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PAES - Irrigation and Drainage > Irrigation Terminologies > Flashcards

Irrigation Terminologies Flashcards

1
Q

volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and normal water level

A

active storage

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2
Q

any barrier constructed to store water

A

dam

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3
Q

volume below the intake structure; sediment volume based on 25 years of accumulation in the reservoir

A

dead storage

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4
Q

dam component which prevents migration of small particles and screen off fine materials that flow with seepage water and prevent piping

A

filter drain

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5
Q

dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive for slope protection

A

homogeneous embankment

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6
Q

spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw, saddle or drainage way

A

natural spillway

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7
Q

maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam or reservoir without flow in the spillway

A

normal storage elevation

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8
Q

part of the system that impounds the runoff

A

reservoir

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9
Q

line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs

A

seepage line

phreatic line

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10
Q

channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot be contained in the active storage space of the reservoir

A

spillway

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11
Q

total capacity at normal water surface elevation

A

storage capacity

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12
Q

vertical distance measured from the top of the dam down to the bedrock

A

structural height

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13
Q

side of the embankment wetted by the impounded water

A

upstream face

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14
Q

vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the dam crest

A

dam height

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15
Q

geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as limestone or dolomite

A

Karst topography

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16
Q

area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir

A

watershed

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17
Q

privilege granted by the government to use and appropriate water

A

water right

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18
Q

reservoir where the upper reaches of the basin is shielded by high mountain barriers

A

well-protected reservoir

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19
Q

dam consisting a central impervious core flanked between zones of more pervious materials

A

zoned embankment

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20
Q

field that is level in all directions, encompassed by

A

basin

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21
Q

type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin through a gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch; water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil or the excess is drained off

A

basin irrigation

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22
Q

method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips where the water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth

A

border irrigation

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23
Q

area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the irrigation stream from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip

A

border strip

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24
Q

small channel along one part of a field that is used for distributing water in surface irrigation

A

head ditch

supply ditch

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25
Q

application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field. Either the entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is fed into small channels (furrows) or strips of land (borders)

A

surface irrigation system

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26
Q

actual height of the embankment after settlement

A

designed height

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27
Q

height of the embankment to be attained during construction

A

finished height

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28
Q

additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to prevent overtopping by wave action or other causes

A

freeboard

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29
Q

slope of the upstream face of the embankment

A

inside slope

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30
Q

slope at the downstream face of the embankment

A

outside slope

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31
Q

ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume required for embankment construction which indicates the relative cost of the different types of reservoir

A

storage ratio

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32
Q

rainfall pattern with five wet months of more than 200 mm/month, five dry months of less than 100 mm/month, two transition months of 100mm-200mm/month and total annual rainfall above 1500 mm.

A

unimodal rainfall pattern

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33
Q

numerical value on the uniformity of application for agricultural irrigation systems

A

distribution uniformity

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34
Q

time required to cover an area with one application of water

A

irrigation period

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35
Q

method of applying irrigation water similar to natural rainfall where water is distributed through a system of pipes by pumping and then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground

A

sprinkler irrigation

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36
Q

distance between two sprinkler heads along the lateral

A

sprinkler spacing

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37
Q

diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating at a given pressure and no wind

A

wetted diameter

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38
Q

applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to disspate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure

A

emitters

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39
Q

spacing between emitters or emission points along a lateral line

A

emitter spacing

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40
Q

spacing between irrigation laterals

A

lateral spacing

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41
Q

deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants, resulting in loss of salts or nutrients

A

leaching

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42
Q

portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals

A

manifold

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43
Q

measure of the variability of discharge of a random sample of a given make, model and size of emitter, as provided by the manufacturer and before any field operations or aging has taken place determined through a discharge test of a sample of 50 emitters under a set pressure at 200 0C

A

manufacturer’s coefficient of variation

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44
Q

drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the wetted diameter estimated from field tests

