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Ethics Of Peace & War > IR theories > Flashcards

IR theories Flashcards

1
Q

According to Wight, the 3 aspects of realism are:

A
  1. Belief in preventive war
  2. Acceptance of unlimited war
  3. Destruction of enemy
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2
Q

Reel off some realism characteristics

A
  • war is inevitable
  • state sovereignty is key
  • STATE
  • state security/survival
  • self-help
  • intl structure is anarchic
  • no morality
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3
Q

Which political theory best aligns with the security dilemma?

A

Realism

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4
Q

Which is both a feature of realism and internationalism?

A

State is dominant actor

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5
Q

The “stop the boats” campaign best reflects which IR theory?

A

Realism

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6
Q

What is the difference between realism/liberalism and Neo-realism/Neo-liberalism?

A

Realism/liberalism = begin analysis from understanding of human nature

Neo = begin analysis from understanding of the structure of the system (human nature is irrelevant)

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7
Q

What describes the liberal view on human nature?

A
  • Some liberals have an optimistic view (peaceful & cooperative) BUT many agree with realists that human nature is bad
  • human capacity for reason can be cultivated or educated & worst aspects can be removed
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8
Q

Which are the 3 types of feminist questions?

A
  • invisibility question
  • voice question
  • significance question
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9
Q

Reel of some liberal characteristics

A
  • ethics/values drives politics
  • emphasis on legality
  • justice shouldn’t stop at borders
  • the TYPE of state is vital
  • war is a failure of intl politics
  • war is avoidable
  • still operates with strong sense of state in politics
  • ethical code for all
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10
Q

What is a common characteristic in liberalism and realism?

A

State in politics

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11
Q

What has an emphasis on humanity?

A

Cosmopolitanism

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12
Q

Which IR theory is preoccupied on what the world should be?

A

Cosmopolitanism

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13
Q

What is the Cosmo view on the state?

A

Value the significance of the state - they don’t see it as critical or necessary

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14
Q

What is the Cosmo view on war?

A

They don’t like it

  • separates States
  • divided loyalties
  • war is a moral failure
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15
Q

David held argues that: human kind belongs to a single moral realm
Which political theory best describes this:

A

Cosmopolitanism

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16
Q

What is an internationalist?

A
  • greater interconnectedness between states

- intl cooperation

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17
Q

Which theory best describes the mentality of self-preservation necessary to win the hunger games?

A

Realism

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18
Q

Which theoretical approach to foreign policy maintains that the same morality applied to individuals should also be applied to the states?

A

Feminism (domestic & intl should be the same sphere)

Or maybe pacifism

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19
Q

What is the feminist view on war?

A
  • war is avoidable… It’s a failure
  • if you want peace, socialise for peace & place women in power
  • emphasis on equality
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20
Q

What is principled pacifism?

A

Deontological

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21
Q

What is a consequentialist?

A

War is immoral BUT sometimes it can be moral (e.g. Jwt)

- calculation required (ends-based action; calculate at the end if it was positive or negative then make a decision

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22
Q

What was Mahatma Ghandi and Leo Tolstoy?

A

Deontological = absolute pacifist

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23
Q

Which statement best describes the JWT position on the morality of war?

A
  • war can be moral
  • war is not the worst thing you can do
  • does not seek to justify war, it aims to limit war
  • war must be tempered by morality
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24
Q

Which religion is most closely associated with the development of the JWT?

A

Christianity

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25
Q

The first secular text to outline the principles of JWT was written by

A

Hugo Grotius

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26
Q

Which component of the JWT refers to determining the right to go to war

A

Jus ad bellum

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27
Q

What is a postmoderns view on truth?

A
  • there is no such thing as truth outside power (power produces knowledge)
  • there is a truth, but you cannot have full access to it
  • all narratives are partial/subjectivist
  • concerned with deconstructing and distrusting any account of human life claiming to have access to the truth
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28
Q

What is the postmodern view on war?

A
  • war as instrument of the state to govern
  • war is mediated: media frames war
  • war as entertainment
  • war as spectacle
  • war is a powerful discourse
  • if you want peace… First reveal the constructed discursive nature of war
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29
Q

What has an emphasis on in/visibility?

A

Postmodernism

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30
Q

What is Laura Sjobergs view in JWT?

A
  • feminism can save JWT

- motivating morality of feminism

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31
Q

What are the two gender based ideal types the just war narrative has traditionally relied upon according to Laura Sjoberg?

