IR Flashcards
Describe the basic principles of trade and finance established by the Bretton Woods System.
The Bretton Woods system was a post-WWII standard exchange system based on the gold standard, which ended in August 1971 when America left the Bretton Woods system. It was based on the US dollar set equal to 1/35th of an ounce of gold, and other states’ currencies had rates based on the US dollar. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades (GATT) was founded to promote a set system of global trade.
What is IMF?
International Monetary Fund - an intergovernmental organization that sets exchange rates and regulates international currency exchange. It was formed to encourage exchange rate stability based on the US dollar, which had a fixed value of 1/35 to gold oz. (Bretton Woods)
What is the World Bank?
It was formed to lend money to EU countries affected by WWII.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades (GATT)
A 1947 legal agreement that eliminated or reduced quotas, tariffs, and subsidies to promote trade; acts as an intermediary on trade disputes and clarified trade rules; replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO).
What was the new system that replaced Bretton Woods after it collapsed in the early 1970s?
Special Drawing Right (SDR), or “paper gold,” a system created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which allowed shared currency to be exchanged for other currencies within central banks owned by sovereign states.
The Bretton Woods system was deepened with the creation of the WTO. When did that happen?
The WTO was created in 1995 to replace the GATT. It established monitoring and enforcement mechanisms for trade and expanded the focus to include services and intellectual property in addition to the focus on products established by the GATT.
What is the relationship of the creation of the WTO to globalization?
The WTO shapes the overall expectations and practices of member states regarding international trade through a series of agreements among member states, which aids globalization. Globalization is the process by which the world becomes more culturally, economically, and communicatively interconnected/integrated.
What is the Washington Consensus on international economic issues and development strategy?
The Washington consensus is a market-based approach to help emerging nations
develop. It is sometimes called mercantilism or neoliberalism. It is a 10-step
economic system that involves free market promoting policies (promotes free global
trade over just domestic trade), macro-economic stabilization, economic opening
(trade), and expansion of domestic market forces. The IMF, the World Bank, and the
US Treasury abide by this consensus. (Market oriented, supply and demand)
What is the Beijing Consensus on those same issues, and how does it differ
from the Washington Consensus? Why is this sometimes called “neo-
mercantilism”?
The Beijing Consensus, AKA The Chinese Economic Model (1976), replaces the trust
in a free market with a more hands on approach by the state for economic
development. It is called neo-mercantilism because it encourages exports,
discourages import, controls capital movement, and relegates currency decisions to
the government. (Government controlled and regulated, regardless of supply and
demand)
What types of arguments are made against theWashington Consensus by the anti-globalization movement?
Anti-globalists make arguments against the Washington Consensus because the
neoliberalist approach is too inflexible to work in some other contexts. Anti-
globalization advocates advocate for human rights and protection of natural
resources in states that may be negatively impacted by forced globalization (unsafe
work conditions, child labor, depletion of natural features, etc.). They believe in
putting power in the hands of the people rather than market corporations.
What are the current communist nations?
Cuba, China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam
What is Communism?
political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a
profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major
means of production and natural resources. There is state ownership, central planning,
bureaucratic elite, single party governance. The government sets production goals
(central planning) and assigns work to each individual. The competition that exists are
individuals who compete with each other to get a certain role within society.
2 Types of Regimes
International Regime- rules, norms, and procedures where international actors
converge around a certain issue. An example would be the Geneva Conventions
procedures on treatment of POWs. A cool new set of regime will be rules for space
exploration.
Domestic Regime- What you typically think of when you hear that a government went
through a “regime change”. A domestic government of a state, generally considered
illegitimate by its opposition. An example can be the outcome of the 2020 Belarussian
presidential election, where President Lukashenko sought and won another term,
which many domestic actors (and international as well) have deemed fraudulent. The
Lukashenko Regime is considered illegitimate to the opposition (Brian Reddy).
