Irish Nationalism - Breath 1 Flashcards
What did the penal laws do
restricted catholics political rights
who is the lord lieutenant and what did he do
the cheif representative of the British monarch in Ireland and any political decisions that were discussed in Ireland had to be agreed by him before they were passed into law
why did the American revolution have an effect on Ireland
-there was a shared experience of subjugation under British power
-a large number of Irish men and women had emigrated to America
and when Ireland watched the events unravel in America in emphasised the success that could be had but also the notions of republicanism
what did the revolution do for Ireland in terms of impact
-encouraged the growth of a more nationalist perspective
-increased militarisation of the country as many protestant supporters of Britain sought to defend the country
why did the French Revolution increase growing militia in 1793
Britain had emptied Ireland of troops to help in its revolutionary government war against France there was a fear that French and Spanish rivals might see this as a way to invade the country
what group formed in 1778
Irish volunteers
How many well trained volunteers were there by 1782
60,000
what were the aims, what did they do and how successful were they
aims
-greater legislative independence
what did they do
-Henry Grattan gave speeches that demanded Ireland were an independent nation under the crown
-these proposals were always blocked by the use of patronage in parliament
-February 1782 the volunteers held a meeting in Dungannon where the passed resolutions demanding legislative independence
success
-constitution of 1782 repealed the 1720 act and reduced Britains control over legislation to the right of a veto and the government granted an annual mutiny act
the success of the volunteers was ultimately down to the timing
of their resolutions (was passed during Britains poor time with America) and therefore Britain was more vulnerable
However the reality of the constitution meant that the British were able to exert considerable power over Irish affairs through the lord lieutenant
what was the mutiny act
acts the governed the actions of the army and gave the Irish parliament authority to punish soldiers who refused orders
what is patronage
the practice of controlling appointments and granting privelidges for the purposes of influence
when was the volunteers second convention, who lead it and was it successful
10 November 1783
led by Henry flood
flood wanted a more representative parliament which better reflected public opinion
parliament refused their reform plans and this idea that the volunteers were a movement for political reform gradually diminished
when was the third volunteers convention and was it successful
1784
only drew a handful of delegates and very little public interest
how did the French rev impact Ireland
the promotion of republican values in such a violent manner sent shockwaves through Ireland
what sparked the growth of the united irishmen
young men becoming disillusioned by the continued dominance over Irish affairs
what were the aims of the united irishmen
-greater political autonomy
-a union between both catholic and protestant radicals
who headed the ideas of the united irishmen and how did he do it
Theobald Wolf Tone
- he wrote a pamphlet ‘An argument of behalf of the Catholics of Ireland’ in 1791 which presented a reformed Irish parliament without the influence of the British crown
when and where was the first society of united irishmen
Belfast on the 14th of October 1791
what were the demands set out in the united irishmen manifesto and when was it
1794
-every man should have the vote
-ireland to be divided into 300 parliamentary constituencies equal in population
what else did the united irishmen consider to be important
catholic emancipation
how did the united irishmen initially go about achieving their reforms
using public opinion to persuade the authorities to institute change however this did not work due to the outbreak of war in France
what was bantry bay and why did it fail
-tone had negotiated a deal with France whereby 14,000 men attempted to ;and in pantry bay to eject the continuing British occupation however poor wether prevented them from landing
how many united irishmen were there by 1797
200,000
when was the uprising by the united irishmen and who co ordinated it and what were the aims
may 1798 and was co ordinated by Tone who aimed to sever irelands connection with Britain to achieve an independent state
why was the uprising of 1798 not successful
-they had 15,000 fighting men however it was poorly coordinated
-this meant that important towns such as Dublin and Belfast could not be taken
-britain had 20,000 soldiers and this led to a victory at vinegar hill in June
-there was also no immediate French support as the French had targeted Egypt as their main overseas priority and when the french did land in Ireland there was only 1100 men and so the rebellion did not really ignite
was the 1798 uprising significant
it attempted to secure greater independence from Britain however drew the country closer to Britain as it made Britain aware that Ireland need to be properly administered