A

optimal emitter spacing

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45
Q

width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of emitters spaced at their optimal spacing along a single lateral line

A

wetted widths

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46
Q

areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public and private parks, playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields, residential landscapes and industrial park landscapes

A

access areas

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47
Q

volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and normal water level

A

active storage

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48
Q

rate of evapotranspiration equal to or smaller than predicted crop evapotranpiration as affected by the level of available soil water, salinity, field size or other causes

A

actual crop evapotranspiration

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49
Q

rise in maximum flood level from the original unobstructed flood level which result after an obstruction to the flow such as a dam, has been introduced

A

afflux elevation

50
Q

overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water

A

algal bloom

51
Q

ratio of the average depth of irrigation water infiltrated and stored in the root zone to the average depth of irrigation water applied

A

application efficiency

52
Q

geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a rate sufficient to be economically developed for pumping artificially developed well

A

aquifer

53
Q

cross-sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow

A

area

54
Q

field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to prevent runoff, and provides an undirected flow of water onto the field

A

basin

55
Q

type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the basin through a gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch; water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil or the excess is drained off

A

basin irrigation

56
Q

maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil

A

bearing capacity

57
Q

method of irrigation which makes use of parallel border strips where the water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform depth

A

border irrigation

58
Q

area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that guide the irrigation stream from the inlet point of application to the ends of the strip

A

border strip

59
Q

inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the channel bottom

A

channel bed slope

60
Q

groundwater that is confined by relatively impermeable layer

A

confined aquifer

61
Q

introduction of substances not found in the natural composition of water that make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use

A

contamination

62
Q

ratio between water received at the inlet for a block of fields to that released at the project’s headwork

A

conveyance efficiency

63
Q

loss of water from a channel during transport due to seepage and percolation

A

conveyance loss

64
Q

record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the depth, thickness, degree of
consolidation and other aquifer physical characteristics

A

well log

65
Q

accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall, and outflows, such as evaporation, seepage and percolation

A

water balance

66
Q

waste in liquid state containing pollutants

A

wastewater

67
Q

any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or other forms resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural operations, or from community and household activities that is devoid of usage and discarded

A

waste

68
Q

canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil excavated from the bed are used to form the embankment

A

unlined channels

unlined canal

69
Q

occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and average velocity through a reach of channel

A

uniform flow

70
Q

ratio of the particle size at 60% pasing to that at 10% passing

A

uniformity coefficient

71
Q

aquifer which has water table serving as upper surface of the zone of saturation

A

unconfined aquifer

72
Q

width of the channel cross-section at the free surface

A

top width

73
Q

slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open channels

A

slope of the energy grade line

74
Q

slope of the free water surface

A

slope of the hydraulic grade line

75
Q

ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall

A

side slope

76
Q

distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to the community or area of concern that is sensitive to contamination

A

setback distance

77
Q

occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region

A

seismicity

78
Q

tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface whose pumps are set above the water level

A

shallow tubewell

79
Q

conveys canal water under roads or railroads

A

road crossing

80
Q

taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and then using it in another process or industry such as for irrigation, as liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture

A

re-use

81
Q

moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water delivery which describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water supply has been cut-off
restricted areas
areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway medians and other similar areas

A

residual moisture content

82
Q

rate of evapotranspiration from a reference surface which is a hypothetical reference crop with an assumed crop height of 0.2 m, a fixed surface resistance of 70 s/m and an albedo of 0.23

A

reference crop evapotranspiration

83
Q

area capable of being irrigated, principally as regards to availability of water, suitable soils, and topography of land

A

potential irrigable area

84
Q

sealed section formed between earth embankments where combined seepage and percolation will be measured

A

pond

85
Q

any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive, which directly or indirectly alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body or land resource so as to affect or tend to affect adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is hazardous or potentially hazardous to health, or imparts objectionable odor, temperature change or physical, chemical or biological change to any segment of the water body or land, or is in excess of the allowable limits or concentrations or quality standards specified in contravention of the condition, limitation or restriction prescribed in these guidelines

A

pollutant

86
Q

method to determine the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient

A

permeability test

87
Q

vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by soil structure, texture, bulk density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt type and concentration

A

percolation

88
Q

rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan

A

pan evaporation

89
Q

ratio between reference evapotranspiration and water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan

A

pan coefficient

90
Q

water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is exposed to the atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage channels, culverts, and pipes under partially full flow conditions

A

open channel flow

91
Q

allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which the wastewater generator is permitted to discharge into any receiving body of water or land.