A
  • women as beautiful souls

- just warrior

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32
Q

Jingo - “do you need an excuse to go to war?”

- which IR theory?

A

Realist

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33
Q

Which Article of the UN Charter recognises self-defence as a response to aggression?

A

51

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34
Q

According to JWT, going to war is ethically justified when?

A

All 6 criteria have been fulfilled

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35
Q

What is preventive war?

A
  • could happen in the future so I’m going to bomb you do it doesn’t happen
  • bush doctrine
  • Iraq war = prevent enemy from gaining capability from becoming a threat in the future
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36
Q

Which JWT criterion is difficult to comply with in the case of preventive wars?

A

Last resort

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37
Q

According to JWT, when is it ethical for a state to launch a pre-emotive attack against another state?

A

Has to fulfil

  • last resort
  • reasonable necessity
  • proportionate
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38
Q

Which event led to the establishment of the right to use ore-emotive force under customary law?

A

Caroline incident

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39
Q

Which war best fits the definition of pre-emptive war as recognised by the JWT?

A

Six Days War

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40
Q

What is the difference between a civilian and a non-combatant?

A 
Civilian = can be a combatant 
Non-combatant = broader, can be a soldier
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41
Q

What is a legit target according to the current dominant interpretation of JWT?

A

Naked soldier

Civilians who become combatants = imminent threats

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42
Q

Which criteria of JWT does the double effect doctrine belong, and what is it?

A
  • jus in bello

- death of innocence is morally excusable if it is not the intent of war

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43
Q

Michael Walzer proposes 4 conditions to satisfy the doctrine of double effect. These 4 conditions are:

A
  • legit act of war
  • effect has to be morally acceptable
  • good intentions
  • proportionality - sufficient good to compensate for the evil
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44
Q

Which jus in bello criterion is violated by the ISIS tactic to kill non-combatants as a means of propaganda and retaliation against the west?

A

Discrimination

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45
Q

What are the criteria for jus in bello?

A

Proportionality

Discrimination

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46
Q

What are the criteria for jus ad bellum?

A 
Just cause
Right authority
Right intention 
Proportionality 
Last resort 
Probable success
47
Q

What is the doctrine of supreme emergency?

A

One may wage war in a way that suspends discrimination

Can kill as indiscriminately as you want really

48
Q

According to Michael carlino what must be the nature of a true military professional?

A

Integrity

Selflessness

49
Q

Cluster munitions breach the jus in bello criteria of discrim because:

A
  • indiscrim in time as well as space

- keep exploding after war is over

50
Q

Anna hoglund argues that rape in war goes largely unpunished because:

A

Public and private sphere divide

Rape is seen in private sphere = not seen as a war crime

51
Q

Which jus ad bellum criterion relate to jus post bellum?

A

Just cause
Prospect of success
Proportionality

52
Q

What is the purpose of jus post bellum?

A

Rebuild and restructure
Transition from war to peace
Reestablish order

53
Q

What are the 2 types of justice associated with transitional justice?

A

Retribution

Restoration

54
Q

What are the 3 phases of just restoration outlined by Louis Iasiello?

A
  • protectorship
  • partnership
  • ownership
55
Q

What does the principle of rehab refer to in the work of Brian Orend?

A
  • demilitarisation

- complete change of constitution is bad but other things (e.g. Police training) are okay as it is proportionate

56
Q

What is the concept of restoration plus?

A
  • make it a better situation than it was before
57
Q

What is a valid criticism of the Treaty of Versailles according to the principles of jus post bellum?

A

Too harsh

Didn’t promote reconciliation

58
Q

The Nuremberg trials of Nazi officials and leaders after Ww2 is an example of

A
  • retributive

- focus on punishment of perpetrator

59
Q

What must be applied in relation to punishment under the doctrine of jus post bellum?

A

Retributive principle
Can’t be revenge
Proportionate punishment
Must have right purpose

60
Q

What does a retributive theorist focus on?

A

Punishment by law
Focus on perpetrators
Reveal hard facts

61
Q

What does a restorative theorist focus on?

A

Forgiveness
Focus on victims
Reveal existential facts

62
Q

The political leader of Mordor is Sauron, with Witch King exercising authority over the Nazgul, who then exercises power over the Orcs. The ICC does not have enough evidence to prosecute Sauron, but can prosecute the Witch King, the Nazgul and the Orcs. Who will be prosecuted by the ICC?

A
  • ICC punishes the highest people that evidence allows
  • just the witch king
  • ICC won’t punish soldiers
63
Q

What is the difference between old (modern) and new (postmodern) wars?

