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A&P 1 > IRAT 3- integumentary and nervous systems > Flashcards

IRAT 3- integumentary and nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest system of the body?

A

Integumentary

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2
Q

What are the two components of the integumentary system?

A

Cutaneous membrane(skin) and accessory structures

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3
Q

components of cutateous membrane

A

outer epidermis, inner dermis

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4
Q

dermis made up of:

A

dense irregular ct

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5
Q

subcutaneous layer(hypodermis)

A

loose ct

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6
Q

PEMPPSSDC- function of integumentary

A

protection, excretion, maintenance, production, production, synthesis, storage, detection, coordination

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7
Q

nervous tissue contains two kinds of cells:

A

neuroglia (glial cells) and neurons

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8
Q

neurons function

A

intercellular communication

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9
Q

neuroglia function

A

preserve structure of nervous tissue and essential to survival and function of neurons

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10
Q

CNS- central nervous system

A
  • process and coordinate sensory data from inside and outside body
  • higher functions of brain include intelligence. memory, learning, and emotion
  • consists of nervous tissue, connective tissue, and blood vessels
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11
Q

PNS- peripheral nervous system

A

Includes all nervous tissue outside CNS
– Delivers sensory information to CNS
– Carries motor commands to peripheral tissues

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12
Q

afferent division

A

carries sensory info into

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13
Q

efferent division

A

carries motor commands; exits from processing center
- from cns to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

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14
Q

Receptors

A

• Detect changes or respond to stimuli
• May be neurons or specialized cells
• May be single cells or complex sensory organs (e.g., eyes,
ears)

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15
Q

Effectors

A
  • target organs that respond to motor commands
  • efferent neurons trigger muscle to move
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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System- SNS

A
  • controls skeletal muscle contractions
  • both voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)
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17
Q

Autonomic Nervous System- ANS

A

Controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth and
cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions ex: eating food and digesting
• Sympathetic division has a stimulating effect
• Parasympathetic division has a relaxing effect

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18
Q

Enteric Nervous System- ENS

A
  • Initiates and coordinates visceral reflexes locally
    • Without instructions from CNS
  • 100 million neurons in walls of digestive tract
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19
Q

cell body

A

– Large nucleus and nucleolus
– Perikaryon (cytoplasm)
– Mitochondria (produce energy)
– RER and ribosomes (synthesize proteins)

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton or perikaryon

A

– Neurofilaments and neurotubules
• Similar to intermediate filaments and microtubules
– Neurofibrils
• Bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites
and axon

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21
Q

Nissal bodies

A

– Dense areas of RER and ribosomes in perikaryon
– Make nervous tissue appear gray (gray matter)

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22
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A
  • small
  • found in brain and special sense organs
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23
Q

Bipolar neurons

A
  • small and rare; one dendrite and one axon
  • found in sight smell and hearing
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24
Q

unipolar neurons

A

• Axon and dendrites are fused; Cell body to one side
• Most sensory neurons of PNS

25
Q

Multipolar neurons

A
  • Have one long axon and two or more dendrites
  • Common in CNS; All motor neurons control skeletal muscles
26
Q

sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons

27
Q

Introreceptors

A

•Sensory neuron
Monitor internal systems (e.g., digestive, urinary)
• Internal senses (stretch, deep pressure, pain)

28
Q

Extroreceptors

A

•Sensory neuron
Monitor external environment (e.g., temperature)
• Complex senses (e.g., sight, smell, hearing)

29
Q

Proprioceptors

A
  • sensory neuron
    Moniter position and movement
  • skeletal muscles and joints
30
Q

Interneurons

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • located between sensory and motor neurons
  • involved in higher functions: memory, planning, and learning
31
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • support and protect neurons
  • make up half the volume of nervous system
32
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • type of neuroglia
  • have large cell bodies
  • function to maintain blood brain barrier (BBB)
33
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • type of neuroglia
  • small cell bodies
  • cooperate to form myelin sheath (protection)
  • gray matter- unmyelinated axons
34
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • type of neuroglia
  • form epithelium that lines central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
  • produce and monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
35
Q

Microglia

A
  • type of neuroglia
  • smallest and least numerous neuroglia
  • fine-branched processes
  • clean up cellular debris, wastes, and pathogens
36
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • PNS
  • surround ganglia
  • regulate interstitial fluid around neurons
37
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • PNS
  • form myelin sheath around axons
  • mylinating schwann cell sheaths only one axon
38
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

membrane potential of a resting cell

39
Q

Graded potential

A
  • temporary change; change caused by stimulus
40
Q

Action potential

A
  • electrical impulse
  • produced by graded potential
41
Q

Extracellular fluid

A
  • contains high concentrations of Na+ and Cl-
42
Q

Intracellular fluid (cytosol)

A
  • contains high concentrations of K+ and negatively charged proteins
43
Q

Chemical gradients

A
  • concentration gradients of ions Na+ and K+
44
Q

Electrical gradients

A
  • charges are serperated by cell membrane
  • cytosol is negative relative to extracellular fluid
45
Q

electrochemical gradient

A
  • sum of chemical and electrical forces action on an ion across the membrane
46
Q

Equilibrium potential

A
  • membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across cell membrane
  • K+ = -90mV
  • Na+ = +66mV
  • Na+ has a small effect on resting potential
47
Q

Sodium-potassium exchange pump

A
  • powered by ATP
  • ejects 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ brought in
  • balances passive forces of diffusion
  • stabilizes resting membrane potential (-70mV)
48
Q

When does membrane potential change?

A

in response to temporary changes in membrane permeability

49
Q

Passive ion channels (leak channels)

A
  • are always open
  • permeability changes with conditions
50
Q

Active ion channels (gated ion channels)

A
  • open and close in response to stimuli
  • at resting , most are closed
51
Q

Chemically gated ion channels

A
  • also called ligand-gated channels
  • open when they bind specific chemicals ex: ACh
  • Found on cell body and dendrites of neurons
52
Q

Mechanically gated ion channels

A
  • respond to membrane distortion
  • found in sensory receptors that respond to touch, pressure, or vibration
  • when you touch something, you distort it
53
Q

Voltage gated ion channels

A
  • respond to changes in membrane potential
  • found in axons and cardiac muscle cells
  • open- (activated)
  • closed- but capable of opening
  • closed and incapable of opening (inactivated)
54
Q

If a resting membrane is exposed to a chemical, what happens?? - 3 steps

A
  • chemically gated Na+ channels open
  • sodium ions enter the cell
  • membrane potential rises
55
Q

Repolarization

A
  • when stimulus is removed, membrane potential returns to normal
56
Q

Hyperpolarization

A
  • results from opening potassium ion channels
  • positive ions move out of, not into cell
  • opposite effect of opening sodium ion channels
  • increases negativity of resting potential
57
Q

What is the threshold for axon??

A
  • -60 to -55mV
58
Q

Generation of action potentials- steps

A
  1. Depolarization to threshold
  2. activation of voltage-gated Na+ channels
    • Na+ rushes into cytosol
    • inner membrane surface changes from negative to positive
  3. Inactivation of Na+ channels and activation of K+ channels
    • at +30mV, inactivation gates of Na+ channels CLOSE
    • K+ moves OUT of cytosol
    • repolarization begins = back to normal
  4. return to resting membrane potential (-70mV)
59
Q

Refractory period

A
  • don’t bother me , i’m busy
  • during this period, membrane will not respond normally to stimuli

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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