What is the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia for international relations, in
two sentences?
The Treaty of Westphalia was a turning point of international diplomacy where
instead of one nation outlining the conditions of another’s surrender/defeat, multiple
states came to a compromise through the representation of emissaries and
diplomats. This ended both the 30 and 80 year wars between independent states
within an empire and provided sovereignty to individual, but united, states within an
empire.
Describe the UN system and its founding.
The UN system is an international organization that was founded in 1945. It was made after
the League of Nations failed to counter aggression. Its purpose is to increase international
order and the rule of law to prevent another world war.
UNGA
UN General Assembly: all member states of the UN (193) come together to
pass resolutions; coordinate the other autonomous agencies
UNSC
UN Security Council: 15 countries as members; 5 permanent members:
USA, UK, France, Russia, China
Secretariat
(UN) led by secretary general; executive branch and administration
World Court
(UN) The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law,
legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal
questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.
WHO
World Health Organization: works to improve world health & promotes
immunizations; adopted by 61 countries in 1946
UNHCR
UN High Commissioner for Refugees: coordinates efforts to protect, assist,
and repatriate refugees across borders to escape war and political violence
Human Rights Council
inter-governmental body 47 States responsible for the
promotion and protection of all human rights around the globe. It has the ability to
discuss all thematic human rights issues and situations that require its attention
throughout the year. It meets at the UN Office at Geneva
UNESCO
UN Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization: facilitates international communication and scientific collaboration
UNICEF
UN Children’s Emergency Fund: works in 190 countries and
territories to save children’s lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfill their
potential, from early childhood through adolescence.
WFP
World Food Program: aims to eradicate hunger and malnutrition. WFP
helps almost 100 million people in approximately 88 countries with assistance
every year through food or cash distributions and more. The World Food
Programme was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020.
List the 9 Major Human Rights Treaties
ICERD- International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
ICCPR- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR- International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
CEDAW- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women
CAT- Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
of Punishment
CRC- Convention on the Rights of the Child
ICRMW- International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant
Workers
CED- International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
Disappearance
CRPD- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Reservation
a declaration made by a state by which it purports to exclude or alter the
legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that state. AKA,
exceptions to the rules.
Signature
a means of authentication and expresses the willingness of the signatory
state to continue the treaty-making process. The signature qualifies the signatory state to
proceed to ratification, acceptance or approval. AKA, wants to be part of a new club.
Accession
a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty
already negotiated and signed by other states. AKA wants to be part of an old club.
Ratification- a state indicates its consent to be bound to a treaty. AKA becoming a
member of the club.
4 Geneva Conventions
- Established guidelines for the treatment of sick and wounded soldiers in the
time of war - Extended the same protections as above to maritime combatants
- Established guidelines for the treatment of Prisoners of War
- Established protections for civilians in times of war
ICJ
International Court of Justice: Settles disputes between nations and establishes
the precedent for international law.
ICC
International Criminal Court: prosecutes individuals that have committed
international crimes against humanity (genocide, war crimes, etc.)
–The US did not join the International Criminal Court because it believed the
prosecution of US citizens without the authorization of the US was an infringement of
its national sovereignty, and was the sole authority of the US Supreme Court.–
IGO
Intergovernmental Organization: Organizations whose members are national
governments. OPEC, WTO, NATO
NGO
Non Governmental Organization: transnational group that interacts with states,
multinational corporations, other NGOs and IGOs. Catholic Church, Amnesty
International
MNE
Multinational Entity: companies that span multiple countries, whose interests
don’t necessarily align with any one state’s interests.
Transnational Organization
an entity that has its services and production based out
of multiple nations
What is international anarchy and how does that relate to the “security dilemma”
faced by states, in two sentences?
When there is no definitively ruling nation or entity, or if international actors are of
equal strength, there is a “power vacuum” that allows actors to act with the sole
consideration of their own group. The lack of an authoritative entity allows for the
misinterpretation of other nation’s actions as threatening, leading to the continuous
escalation of security measures known as the security dilemma.
