Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IR > IR final > Flashcards

IR final Flashcards

1
Q

IPE (international political economy)

A

The interplay of politics and economics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

IPE key relationships

A

states and markets (conflict and complement)

  • capitalists and non-capitalist states
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why study IPE

A

practical reasons: there is a lot of stuff going on in the world that does not involve war

Security reasons

Normative reasons: it matters why some countries are poor and wealth is distributed unevenly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

trade & main obstacles

A

Transportation: improves dramatically

Tariffs: reduces because of Robert Peel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

History of trade

A

1: Exchange and transport of good and services across borders

2: WW1 and the Great Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

IMF

A

International Monetary Fund

originally created to coordinate exchange rates

Conditionality
- Tells you they will give you the money but put conditions on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

A

Established in 1944 as the World Bank’s charter institution

  • Through loans, guarantees and other services, it works with middle income and creditworthy low income nations to fight poverty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Exchange rate : appreciate

A

When a currency appreciates (it is worth more) it makes that countries good more expensive for foreigners.

Exports will fall and imports will increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Exchange rate: depreciate

A

When a currency depreciates, it is worth less.

Exports go up and imports will go down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ricardo’s comparative advantage

A

States should not produce good that they are good at producing, they should figure out what they are good at certain things and what they should specialize in it.

  • How much time does it take a worker to create the item
  • what you need to look at is how much o the other product you give up when you focus on producing just one (how much cheese do you give up if you focus on wine)
  • countries should trade even if on the surface they look like they can’t trade because it benefits both of them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Smoot Hawley Tariff (1930)

A

The US us on the eve of crisis and congress went to leading industrial figures and asked them what they needed for the economic storm

they told congress that they needed import tariffs and in 1930, they imported the Smoot Hawley Tariffs

  • Highest number of tariffs
  • Set off a chain reaction in import tariffs across the world
  • continues until WW2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)(WTO)

A

GATT was signed by 23 countries in October 1947 and became a law on Jan. 1, 1948

GATT was to make international trade easier

In 1995, the GATT was absorbed into the world trade organization (WTO) , which extended it .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

IMF, IBRD, GATT/WTO

A

These 3 ushered in a great return to openness and lead to economic growth across the countries in the world

  • US played a great role
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Heckscher-Ohlin

A

Resource abundance (labor, land, capital)
- The US does not have a comparative advantage in labor
- we cannot compete with cheap labor from other countries
- unemployment is up and prices have gone down to compete with cheap items from abroad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stoplet-Samuelson

A

They noted that when we have free trade and countries specialize in comparative service, there will always be winners and losers

  • Winners in free trade are those involved ; more revenue to be distributed
  • rates of job loss will go up if you are buying cheap items from other countries
  • the gains from winners are always greater than the losses so there is always a positive net benefit from trade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Net effect

A

is positive

  • the gains that the US gets from the other countries is greater
  • Free trade is always the right decision because economically there is no point but to put limitations on trade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hegemonic Stability Theory (Krasner)

A

Can be explained through power and how it is distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Role of Hegemon

A

When we have a hegemony in the system (one great lone power) we are likely to see openness in the world
- other configurations of power –> more closure

Provides an ability to free trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Free Trade

A

-Public Good
- nonexclusive and nonrival
- no actor can exclude another actor from adjoining this good
- non rival no matter how much they enjoy the good, they don’t diminish the amount of available goods for others to enjoy
- Nonexcludable: countries can’t say what others have to do with their goods

20
Q

Example of free trade being nonrival

A

national security: all citizens experience this

21
Q

Carrots and sticks

A

Carrots are incentives
- Make the agreement so that other countries are inclined to do as they say

Sticks are threats

22
Q

Repeal of the Corn Laws

A

1846

the removal of the import on these tariffs had a positive impact not the British economy –> other countries followed suit –> Irish potato famine

23
Q

Cobden Chevalier Treaty (1960)

