IR 358 pt. 2 still wanna kms

Question 1

Sanctions

Answer 1

Bruce Jentleson

TYPES
can target a countries entire economy or specific individuals, entities, or sectors

ACTORS:
1. sender → entity imposing
2. Target → entity being sanctioned
3. third parties → other entities effected by sanctions

OBJECTIVES
1. Primary
- limit military capabilities
- foreign policy restraint
- domestic political change

2. Secondary
   - Target deterrence
   - third party deterrence
   - symbolic action

Question 2

How to measure success of sanctions?

Answer 2

Bruce Jentleson

1. economic impact → yes if they impose heavy economic burdens on the reciever, but this isn’t enough, because they’ll adapt
2. Costs of sender → take this into account, economically, political backlash, and strained relationship with third party
3. Policy change → if the targeted policy has changed, but can’t be soley attributed to sanctions.
4. Symbolic action → can be considered as successful even without achieveing primary objective, if the symbollic objective has changed
5. 3rd party deterrence → if it’s deterred 3rd parties from engaging in similar activities. V hard to know the extent that sanctions played in this tho.
6. Target deterrence → did it deter the target? Hard to know the extent of impact sanctions had

Example: Russia/Crimea 2014

Question 3

Did Sanctions Against Russia During the Ukraine War Help?

Answer 3

NO:
- they hurt the EU more than it hurts Russia
- Only ensured that Russia found new trading partners
- Russia is too rich of a state to be impacted
- The cost of the sanctions couldve been used to do more good for the Ukraine
- Easy to impose, hard to end
- First sanctions were in 2004, and they obvi didn’t work
- Inflation in West went crazy

YES:
- the less money Russia has = less damage they can do
- It’s safer for the West to not be reliant on Russia
- Less educated people in Russia, because the educated leave (to Bilkent)
- Lower private investments
- Morally, we have to

Question 4

Theories for Sanctions

Answer 4

Liberalism!!!!

1. Commercial Liberalism:
   - Absolute gains → peace means continue reaping benefits
   - Trade = Peace
2. Capitalist Peace Theory
   - more capitalistic states = more peace
   - Economic freedom is 50x more effective in reducing violent wars than democracy
3. Complex interdependence
   Joseph NYE and Keohane
   - Transnational actors become very sensitive to and dependent on the needs of other states and actions
   - Absence of hierarchy in issues
   ______Political Process____
   - linkage strategies → coercion
   - Agenda formation - ex. I think climate is important, and you will do if I incentivize you

CRITIQUE
economic nationalism
- “no free trade”
- “we can do it ourselves”
this is why Russia wasn’t hit hard with sanctions during the war

Question 5

Ethnic Conflict Definition

Answer 5

if a group shares; common name, believed common descent, elements of a shared culture (religion/language), common historical memories, or an attachment to a particular territory. - Anthony Smith

Question 6

What is ethnic conflict?

Answer 6

Stuart Kaufman

Primordialists → ethnic conflict = ancient hatreds, impossible to eradicate. People have multiple identities that’re either ‘Nested’ or overlapping.

Instrumentalists → crisis leads to identity change ex. when Yugoslavia fell, people became Croats, Serbs, etc.

Constructivist
customs are invented traditions with identified heroes, and villains of their ethnicity to create symbols.