What is the difference between a nation and a state, in two sentences?
Nation: A group of individuals who feel like they have a lot in common (interests, habits,
way of thinking) that they should become a particular state. Refers to the subjective feelings
of the people
State: An inhabited territorial entity controlled by a government that exercises sovereignty
on its territory. Refers to the exercise of power and ability to enforce rules/laws.
What is the difference between separatism and irredentism? Can you name at
least 2 conflicts that would fall under each category?
Separatism: The advocacy or practice of separation of a certain group of people from a
larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender. Typically refers to full political
separation. Examples: Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 from Turkey
Irredentism: Irredentism is the process by which a part of an existing state breaks away
and merges with another. It is a territorial claim based on national, ethnic, or historical
basis. The territory of another country should be annexed for ethnic or historical reasons.
Examples: Nazi Germany’s claims to Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Conflict between
Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh region
(ongoing).
Power
the ability to influence another actor’s decisions/actions
Sovereignty
the authority of a state to do whatever it wants within its own territory
National Interest
nations will act in their own best interest as rational actors to accomplish the most possible at the least cost
Hegemony
A state or group that has authoritative power to influence structures and
other states
Balance of Power
the concept of one or more states’ power being used to balance
that of another state or group of states. The balance of power means that there is
generally an interest in states to form alliances to have heightened security at lower
costs. Alliances and balances of power also create reliance and reciprocity that
incentivize states to remain peaceful amongst each other.
Multipolar System
an international system with typically five or six centers of power
that are not grouped into alliances. In this model there isn’t a hierarchy of power, but
it’s more evenly balanced amongst participants
Bipolar
a balance of power split between two main states or alliances. NATO and the
Warsaw Pact are an example of a Bipolar balance of power. In this model, there are
two hierarchies against each other.
Unipolar System
a hegemony where one state or entity has the overruling power. A
unipolar system can exist within a bipolar system. In this model there is just one
hierarchy with a single, unrivaled actor at the top.
Sovereign Wealth Fund
A state owned investment fund that invests in financial
assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, and/or hedge/private
funds. It is primarily used for diversification and to establish wealth for future
generations. The money typically comes from a country’s reserves/surplus
Autarky
Economics system of self-sufficiency and limited trade. Complete
autarky=closed economy (no international trade whatsoever)
Dependence Theory of International Economics
The notion that resources flow from a “periphery”
of poor and underdeveloped states to a “core” of wealthy states, enriching
the latter at the expense of the former
Interdependence (International Economics)
Mutual dependence, reciprocal efforts among countries
The Four Tigers
The four asian tigers refer to the economies of Taiwan, South
Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong who underwent rapid industrialization
between 1960-1990 and had high growth rates
Nationalization
Process where a privately owned business is transferred
into government or public ownership. The government may take control of a
certain corporation or industry
Privatization
A government/public owned business is transferred into
private ownership
Comparative Advantage
What a country produces at a lower opportunity cost than
another country. For example, if it takes France 5 hours to produce 1 unit of cloth
while it takes the USA 2 hours, then it makes sense for the USA to produce and trade
cloth.
Microfinance
Financial services (loans, credit, insurance, savings accounts) who target people or businesses that do not have access to conventional banking. Typically for those who live in rural areas.
FDI, or foreign direct investment
The investment of a party in one country into a
business in another country with lasting interest. This leads to controlling
ownership in that business and having control over operations.
How is the poverty rate for nations defined? Which five countries have the
highest poverty rate?
The ratio of the number of people (in a given age group) whose income falls
below the poverty line; taken as half the median household income of the total
population. South Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea
The United States accounts for roughly what share of world exports? Of world
imports? US exports of goods and services represent roughly what percentage
of US GDP?