A
  • technology
  • non-state actors
  • there have been corporations before
64
Q

Which type of intrastate conflict is the most postmodern in nature?

A
  • low intensity conflicts
  • protracted
  • cyber wars?
65
Q

Which of the following types of contemporary intrastate war best describes the current situation in Yemen?

A

State control probs

66
Q

Which of the following represents a realist response to postmodern war?

A
  • don’t think postmodern wars exist
  • don’t think nature of war will change this
  • by state using military force
67
Q

The end of which war signalled the collapse of grand narratives and the emergence of a ‘world without meaning’ according to Zaki Laidi

A

Cold War

68
Q

George Lucas jr argues that cyber war and cyber weapons pose 3 types of problems or questions. Which of the following is not one of those problems?

A

Threshold
Accountability
Discriminatory/proportionality
(So one that isn’t this)

69
Q

Why does Ronald arkin argue that ‘killer robots’ would be ethically superior to human soldiers?

A

Robots can’t feel fear, anger or hatred

70
Q

The McCain conference concluded with the formulation of an executive summary of findings and recommendations pertaining to ethics, law and governance in four specific areas emerging military conflicts. These four areas are:

A
  • robotics
  • soldier enhancement
  • non-lethal weapons
  • cyber warfare
71
Q

Mary kaldor’s argument that ‘new wars’ are about ‘identity politics in contrast to the geo-political or ideological goals of earlier wars’ displays elements of which IR theory?

A

Postmodernism

72
Q

Umberto Eco has likened postmodern war to an incorrectly played and interpreted game of:

A

Chess

73
Q

Which of the following elements is not present in most definitions of terrorism?

A

4 common characteristics:

  • politically motivated violence
  • intentionally targets non-combatants
  • conducted by non-state actors
  • works by creating fear within societies
74
Q

Terrorist acts are usually deemed unethical because they involve the intentional targeting of non-combatants. This jeopardises which principle of JWT?

A

Jus in bello = discrim

75
Q

How does a consequentialist justify terrorism?

A
  • if torturing can save a life, it’s ethical
  • if terrorism is going to produce the most good with little evil = ethical
  • less costly than conventional war
76
Q

The decision to launch the war on terror is an action best aligned with which IR theory?

A

Realism

77
Q

What is a liberal response to terrorism?

A
  • the terrorists as criminal (against society)
  • law and order - police & justice
  • democracy: the other is the same (human)
  • actions: lawful… Protection of human rights
78
Q

Joe santucci argues that while torture may be tactically effective, ultimately it is strategically ineffective. Which of the following best describes this distinction?

A
  • tactically effective = short-term gains

- strategically effective = more about winning entire war, not just certain battles

79
Q

Joe santucci’s argument regarding the use of torture as a tool against terrorists is most closely aligned with which theory?

A

Liberalism
Or
Consequentialist (pacifism)

80
Q

What does a utilitarian represent in an argument in favour of the use of torture?

A

Torture one to save many
Greatest good for greatest number
Most happiness

81
Q

Would a deontologist torture someone to found out where a nuclear bomb was planted in Adelaide?

A

Nope!

Human rights are inalienable

82
Q

Which theory is most closely aligned with the concept of HI?

A

Cosmopolitanism

83
Q

HI involves a tension between:

A

Cosmopolitanism (protecting human rights) & realism (protecting state sovereignty)

84
Q

What best illustrates a pacifist critique on HI?

A
  • violence as a means to create peace is BAD

- never will be perpetual peace

85
Q

The NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999 was described as:

A

Did too much too early = failure

86
Q

Which of the following actions best illustrates the concept of HI?

A

Widespread human rights abuses

Without consent

87
Q

What is the relationship between HI & R2P?

A

HI is under right to react which is in the R2P doctrine

88
Q

Which Australian was pivotal in establishing the R2P doctrine?

A

Gareth Evans

89
Q

Which part of the R2P doctrine elaborated by the ICISS includes HI?

A

Right to react

90
Q

Which of the following situations constitutes a just cause according to the ICISS definition of R2P?

A
  • proper reason to go to war (restoring rights; or restoring just order); can’t be revenge
  • serious and irreparable harm occurring to human beings: large scale loss of life or large scale ethnic cleansing
91
Q

What are the criteria in the R2P doctrine established by ICISS?

A 
Right authority 
Just cause 
Right intention 
Last resort 
Proportionate means 
Reasonable prospects
92
Q

daenerys targaryen leads her army in a bloody attack to dismantle the slave trade. She kills the slave masters and frees thousands of skaves. Which 2 principles proposed by the ICISS have been upheld here?