A

loading limit

92
Q

canals with impermeable material (usually concrete) for channel stabilization and/or reduced seepage

A

lined channel

lined canal

93
Q

amount of water required in lowland rice production which is a function of the initial soil moisture and the physical properties of the soil

A

land soaking water requirement

94
Q

amount of water required in lowland rice production which includes water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land soaking

A

land preparation water requirement

95
Q

closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local depressions

A

inverted siphon

96
Q

inside bottom or sill of t the conduit

A

invert

97
Q

estimation of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of a given event by determining the frequency curves of best fit to samples of hydrologic data

A

hydrologic frequency analysis

98
Q

cross-sectional area of flow divided by the wetted perimeter

A

hydraulic radius

99
Q

occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at high velocity strikes water of sufficient depth

A

hydraulic jump

100
Q

profile of the free water surface

A

hydraulic grade line

101
Q

amount of water to replenish the crop water requirement and losses less the effective rainfall

A

farm water requirement

102
Q

channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to the paddy field

A

farm ditch

103
Q

combination of water transpired from vegetation and evaporated from the soil, water, and plant surfaces

A

evapotranspiration

104
Q

provision for passing of equipment and small machinery

A

equipment crossing

105
Q

grade line of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open channels

A

energy grade line

specific energy line

106
Q

water conveying conduit or trough which is supported on abutments by piers

A

elevated flume

107
Q

any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates, and/or concentrations or any combination thereof, of physical, chemical or biological parameters of effluent which a person or point source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or land

A

effluent standard

108
Q

discharges from known sources which is passed into a body of water or land, or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant including domestic, commercial and recreational facilities

A

effluent

109
Q

particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing

A

effective size

particle diameter

110
Q

soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of the crop extracts most of the water needed for evapotranspiration

A

effective rooting depth

111
Q

amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the crop for growth and development excluding deep percolation, surface runoff and interception

A

effective rainfall

112
Q

in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher level to a lower level, duly dissipating the excess energy resulting from the drop in elevation

A

drop

113
Q

the total quantity of water diverted from a stream, lake, or reservoir, or removed from the ground in order to irrigate a crop

A

diversion water requirement

114
Q

structure or weir provided across the river or creek to raise its water level and divert the water into the main canal to facilitate irrigation by gravity

A

diversion dam

115
Q

maximum area which an irrigation project can serve considering the extent of arable lands and the available water supply

A

design irrigable area

116
Q

amount of water used in producing crops which is the sum of evapotranspiration or consumptive use plus seepage and percolation losses

A

crop water requirements

117
Q

sequence of different crops grown in regular order on any particular field or fields

A

cropping pattern

118
Q

rate of evapotranspiration of a disease-free crop growing in a large field (one or more ha) under optimal soil conditions, including sufficient water and fertilizer and achieving full production potential of that crop under the given growing environment; includes water loss through transpiration by the vegetation, and vaporation from the soil surface and wet leaves

A

crop evapotranspiration

119
Q

ratio of the actual crop evpotranspiration to its potential evapotranspiration

A

crop coefficient

120
Q

depth of water flow where the energy content is at minimum hence, no other backwater forces are involved

A

critical depth

121
Q

loss of water from a channel during transport due to seepage and percolation

A

conveyance loss

122
Q

ratio between water received at the inlet for a block of fields to that released at the project’s headwork

A

conveyance efficiency

PAES - Irrigation and Drainage (1 decks)

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