US Exports of Goods as a percentage of GDP: 10.4%
Collective Security Treaty Organization
a broad alliance in an international system
for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor. The US participates in
NATO, the Organization of American States, and the UN.
Free Trade Agreement
an agreement between two or more countries where the
countries agree on certain obligations that affect trade in goods and services,
and protections for investors and intellectual property rights, among other
topics. The US participates in the US-Mexico-Canada agreement (previously NAFTA)
and has FTAs with 20 countries in total (Australia, Israel, and Jordan for example)
National Debt
The amount of debt the government is in. The accumulation of budget
deficits. Can be the amount owed to lenders within the state or from another country.
Budget Deficit
When spending exceeds revenue/income
Trade Deficit
When imports exceed exports.
Balance of Payments
A statement of all monetary transactions between a country and the
rest of the world. A statement of all liabilities and assets.
What is the core proposition of the democratic peace theory?
Democracies are as likely to go to war as authoritarian states, just not with each
other. Some theories are that it is because a majority of them have capitalistic
economies and rely on reciprocal trade deals with each other.
What is the approximate current population of the earth?
7.5 Billion
Approximately how
many years are projected for the planet to reach the next billion in population?
20-25ish years to reach the next billion
In what countries/ regions is the most population growth expected to occur?
Central Africa is expected to have the most population growth. Central
Asia/Middle East also had very high rates.
In what
countries do you find subreplacement birth rates?
Most European countries have subreplacement birth rate. Primarily “western”
countries.
Population of USA
330 million (subreplacement)
Population of Canada
40 million (subreplacement)
Population of Germany
83 million (subreplacement)
Population of Japan
125 million (subreplacement)
Population of Mexico
130 million
Population of Russia
145 million (subreplacement)
Population of Nigeria
201 million
Population of Brazil
210 million
Population of EU
445 million (subreplacement)
Population of India
1.35 billion
Population of China
1.4 billion (subreplacement)
US Federal Budget 2020 Fiscal Year
4.829 trillion
US Debt & its largest foreign holder
28.4 trillion; Japan
World Nominal GDP
93, 889, 577
EU GDP
17,127,534 (17.1 million) or 18.24% of world nominal gdp
USA GDP
22, 675, 271 (22.6 million) or 24.15% of world nominal gdp
China GDP
16,642,318 (16.6 million) or 17.73% of world nominal gdp
Germany GDP
4, 319, 286 (4.3 million) or 4.6% of world nominal gdp
Brazil GDP
1,491,772 (1.4 million) or 1.59% of world nominal gdp
Mexico GDP
1,192,480 (1.1 million) or 1.27% of world nominal gdp
Saudi Arabia GDP
804,921 or .86% of world nominal gdp
Chad GDP
12, 531 or .01% of world nominal gdp
What is GDP
Gross Domestic Product is the total monetary or market value of all
goods and services produced in a country in a certain period of time.
How is Nominal GDP calculated?
Nominal
GDP is calculated by multiplying all goods/services produced by their current
market price and then summing all values.
What percentage of the US budget is spent on defense? On foreign aid? What
dollar amounts do these percentages represent?
Federal Budget: 4.829 trillion (2020)
Defense spending: 705 billion ~ 14.6%
Foreign Aid: 40 billion ~ .83%
about how many people live on less than $2 per day in the world?