A

Just cause

Right intention

93
Q

What defines negative peace?

A
  • security
  • absence of violence (e.g. A ceasefire occurs - negative peace will follow)
  • negative because something undesirable had stopped happening
94
Q

What best describes the concept of peacekeeping?

A
  • protect or preserve peace agreements and political settlements
  • requires consent
95
Q

What is the purpose of peacebuilding?

A
  • post-settlement reconstruction and violence prevention?
  • provide countries with skills and resources to rebuild and prevent the recurrence of political violence
  • conflict management & human development
96
Q

What is a realist critique of peacebuilding?

A
  • States only participate in peacekeeping when aligned with their national interests
  • it is a tool of intervention in other states affairs
97
Q

Which is not part of the ‘negative peace’ component of peacebuilding?

A
  • disarmament; demobilisation; demilitarisation (NOT ONE of these)
  • positive peace = absence of war is not good enough
98
Q

Which of the following in one of the 8 lessons drawn by Aldo Ajello from the UN operation in Mozambique?

A
  • strong will for peace of all parties
  • solid peace agreement
  • strong political structure
  • UN to have an active political role
  • intl community as an active player
  • presentation and consolidation of peace
  • rules and procedures with flexibility
  • special representative of the secretary-general should be carefully selected
99
Q

In an agenda for peace (1992) boutros boutros- Ghali states that the deepest causes of conflict include:

A
  • economic despair
  • social injustice
  • political oppression
100
Q

The concept of human security is most compatible with which of the following theories?

A

Cosmopolitanism
Postmodernism
But probs more cosmo

101
Q

Under the definition put forward by the 1994 Human Development Reports, which of the following crises would constitute a threat to human security?

A
  • job security
  • income security
  • health security
  • environmental security
  • security from crime

A war between 2 different states isn’t a threat to human security

102
Q

Following the Battle of Hogwarts, the Ministry is working to confiscate the wands of all remaining Death Eaters. Which level of peacebuilding is illustrated here?

A

Domestic negative peace

103
Q

What is the normative shift in relation to war and peace?

A

From just war to just peace

104
Q

What is peacemaking?

A

Actions to being hostile parties to agreement through peaceful means

105
Q

What are the 2 elements of peacekeeping??

A

Neutrality

Consent

106
Q

What are the three levels of peacebuilding?

A

Intl (institutions/norms/laws)

Domestic (negative peace = security) (demobilisation,disarmament,demilitarisation)

Domestic (positive peace = justice)
(social,political,economic)

107
Q

Which of the following statements best reflects the findings of the Milgram experiment?

A
  • good vs evil (not that simple)
  • same features of human nature are at the root of both our most admirable qualities and our capacity for the worst atrocities
  • conforming to expectations, group norms, commands of superiors = making society and coexistence possible & at the root mass atrocity
108
Q

Keith Jenkins statement that ‘history is promiscuous’ means that:

A
  • The futility of going to the past for ethical/moral lessons as variously used and deployed within historiography
  • it will go with anybody
  • the past has no resistance of its own
109
Q

The ‘history wars’ in Aus, between the black armband and the white blindfold approaches to Aus history, are particularly concerned with:

A

White blindfold = cultural right (focuses on democracy and the world wars)

Black armband = cultural left (focuses on exclusion of first Australians)

110
Q

What is Marilyn Lake’s critique on ANZAC?

A

History is the enemy of memory

- now equality demands inclusion and inclusion demand more than assimilation

111
Q

In sorry states, Jennifer Lind argues that the most appropriate formula for postwar reconciliation between States is:

A

Contrition (remorse/repentance)

112
Q

What is the difference between ethnic cleansing and genocide according to Dunne and Kroslak?

A

Genocide = targeted because they are members of a group - other victims of massacres might still have the hope that their children will be able to carry on cultural traditions

Ethnic cleansing = implies the forced removal of a victim group from a territory - matter of DISPOSSESSION not destruction

113
Q

According to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, what constitutes genocide?

A
  • racial, political and other groups destroyed
  • Article 2 = killing members of a group; causing serious bodily or mental harm; deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring its physical destruction; deliberating preventing births; transferring children from one group to another
  • Rwanda; Cambodia; Stalin and kulaks all were examples!
114
Q

What is one of the most important things about remembering the past

A

Memories are selective!!!

Ethics Of Peace & War (1 decks)

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