what act did the 1798 uprising
1801 act of union
what is a tithe
a tax of ten percent on produce or earning that was given to the church
when was the church of Ireland established
1536
what did the establishment of the church of Ireland mean for catholics
meant that catholics had to pay a tithe to the new protestant church despite not having anything to do with it
what did the tithe composition act do
extended the tithe assessment to pasture land as well as tillage land
and made the tax a general charge that became payable twice a year
where and when did the tithe wars begin
Kilkenny in October 1830
why did the tithe wars begin
it followed a period of agricultural depression that meant farmers were getting less money and then the added resented tithe on top of this sparked discontent
what did they do in the tithe wars
throughout Ireland farmers refused to pay the tithe and by 1833 22 counties had not paid the tithe and this amounted to 1 million pounds that had not been paid
what were the tactics of the tithe wars
-gain support from the Catholic Church which they achieved and Archbishop MacHale showed support
-a passive protest as this means you get a larger number of participants
was there any violence due to the tithe wars
yes as police and local yeomanry seized a property in the absence of payment this resulted in several violent outbursts such as in Newtownbarry in 1831 14 resisting farmers were killed by local yeomanry
how were the Irish population able to humiliate the government
when seized stock from people who refused to pay tithe payments was put in an auction the sales would be abandoned as people would bid absurdly large amounts that they could not afford so the auctions all failed
what did the clergy relief act do and when was it set up
1832 and provided loans from public money to support members of the clergy after the tithe payment was not longer enforced
how did the tithe wars end
after June 1833 the government abandoned the use of force to extract tithe payments as it was alienating the rural population
the tithe rent charge act was set up in 1838 which made the tithe payment only payable by landlords
when was the repeal association founded and who by
1840 by Daniel O’Connell
what professions did O’connell do
he was a barrister and an MP for county Clare
what was the aim of the repeal association
to repeal the act of union
how did O’ Conell attempt to raise funds for the organisation
through a repeal rent which was a subscription top the organisation
why was there need to raise funds for the organisation
if a group was well financed it had more chance of putting greater pressure on on Westminster
what was o’connells idea of how to put pressure on Westminster
monster meetings
how did oconell know that monster meetings would be successful
he had used them for great effect during the his campaign for catholic emancipation
were the monster meetings successful
in 1843 more than 40 meetings took place and several were attended by between 100,000 and 500,000 people
why were the numbers that attended the monster meetings so important and how many attended the meeting in tara
in tara there were 750,000 people present and oconell knew that these numbers were impossible for the British government to ignore
why did the repeal association fail
the British saw how the country was rapidly exploding due to the industrial revolution and they would go to any necessary lengths to prevent repeal
what did the British do on 8th of October 1843
banned a meeting of the repeal association that was supposed to be held in Clontarf hours before it was supposed to take place
what did the cancelling of the meeting in Clontarf mean for the repeal association
Oconnell wanted to remain lawful and did not go ahead with it
this undermined the movements basic principle and therefore it lost much of its credibility
Who was Young Ireland set up by
Thomas Davis - protestant barrister
Charles Gavin Duffy - catholic journalist
John Mitchel - unitarian solicitor
how did young Ireland differs to the repeal association
-had a broader set of ideas about Irish nationalism
-offered a more complete platform for opposing British rule
-wanted to achieve through any means necessary
what were the aims of young Ireland
complete separation from Britain first through political persuasion and then by physical force if necessary
what was the older generations view of young Ireland
its ideas were too hot headed and naive
why was young Ireland originally created
as a competitor to the repeal association
why did young Ireland not have complete support
-many joined through simple disaffection with the failed repeal movement
-its open minded ideas towards religion did not win much support in the catholic clergy
how did the lack of support for young Ireland effect the movement
-the movement could not build up enough of a support base for people to act
-it created deep divisions within leadership Duffy and Obrien favoured parliamentary pressure whereas Mitchel and Lalor favoured a more radical approach
when was young irelands rebellion
1848