10% of the world population ~ 779 million people
1930s
Beginning of the Great Depression
1940s
World War II (primary decade in which it was fought)- 1940
Beginning of the Cold War- 1947
Marshall Plan- 1948
PRC established- 1949
1950s
Korean War- 1950-1953
Green Revolution
1960s
Cuban Missile Crisis- 1962
Six Day War- 1967
1970s
Nixon’s first visit to China- 1972 First oil embargo- 1973 End of the Vietnam War- 1975 Largest wave of Decolonization 1977 Camp David Accord- 1978 Islamic republic established in Iran after overthrow of Shah- 1979
1980s
Iran-Contra Affair- 1985
Tiananmen Square Massacre- April, 1989
US invasion of Panama- December, 1989
1990s
Desert Storm- January 17, 1991 End of the Cold War- 1991 Oslo Accords- September, 1993 EU-Maastricht Treaty- November, 1993 Rwandan genocide- started April 1994 Change from a White Regime to the Election of Nelson Mandela in South Africa- May 1994
2000s
9-11- 2001
World Financial Crisis, or Great Recession- 2007~8
2010s
Arab Awakening- 2010
Belt and Road Initiative- 2013
Brexit referendum- 2016
Presidents since Truman
Harry Truman 1945-1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969 Richard Nixon 1969-1974 Gerald Ford 1974-1977 Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 George H. W. Bush 1989-1993 Bill Clinton 1993-2001 George W. Bush 2001-2009 Barack Obama 2009-2017 Donald Trump 2017-2021 Joe Biden 2021-Incumbent
US Secretaries of State
Condoleezza Rice (2005-2009) - George W. Bush
Hillary Rodham Clinton (2009-2013) - Barack Obama
John Kerry (2013-2017) - Barack Obama
Rex Wayne Tillerson (2017-2018) - Trump
Michael R. Pompeo (2018-2021) - Trump & Biden
Powers of Executive Branch
carries out and enforces laws, veto laws
Powers of Legislative Branch
makes laws, declares war, regulates commerce, override vetoes
Powers of Judicial Branch
interprets and applies laws, determines constitutionality of laws
LDCs
Least Developed Countries
NSC
National Security Council
NPT
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
QDR
Quadrennial Defense Review
BMD
Ballistic Missile Defense
COIN
Counterinsurgency
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
WMD
Weapons of Mass Destruction
R2P
Responsibility to Protect
OPEC
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India, China
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
G-7
Group of Seven - Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and US
OAS
Organization of American States
BRI/OBOR
Belt and Road Initiative/One Belt One Road
‘Munich’
Munich Agreement 1938, agreement between UK, Germany, Italy, and France
that permitted annexation of Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia
‘Cuban Missle Crisis’
1962, the closest that US and Russian came to nuclear conflict in the
cold war. Russia placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. Direct result of the failure at Bays of Pigs.
‘Vietnam’
Vietnam War 1955-1975, conflict between North and South Vietnam where
China turned North Vietnam communist. USA supported and gave support/arms to
democratic South Vietnam. During the Cold War and occurred in a time where USA was
trying to stop the spread of communism.
Black Hawk Down
Battle of Mogadishu 1993-Elite American troops launched a raid in
Mogadishu (capital of Somalia) in order to capture allies of a Somalian war lord. 40 minutes
into the mission one black hawk helicopter was hit by a rocket powered grenade and
crashed, shortly after, the second Black Hawk was shot down. Was a disastrous mission.
Dien Bien Phu
Dien Bien Phu Battle 1954- A French stronghold in Indochina that was
besieged by Vietnamese communists for 57 days. Ho Chi Minh’s forces defeated the French
and ended their colonial influence and cleared the way for the division of Vietnam.
Srebrenica
Srebrenica Incident 1995- Refers to the genocide of 8,000 Bosniak Muslim
Men/Boys during the Bosnian War. Bosnian Serbs wanted to stay a part of Yugoslavia but
Bosniaks wanted independence due to various cultures/ethnicities, so the Serbs started a
genocide.
‘Versailles’
Treaty of Versailles 1919-Stated peace terms between the allies and Germany
at the end of WW1. The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for starting the war
and imposed harsh penalties in terms of loss of territory, massive reparations payments
and demilitarization.
Rwanda
Rwandan Genocide 1994- Part of the Rwandan Civil War. Members of the Tutsi
minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were slaughtered by armed
militias.
