IR Flashcards
What were some of the factors that explain the population explosion in the eighteenth and nineteenth century in Europe?
1.Population Growth
more reliable food supplies.
higher birth rates
2.The Agricultural Revolution
New food crops,
and new forage crops produced more food per acre
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain rather than in continental Europe, China or the United States?
- abundance of coal
- growing population
- the invention of the steam engine.
In what ways did the Industrial Revolution negatively impact the environment of its urban centers?
1.Sudden population growth, crowding, and lack of municipal services made urban problems more serious than they had been in the past.
2.Inadequate facilities for sewage disposal, air and water pollution, and
what society was worst off in the IR
the working class was the worst off there living standards did not improve until 1850s
who benefited the most from the IR
the middle classes did. Rising incomes allowed the middle class to build their own businesses, to keep women at home
What was the central premise of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations?
1.states that the government should refrain from interfering in business
2.freedom of production and consumption, would lead to the fulfillment of the best interests of society as a whole.
What criticism did people level against the Laissez faire system?
that the state should be more involved and take action to manage the economy and to address social problems.
what was the impact of the famine to Ireland?
Ireland has not been able to recover the huge population losses of the famine
economic loss
What were some of the movements that the working class participated in to address the social, economic, and political issues that industrialization brought to Europe?
Labor unions were organized to fight for better working conditions and better payment
How successful were these movements?(labor movements/unions)
they were successfull in the sense that they were able to get full voting rights.
As well as in Europe unions were granted full llegal status
What was the effect of British industrialization on Egypt
- Egypt’s ruler Muhammad Ali undertook a program of industrialization that was funded by the export of wheat and cotton and protected by high tariffs on imported goods.
- Egypt’s industries could not compete with cheap British products; Egypt became an economic dependency of Britain.
what was britains affect on India?
Railroads, coal mining, and telegraph lines were introduced to India in the mid-nineteenth century. Some Indian entrepreneurs were able to establish their own textile mills
What were the characteristics of the “separate sphere” that middle class women occupied during the 19th century?
1.the men in the workplace, the women in the home.
2. Working class women increasingly had a difficult time managing the roles of work and domestic duties.
What were the characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution”?
- advances in steel production,
- With the production of cost effective steel, railroads were expanded and more industrial machines were built.
What are some enduring issues of the Industrial revolution?
1.child labor
2.factory work
3.Issues surrounding the environment
4.creative destruction
