IR Examination Questions Flashcards
Semi Circular Rule
Even = West 179 - 359* Odd = East
Should be using when flying above 3000ft and outside controlled airspace
Performance Category DA42
Approach Cat A
Performance Cat B
Approach Category is based on
Indicated Airspeed at the threshold
Catagory A = Speed less than 91 knots
Catagory B = Speed >= 91 and less than 121 knots
Catagory C = Speed >= 121 and less than 141 knots
Catagory D = Speed >= 141 and less than 166 knots
Catagory E = Speed >= 166 knots (only includes certain military aircraft)
Approach ban single pilot and when can you start an approach
800m RVR
Can start an approach if the RVR is improving but you can’t continue past 1,000ft AAL
SDGFRY/S
S= Standard Equipment D = DME G = GPS F = ADF R = RNP Y = 8.33khz spacing
PBN/B2D2S1
B2 = 5NM D2 = 2NM S1 = 0.3NM
What is the limit to using “DCT” on a FP?
For legs greater than 49nm, needs a waypoint to break it up unless using an airway
ACK
MAN
REJ
ACK = Accepted MAN = Manual REJ = Rejected
Missed Approach min climb gradient
2.5%
Min SID climb gradient
3.3%
Ref documents for Alternate requirements
Selection of aerodromes = CAT.OP.MPA.180
Planning minima for IFR flights = CAT.OP.MPA.185
Aerodrome operating minima = CAT.OP.MPA.110
T/o alternate is required when
It would not be possible to return to the aerodrome of departure for met of performance reasons
Alternate requirements for twin engined a/c
Must be within one hours flight time at one engine cruise speed
Planning minima for alternates
Weather reports/forecasts for a period of one hour before and after the estimated time of arrival at the takeoff alternate must at or above the applicable landing minima.
If the only available approaches are non-precision the ceiling shall be taken into account
No Destination Alternate Requirements
At least one is required unless both
Planned duration is less than six hours
Two seperate runways are available and the weather reports one hour before and after the expected arrival are at least 2000ft or circling minima +500ft and 5Km vis
Two Destination Alternates are required
When weather reports one hour before and after the expected arrival time are below applicable minima
or
No Met information is available
Planning Minima for Destination
RVR/Vis specified in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.110 (Greater than published or single pilot minima)
and
for a non precision approach or a circling approach, the ceiling at or above MDH
Alternate Planning Minima CAT.OP.MPA.185
Must plan for the next best approach than the one available
e.g CATII and III is available then plan for CAT I
CAT I is available then plan for Non precision
Performance Legislation - Airworthiness requirements
Legislated by EASA within documents CS 25 (Performance class A) and CS 23 (Performance class B and C)
To ensure similar standards between performance classes a second layer of legislation Operating regulations is in place. This document is called?
Part CAT Subpart C
PICs responsibility to ensure that the aircraft will comply with the specification laid down by part CAT
Performance Classification for Aircraft
Class A
Multi Engine Jets and some
Turboprops (MTOM > 5700 kg or > 9 seats)
Class B - Small Propeller (MTOM < 5700kg or < 9 seats)
Class C - Large Reciprocating Engine (MTOM > 5700kg or +10 seats)
Additional Factors for
take off if no information in AFM
AMC1 CAT.POL.A.305
Short Dry Grass
1.2 x TODR
Additional Factors for
take off if no information in AFM
AMC1 CAT.POL.A.305
Short wet Grass
1.3x TODR
Additional Factors for
take off if no information in AFM
AMC1 CAT.POL.A.305
Soft Ground
1.25+ x TODR
Additional Factors for
Landing if no information in AFM
AMC1 CAT.POL.A.330
Short Dry Grass
1.15x LDR
Additional Factors for
Landing if no information in AFM
AMC1 CAT.POL.A.330
Soft Ground
1.25+ xLDR
Single Engine Service Ceiling
12,000ft
TORA
Length of the useable runway
ASDA
Usable runway plus stopway
TODA
Useable Runway plus clearway
LDA
Useable Runway
LDR
Screen Height to fullstop
TODR
Start moving to screen height
Performance Class B - Takeoff Climb
All engines = at least 4%
OEI = 400ft above the surface must be measurably positive
Then
Steady gradient of climb not less than 0.75% at an altitude of 1,500ft above the takeoff surface
ASDR and how to calculate
The “accelerate/stop distance” is the total distance required to accelerate the twin engine airplane to a specified speed and, assuming failure of an engine at the instant that speed is attained, to bring the airplane to a stop on the remaining runway.