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an international organization formed with the intent of
resolving international disputes in the wake of WWI. President Woodrow Wilson was
a major supporter of the LON, many Republicans in congress were fearful that it
would be too costly to be engaged in European disputes and supported an
international policy that was averse to international disputes out of the western
hemisphere.
Why did the League of Nations Fail?
The League failed because its members were not willing to bear the
costs of collective action to oppose aggression in the 1930s. Simply put, no one was
committed enough to actually achieve its purpose.
What is the EU?
The EU is a political
and economic entity made up of primarily European continental states.
EU member states that don’t use the Euro
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, and Sweden.
Countries that are part of NATO but not the EU
Albania, Canada, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Turkey, the United
Kingdom, and the United States
Nobel Peace Price winners of 2019
Abiy Ahmed Ali ”for his efforts to achieve peace and international
cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with
neighbouring Eritrea”
18 Constituent Members of the ODNI
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
Air Force Intelligence
Army Intelligence
Navy Intelligence
Marine Intelligence
Space Force Intelligence
Defense Intelligence Agency
National Reconnaissance Office
National Geospatial Intelligence Agency
National Security Agency
7 other
Department of Energy Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis
US Coast Guard Intelligence
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Drug Enforcement Agency’s Office of National Security Intelligence
Department of State’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research
Department of Treasury’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis
CIA
The CIA collects intelligence on foreign countries and their citizens, and is not
authorized to conduct intelligence activities on US persons. Unlike the FBI, the CIA
does not have law enforcement duties. Originally formed from the Office of Strategic
Services (OSS).
FBI
The FBI gathers domestic intelligence and acts as a federal law enforcement and
investigative agency. Organized under the Dept. of Justice.
Level of Analysis
a perspective on IR based on a set of similar actors or processes that suggests possible explanations to “why” questions.
Individual Level
concerned with the perceptions, choices, and actions of individual
human beings. EXAMPLE: The war could be attributed to Saddam Hussein’s
confidence that he could defeat the US led forces, or Bush’s desire to remove a
threatening leader
Domestic (state) Level
concerned with the aggregations of individuals within states
that influence state actions in the international arena. EXAMPLE: The war could be
attributed to the rise of a neoconservative faction that convinced Republicans in
America that Hussein was a threat in post 9/11 America.
Interstate Level
concerned with the influence of the international system upon
outcomes: EXAMPLE: The war could be attributed to the predominance of US power
and the little fear of there being a large military response because of Iraq lacking
foreign support.
Global Level
global trends and forces that transcend the interactions of states themselves, without regard to their internal makeup or the particular individuals who lead them. EXAMPLE: the war could be attributed to the global fear of terrorism, or a clash between Islam and the West.
The NSA has decided it wants to intercept your phone conversations. What, by US
law, must it do before it can proceed?
By US Law, the NSA must provide the federal officer (and approved by the AG),
and to contain certain requirements, including that the target is believed to be a
foreign power or agent, officer, or employee of a foreign power. Provides for judicial review of a Court order approving such an acquisition. Makes approval orders effective for 90 days, with authorized 90-day renewals. Allows the AG to authorize an emergency acquisition of such a target under certain circumstances, including: (1) determining that an emergency exists; (2) informing a Court judge of such determination; and (3) applying within seven days for a Court order authorizing such surveillance. Provides similar Court jurisdiction and outlines similar procedures for the acquisition (and emergency acquisition) by an IC element of a physical search.
Deterrence
the threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action.
AKA “Don’t do what I don’t want you to do, and here’s why!” . An example is the Cuban
Missile Crisis. Typical Mexican-Standoff, or “chicken” by game theory terms.
Compellence
the threat of force to make another actor take some action. AKA “Do
what I want you to do, or else!”. Compellence usually is the strategy after deterrence
fails, which means the actor has already done what you don’t want them to do, and
you’re trying to get them to change course. An example would be the Joint
Comprehensive Plan of Action (Iran Nuclear Deal).