A

Removed imports between two countries
- Britain is signing treaties so other countries could remove them
–> domino effect: once the laws were removed, trade volume takes off and continues until 1873

24
Q

Trade Obstacle: Transportation

A

As railroads started to become well developed and the steamship was invented, tons of goods started to be transported
- Transportation cost (obstacle) was removed

25
Q

Trade obstacle: Tariffs

A

The government would collect the tax and keep the revenue for themselves

the importer pays the tax but the person purchasing it from the company has to pay for it upfront
- Prices increase to pay off of the tariff

The revenue that the government collects is never offset enough by the consumer loss
- always outweighs the revenue by the government
- makes the other country less able to sell products in other countries

26
Q

International law: Pinochet

A

Dictator of Chile
- Many citizens disappeared under his regime/were abused and tortured
- Spanish government issued a warrant fort his arrest

Landmark case in international law
- states were willing to withdraw diplomatic immunity for egregious human rights abuses
- states were willing to listen and act in regards to situations like this
- first time a domestic court tried to reconcile international laws with domestic laws

Demonstrates the limits of international laws
- there was enough evidence to hold Pinochet accountable

27
Q

The Nuremberg Trials

A

November 20, 1945

Legal proceeding to hold someone accountable for the holocaust.
- US put forth the public legal proceeding

Charged with crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity
- first time this term was used
- helped hold people accountable for crimes against humanity

Herman Gorine stated the charges against them were ex post facto

28
Q

The international criminal court

A

July 1, 2022

US chose to not sign onto the ICC

As the details of the court started to get hammered out, the US was concerned

29
Q

Globalization definition

A

The world’s economy has become really integrated since the end of the world war.

Process that refers to the broadening (geographic connections being made) and deepening (connections are becoming denser, more change) of interdependence between individual societies and states across the world

30
Q

Globalization shows explosive growth in

A
  • Communications
  • information flows
  • capital markets
  • trade and investments
  • travel

technology: computers, fiber optics, communication revolution
- the way that we acquire information has changed a lot.

31
Q

Regionalism

A

WTO and worldwide trade

political agreements
- Bilateral (two states, specific, reasons for creation)

Regional
- geographically proximate groups
- involve 3 or more countries
- Types: FTA (free trade area), CU (free trade plus common external tariff), CM (common market plus monetary policy)
- Examples: EU 9single market), NAFTA (US, Mexico, Canada), ASEAN, Andean, Mercosur

32
Q

Regionalism and free trade

A

Trade diversion versus creation

GATT (WTO) Article 1
- unconditional most favored nation status/treatment
- you are not allowed to treat other countries differently than other countries that are members of the WTO
- If you reduce your tariffs with others, you have to reduce them to the same level with other states

GATT(WTO) Article 24
- Trade diversion
- trade creation
- Creation&raquo_space; diversion

33
Q

Exchange rates

A

The price of on currency in terms of another

fluctuate daily (make or lose a lot of money)

34
Q

PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)

A

They take a basket of goods and purchase it using the home country’s currency. They take an identical basket and buy it in the foreign countries currency and they figure out how much it cost them

  • compare and see if the current exchange rate is different
  • not valued correctly if it does not match
35
Q

IMF (International monetary fund) and conditionality

A

3 major functions
- Surveillance: try to ward off financial crisis before they happen
- lending: managed a countries short term balance of crisis. If a country finds itself in danger of bankruptcy and can’t meet its obligations, the IMF acts as a lender and helps them weather the crisis and offer them money when they are unable to access it from other places. Required to contribute e to the IMF lending funds
- technical assistance

36
Q

Structural adjustment programs (conditionality)

A

when the IMF puts together a loan package they call it SAP or conditionality

loans are dispersed in installments and they are conditional on the country implementing the recommendations that are included

IMF puts conditions on country that they want in return for the money
- one size fits all problem