The AFM provides no data for calculating the ASDR therefore you can approximate the ASDR by adding the TORR and the LRR together and then add 72m for reaction time of 2 secs at 76kts
Balanced field takeoff
A balanced field takeoff is a condition where the accelerate-stop distance required (ASDR) is equal to the takeoff distance required (TODR) for the aircraft weight, engine thrust, aircraft configuration and runway condition.
RFFS CAT for L3 ops
CAT 2
9 m ≤ length < 12 m
Width = 2 m
Min number of fire vehicles = 1
DA42 Wake Turbulence Category and why is it that category?
L – LIGHT, to indicate an aircraft type with a maximum certificated takeoff mass of 7000 kg (15 500 lbs) or less.
Minimum Enroute Altitude (MEA)
Altitude for Enroute section that assures
- Reception of nav aids to be able to track accurately
- Two way communication with ATC
- Safe obstacle clearance
- Conformity with ATC procedures
Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height
Lowest Altitude above the elevation of the threshold or a/d elevation used in establishing compliance with the appropriate obstacle clearance criteria
HDOP
Horizontal Dilution Of Precision
A scale of how well the satellites can produce a accurate interpretation in the horizontal plane
EPU
Estimated Position Uncertainty
Statistical error indication
Reported Met Visibility Conversion to RVR
HIALS - 1.5 = day 2.0 = night
Any other lighting = 1.0 day 1.5 - night
No lighting = 1.0 for day
In the UK where can you find OCH for a particular r/y
UK AIP Aerodrome specific section as is the approach and r/y lighting
Determining Minima for Instrument Approaches
First compare the state minima, OCH/A, and system minima and take the most limiting (highest)
Then check the a/d and r/y lighting
Then go to the required RVR tables to determine the minimum RVR but bear in mind single pilot ops restrictions
Then consider extras e.g PEC
Why are there 2 Altimeters on the a/c
- EU OPS IFR flight rules require 2 altimeters - legal requirement (see EU OPS Subpart K)
- in case of IFR flight at FL’s - PFD altimeter is set to ‘STD BARO’ (1013)
- standby altimeter - always set to QNH for reference of true altitude of the aircraft
- in case of PFD failure
- assist with terrain separation using QNH on the standby
When flying a QFE based approach, what would be set on the standby altimeter?
QNH so you have reference to vertical distance AMSL
What is PEC snd wy should it be applied? Where do you find this referenced and what is the PEC for the DA42
Pressure Error Correction - relates to the altimeter errors that can occur when the a/c is in the
approach configuration and so adjustments may have to be made to DH
Can be referenced in AIP AD 1-1 paragraph 2.6
DA42 PEC = 0 (AFM)
If there is no published figure for the PEC for your a/c what PEC should you apply?
50ft to MDA for light twins
AIP AD 1-1 paragraph 2.6
Definition of ACA/H
The lowest alt/height from which a light multi-engine aircraft can make successful GA when asymmetric, wheter IMC/VMC
In which source document can you find the rules regarding performance planning on a public transport flight?
EU OPS Subpart H, Performance class B - 1.525
What a/c configuration is assumed for landing performance calculations?
- power idle
- flaps to LDG
- still air
- VREF attained (76 kts)
- level runway
- asphalt
- dry
- gear down
If you are expecting a strong crosswind on the main runway at your destination are there any special
planning allowances when considering secondary runways?
To be able to dispatch an aircraft to a destination, you must be
able to schedule the landing in still air conditions on the most favourable
runway and the forecast conditions on the most likely runway.
Both
conditions must be met
Land within 70% of LDA
50% h/w and 150% t/w
Circling minima
What factors need to be applied to runway slope for takeoff and landing?
5% for every 1%
Difference between Gross and Net performance
Gross - The avergae performance by line pilots using standard techniques
Net - Used to determine performance limiting masses, gross diminished by a safety factor
Conversion from met vis to RVR can be referenced from
EU OPS Subpart E, 1.43 page 69
Approach ban requirements can be referenced from
EU OPS Subpart D Operational procedures
Minimum height you can use the autopilot
200 ft during approach and departure when speed is below 130kts
Where do you find the planning minima for commercial IFR flights?
EU OPS Subpart D, 1.297 page 38
Buys Ballot’s Law
In the northern hemisphere if you stand with your back to the wind, low pressure will be on our left.
Definition of Visibility
Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of:
- the greatest safe distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognised when observed against a bright background;
- the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit black background.
Difference between radiation fog and advection fog
Radiation - Land cools air and forms fog
Advection - warm moist air is blown over a cooler surface which cools the air and it condenses
Source document for public transport t/o minima
EU OPS Subpart E, 1.43 pg 70
