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CP5 > IRMER Radiation Protection > Flashcards

IRMER Radiation Protection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 guidelines need to be aware of?

A

IRR17 - Ionising radiation regulations
IRMER17 -
FGDP 2020 - Guidance notes for dental practitioners on safe use of x-ray equipment

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2
Q

How long will this training cover you for?

A

5 years

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3
Q

What is radiation?

A

Radiation with energy to remove electrons from an atom causing it to become charged/ionised

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4
Q

What are the 4 different types of radiation?

A

X rays
Gamma rays
Alpha rays
Beta rays

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5
Q

What is the source of x rays?

A

Energetic electrons

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6
Q

What are x rays used for?

A

Diagnostic imaging, radiotherapy

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7
Q

Which rays are sourced for radioactive material

A

Gamma rays
Alpha rays
Beta rays

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8
Q

What are alpha rays used for?

A

No use in dentistry

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9
Q

Which rays are used for isotope imaging and therapy?

A

Gamma rays
Beta rays

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10
Q

Which rays are particles? Which rays are electro-magnetic?

A

Particles - alpha and beta rays
Electro-magnetic - x and gamma rays

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11
Q

Describe structure of x ray tube

A

Glass tube, vacuum inside, cathode (where e- come from) and an anode, tube is surrounded by oil (inefficient process) then a lead casing (for protection)

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12
Q

How is the x ray produced?

A

When high energy electron beam hits target (cathode –> anode)

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of x rays?

A

Characteristic radiation
General radiation (Bremsstrahlung)

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14
Q

How is Bremsstrahlung radiation produced? (4)

A

E- decelerate when they pass +ve nucleus
E- loses energy
Energy emitted in form of radiation
99% converted to heat, 1% converted to x rays

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15
Q

How is characteristic radiation produced?

A

Incoming e- ejects an inner e- of orbit
Higher energy e- takes its place
Releases x ray
This energy is a characteristic of the target material

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16
Q

What does level of characteristic radiation depends on?

A

Which energy level e- passed from and into

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17
Q

Why is there a spectrum of energies for Bremsstrahlung radiation?

A

Depends on how much the incoming e- has been decelerated

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18
Q

What is the average UK radiation dose?

A

2.7 mSv (AKA background radiation)

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19
Q

What are the sources of radiation? (6)

A

48% radioactive radon gas from ground
16% medical radiation
13% terrestrial (building material) / gamma radiation
12% cosmic radiation (sun)
11% intakes from food
0.2% from nuclear weapon fall out

20
Q

Which foods are naturally radioactive?

A

Brazil nuts
Lima beans
Bananas
Carrots
Potatoes
Red meat
Beer
Water
Peanut butter

21
Q

Why is radiation a problem to tissues?

A

Causes break in DNA strand
Normally this can repair
If doesn’t repair - leads to cell death
If repairs incorrectly - leads to cell mutation

22
Q

What is a long term problem with radiation exposure?

A

Biological effects may not be visible for weeks / months / years

23
Q

Which molecules are responsible for attacking DNA? What process?

A

Free radicals - oxidation

24
Q

What can protect cells against free radicals?

A

Antioxidants
E.g. red wine / blueberries

25
Q

What is the photoelectric effect? How does this effect images?

A

Photons falling knock electrons out of a surface
Photoelectric absorption causes contrast in images

26
Q

What is Compton scattering?

A

X ray encounters an e- from outer shell with little binding energy
E- is ejected and energy is re-emitted in form of x ray
Results in x ray with different direction and less energy
This x ray not used for image production

27
Q

What are the 3 units need to know for x rays

A

Absorbed dose
Equivalent dose
Effective dose

28
Q

What is absorbed dose? Measurement? Unit?

A

Energy deposited per unit mass of material
Measured in J kg-1
Unit gray (Gy)

29
Q

What is equivalent dose? Measurement? Unit?

A

Absorbed dose multiplied by radiation weighting factor (Wr)
Represented by H (H = S Dr Wr)
Measured in J kg-1
Unit Sievert (Sv)

30
Q

What is the weighting factor of electrons?

A

1

31
Q

What is the weighting factor of photons, protons, alpha, heavy nuclei?

A

Photons = 1
Protons = 5
Alpha = 20
Heavy nuclei = 20

32
Q

What does equivalent dose not take into account?

A

The tissue being radiated

33
Q

What is the effective dose?

A

Equivalent dose multiplied by the weight factor of the tissue (Wt)
E = S Ht Wt
Measured in Sieverts (Sv)

34
Q

What is tissue weighting factor of the entire body?

A

1

35
Q

What is the tissue weighting factor of bone and salivary glands?

A

0.01 bone
0.01 SGs

36
Q

What are the effects of radiation?

A

Somatic
Genetic
Deterministic
Stochastic

37
Q

What are somatic effects?

A

Manifested in person irradiated

38
Q

What are genetic effects?

A

Manifested in offspring of person irradiated

39
Q

What are deterministic effects? AKA? Determined by? What does severity depend on? Examples of effects?

A

AKA Certain, tissue reaction effects
Effects will occur if a certain threshold is passed
Severity depends on dose of radiation
Erythema, sterility, radiation sickness / burns, epilation, cataracts, death

40
Q

What are stochastic effects? AKA? Determined by? What does severity depend on? Example of effects?

A

AKA Random radiation effects
Determined by total dose of radiation received
Severity is independent of dose
Cancer, genetic effects

41
Q

What is not considered a potential risk with dental x rays?

A

Genetic defects

42
Q

What is effective dose of IO radiographs?

A

0.3 - 21.6 mSv

43
Q

What is effective dose of panoramic radiographs

A

2.7 - 38 mSv

44
Q

What is the background radiation equivalent of a periapical?

A

3.5 days exposure

45
Q

What is the background radiation equivalent of a panoramic?

A

6 days

CP5 (7 decks)

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