fiberoptic assembly
  2. contact layer
  3. a-Se
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12
Q

The collection element may be a (1), a (2), or a (3)

A
  1. photodiode
  2. CCD
  3. TFT
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13
Q

Photodiode vs CCD vs TFT

A

Photodiode and CCD: light-sensitive devices that collect light photons.

TFT: a charged sensitive device that collects electron

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14
Q

Housed in a rugged cassette that appears similar to a screen-film cassette

A

Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) screen

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15
Q

The PSP screen-fiim cassette is called —

A

Imaging plate (IP)

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16
Q

principal advantage of CR

A

IP is handled in the same manner as a screen-film cassette

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17
Q

Not loaded and unloaded in a darkroom. Rather, it is handled in the manner of a screen-film daylight loader.

A

PSP screen of the IP

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18
Q

a scintillation phosphor, which is the crystal used in earlier imaging systems which was quickly replaced

A

Sodium lodide (Nal)

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19
Q

Usually married to a linear array of CCDs through fiberoptic light path

A

Sodium lodide (Nal)

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20
Q

This signal is channeled to a CCD through fiber-optic channels

A

Cesium lodide (CSI)

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21
Q

Csl has a high (1) because the atomic number of cesium is (2) and that of iodine is (3)

A
  1. photoelectric capture
  2. 55
  3. 53
22
Q

The result for CsI capture elements is high x-ray capture efficiency and good spatial resolution - up to —.

A

5 lp/mm

23
Q

had been widely used as the capture element of most rare earth radiographic intensifying screens

A

Gadolinium oxysulfide (GdOS)

24
Q

GdOS in screen-film vs GdOS in DR

A

Screen-film:
- GdOS thickness determines speed of the IR.
- As GdOS screen-film speed was increased, spatial resolution was reduced because of light dispersion in the GdOS.

DR
- Increasing thickness of GdOS in a DR IR increases the speed of the system with no compromise in spatial resolution.

25
Q

The a-Se is approximately (1) thick and is sandwiched between (2).

A
  1. 200 um
  2. charged electrodes
26
Q

X-rays incident on the a-Se create (1) through direct ionization of selenium. The created charge is collected by a (2) and remains there until the signal is read by the switching action of the TFT

A
  1. electron hole pairs
  2. storage capacitor
27
Q

The CCD was developed in the (1) as a highly light-sensitive device for (2)

A
  1. 1970s
  2. military use
28
Q

The CCD, which is the light-sensing element for most digital cameras, has three principal advantageous imaging characteristics:

A
  1. sensitivity
  2. dynamic range
  3. size
29
Q

a silicon-based semiconductor that has higher sensitivity for radiation and a much wider dynamic range than screen-film IRs

A

CCD

30
Q

very small, making it highly adaptable to DR

A

CCD

31
Q

The CCD itself measures approximately (1), but the pixel size is an exceptional (2)

A
  1. 1 to 2 cm
  2. 100 x 100 um
32
Q

charge-sensitive device that collects electrons

A

TFT

33
Q

Ability to control individually each pixel of the digital display device.

A

Active read

34
Q

Nature of reading a digital image receptor line by line

A

Passive read

35
Q

Required for the active read

A

TFT

36
Q

commonly used scintillator in digital radiography.

A

Sodium Iodide (NaI) capture element

37
Q

known for its high efficiency in xr detection.

A

CsI capture element

38
Q

serves as an effective phosphor material in radiography

A

GdOS capture element

39
Q

acts as a direct conversion material in digital radiography

A

A-se capture element

40
Q

transmits the captured X-ray energy to the collection element

A

Coupling elements

41
Q

Converts the transmitted xr energy into a digital signal

A

Collection elements

42
Q

Collection elements is typically achieved using —

A

CCD or CMOS (Complementary Metal- Oxide- Semiconductor)

43
Q

Most commonly used collection element

A

CCD

44
Q

known for its high sensitivity and ability to produce high-resolution images

A

CCD

45
Q

convert light into electrical signals, which are then processed to create a digital image

A

CCD

46
Q

known for its fast image capture and processing capabilities

A

TFT

47
Q

embedded in flat- panel detectors to capture and store digital radiographic images efficiently.

A

TFT arrays

48
Q

Consists of matrix of switching transistors and capacitors that detect and store data, enabling rapid image capture and processing, making it ideal for clinical setting

A

TFT

49
Q

Each pixel has its own pixel and capacitor which allows for individual pixel control and storage of captured data.

A

TFT

50
Q

Facilitates swift capture for dynamic imaging applications such as fluoroscopy

A

TFT

211L (4 decks)

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