Each one contains the three elements
- Privatization: government must sell off government owned assets
- liberalization: open yourself up to trade abroad. You remove barriers that prevent foreign investment and trade.
- Fiscal Austerity: asks countries to cut their public spending programs in order to become more fiscally (short run these will be painful for the country but in the long run it will help

37
Q

2008 Financial Crisis (Great Recession)

A

Banks could not borrow from one another. Small business could not borrow money.

stock market collapsed

lead to the Eurozone crisis (Greece, Portugal, Italy and others)

38
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

common resources problems

You share a common area, get greedy, use it more, other people start doing the same, gets to the point where you can’t use it anymore and everyone is worse off

39
Q

Common Pool resources

A

Non-excludable but rival
- tricky to resolve
- no one has the authority to regulate the middle of the sea

Negative externalities
- environmental problems are often created by this: when the direct effect of the actions of one person or firm negatively impacts the welfare of another person or firm in a way not transmitted by market prices

Positive externalities
- hard to come across
- EX: covid and the effects of lockdown on the environment

40
Q

Solutions to common pool resource problems

A

Assign property rights : the coase theorem (Ronald Case)
- Once you establish ownership rights to a resource, actors will bargain their way into effective use of that resource.
- Problem: who is going to enforce regulation

Government regulation
- the city could mandate that it is not acceptable for firms to be polluting this much
- Problems: who is going to enforce regulation

Social shaming? Maine Lobstermen
- too many lobsters were being caught.
- Maine fishermen left the fertile lobsters in the ocean with a v-notch
- traps they used brought in a small/regulated amount of lobsters each day and they were content with it
- norms can help resolve problems when property rights and the government stepping in won’t really work.

41
Q

Pollution case studies

A

Montreal Protocol

Kyoto Protocol

42
Q

Montreal Protocol

A

Ozone was thinning and it was affecting the environment

Commons problem

allowed the US to participate and reduce CFC
- regulation
more narrow and fewer countries involved
- alternatives to CFC that companies can use

43
Q

Kyoto protocol

A

In 1997, many of the countries in the UN signed them.

limit greenhouse gasses that were being emitted into the atmosphere to help prevent a reverse climate change (reduce the levels to what they were in 1990 by 2012)

Countries were put into categories: developed (quotas were more restrictive) and developing (less restrictive regulations for reducing their quotas)

Failed: climate change agreement that does not contain the largest emitter of greenhouse gasses (US) . Corruption, Russia was accused of selling off non-existent grants when they had already used them up. Countries with low quotas in 1990/high ones in 2012 were but in the developing so that caused more pollution

  • relied on property rights
  • US did not participate
  • Broader
  • Huge number of countries
  • problem is larger than getting rid of a few chemicals
44
Q

Paris accord

A

Every country can set their own targets for greenhouse gas emissions every year and you pledge to reduce it every year

Pros
- appears almost every country has met their voluntary targets

Cons
- scientists argue that the targets are not sufficient to address the problem

45
Q

Future of IR (realism)

A

the future of IR is going to look like the past
- states are destined to compete for power
- basic nature of IR has not changed (world is anarchic)
- predicting how power will change overtime

46
Q

Future of IR (liberalism)

A

war amongst stated of North America, Western Europe and Japan is a thing of the past
- 3 main causes for peace in these regions: nuclear weapons, economic interdependence, high democratic regions, war is not obsolete, it can still take place where these 3 things are entrenched

47
Q

Future of IR (constructivism)

A

the clash of civilizations
- argues that the future of conflict its going to be fought between civilization fault lines, not nation states
- divides the world into 8 civilizations
- war is not by states, but by civilizations
- written before 9/11 so people thought it was actually a clash of civilization
- argument that conflict is based on cultural identities as opposed to power

wendt
- Anarchy is a spectrum
- The future of IR is more positive as we slowly move to a more benign anarchic world
- Security&raquo_space; security dilemmas
- more peace

IR (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions