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IPv4 Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for calculating the number of useable subnets under a major address as well as the formula for calculating the number of useable hosts on each subnet?

A

2n - 2

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2
Q

A Floating Static route is a static route whose _______ ________ has been increased in order to make the route function as a backup route.

A

A Floating Static route is a static route whose administrative distance has been increased in order to make the route function as a backup route.

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3
Q

Backup Interface is a Cisco feature that can be used in place of _____ _____ _____ for failover designs.

A

Backup Interface is a Cisco feature that can be used in place of floating static routes for failover designs.

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4
Q

On a Cisco Router, what would the command be to make the electrical port the backup to the fiber port in interface configuration mode?

A

On a Cisco Router, what would the command be to make the electrical port the backup to the fiber port in interface configuration mode?

R1(config-if)# media-type sfp auto-failover

This would make the fiber port primary. if you used media-type RJ-45 auto-failover, the electrical port would failover to the fiber port.

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5
Q

What does the command no media-type do on a fiber / electrical combo port?

A

It enables Auto-detect for the combo port.

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6
Q

Cisco IP SLA uses active ______ _______ for measuring traffic performance.

A

Cisco IP SLA uses active traffic monitoring for measuring traffic performance.

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7
Q

IP SLA works by generating traffic in a continuous, reliable, and predictable manner and ________ the results.

A

IP SLA works by generating traffic in a continuous, reliable, and predictable manner and analyzing the results.

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8
Q

For more advanced measurements with IP SLA, you must set up an IP SLA _______ which is an agent embedded only in Cisco devices.

A

For more advanced measurements with IP SLA, you must set up an IP SLA Responder which is an agent embedded only in Cisco devices.

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9
Q

After configuring an IP SLA Operation, you must make sure you ________ the oepration.

A

After configuring an IP SLA Operation, you must make sure you schedule the oepration.

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10
Q

Enhanced ________ _________ is a sort of glue that binds the tracking of object with upper layer protocols such as HSRP.

A

Enhanced Object Tracking is a sort of glue that binds the tracking of object with upper layer protocols such as HSRP.

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11
Q

Enhanced Object Tracking provides complete separation between the objects to be tracked and the ______ to be taken by a client when a tracked object changes.

A

Enhanced Object Tracking provides complete separation between the objects to be tracked and the action to be taken by a client when a tracked object changes.

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12
Q

What are the two aspects of an IP SLA operation that can be tracked?

A

What are the two aspects of an IP SLA operation that can be tracked?

  • state
  • reachability
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13
Q

The difference between IP SLA state and reachability is that reachability has the __________ return code.

A

The difference between IP SLA state and reachability is that reachability has the OverThreshold return code.

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14
Q

With Enhanced Object Tracking, the ______ option specifies a period of time to delay communicating state changes of a tracked object.

A

With Enhanced Object Tracking, the delay option specifies a period of time to delay communicating state changes of a tracked object.

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15
Q

To set up an Enhanced Object Tracking, the command in global configuration mode is ________.

A

To set up an Enhanced Object Tracking, the command in global configuration mode is track.

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16
Q

The only difference with ICMP echo operation between state and reachability is that reachability also ensures that the latency is less than _______ms.

A

The only difference with ICMP echo operation between state and reachability is that reachability also ensures that the latency is less than 5000 ms.

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17
Q

Policy-based routing can be used to change the _______ _____ _______ for traffic matching certain criteria.

A

Policy-based routing can be used to change the next-hop IP address for traffic matching certain criteria.

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18
Q

What are the two configuration elements to implement policy routing?

A

What are the two configuration elements to implement policy routing?

  • access list (standard or extended)
  • route map
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19
Q

How would you turn on debugging for policy routing?

A

How would you turn on debugging for policy routing?

debug ip policy

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20
Q

Where do you activate an ip policy and what is the command and parameter syntax?

A

Where do you activate an ip policy and what is the command and parameter syntax?

You activate an ip policy on an interface. The command is ip policy route-map <route-map></route-map>.

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21
Q

To apply policy based routing to traffic that is originated by a router, you must use ______ _______ ______.

A

To apply policy based routing to traffic that is originated by a router, you must use Local Policy Routing.

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22
Q

There can only be _____ ip policy per interface.

A

There can only be one ip policy per interface.

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23
Q

Since there can only be one ip policy per interface, if you need to perform multiple actions you must use a ____ _____ with multiple sections.

A

Since there can only be one ip policy per interface, if you need to perform multiple actions you must use a route map with multiple sections.

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24
Q

What command would you use to see how many packets matched an IP Policy?

A

What command would you use to see how many packets matched an IP Policy?

show route-map

The stats show up on the route map, not under the ip policy!

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25
Q

With policy routing route map configuration, what is the difference if you use the default keyword in the set ip next-hop statement?

A

When you do not use the default keyword, routing utilizes PBR first and consults the routing table if there is no match or non reachability. If you do use the default keyword, then routing utilizes the routing table first and consults PBR only if no route can be found.

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26
Q

When is the recursive keyword used in the set ip next-hop command of a route map?

A

Both the set ip next-hop and the set ip default next-hop commands require that the next-hop be found on a directly-connected subnet, otherwise PBR will fail and normal forwarding will be used. However, we can use set ip next-hop recursive to use an address off a subnet that is not directly connected.

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27
Q

What are the two ways to use set ip next-hop verify-availability?

A
  1. If used solely by itself, set ip next-hop verify-availability will use CDP to verify reachability of the next-hop address specified.
  2. It can be used in combination with Enhanced Object Tracking for deeper testing.
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28
Q

Can you list the 7 order of operations of Policy Routing?

A
  1. set ip next-hop verify-availability track - first when used with object tracking
  2. set ip next-hop - alone or with the CDP (but without default) version of verify-availability
  3. set ip next-hop recursive
  4. set interface
  5. Route table
  6. set ip default next-hop
  7. set default interface
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29
Q

Policy-based routing is a process whereby the device puts packets through a ____ ____ before routing them.

A

Policy-based routing is a process whereby the device puts packets through a route map before routing them.

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30
Q

The ip policy route-map command disables ____ switching of all packets arriving on the interface to which it is applied.

A

The ip policy route-map command disables fast switching of all packets arriving on the interface to which it is applied.

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31
Q

_____ ______ are not used in route maps for Policy Routing.

A

Prefix Lists are not used in route maps for Policy Routing.

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32
Q

How does Local Policy Routing differ from Policy Routing?

A

Local Policy Routing applies to traffic that is originated from the router, while regular Policy Routing applies to traffic that is passing through a router.

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33
Q

In which mode is Local Policy Routing enabled?

A

In which mode is Local Policy Routing enabled?

Global Configuration Mode.

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34
Q

A GRE Tunnel encapsulates IP packets inside GRE packets, making the connection resemble a _____________ connection.

A

A GRE Tunnel encapsulates IP packets inside GRE packets, making the connection resemble a point-to-point connection.

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35
Q

What are the three elements we must add to the Tunnel during Tunnel interface configuration?

A

What are the three elements we must add to the Tunnel during Tunnel interface configuration?

  1. Tunnel Source
  2. Tunnel Destination
  3. Tunnel IP Address
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36
Q

When you create a tunnel interface on a Cisco router, what is the default Tunnel Encapsulation?

A

When you create a tunnel interface on a Cisco router, what is the default Tunnel Encapsulation?

GRE

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37
Q

Why would you use keepalives on a GRE tunnel interface?

A

By default, the state of a point-to-point GRE interface is determined by routing availability for the tunnel destination, thus as long as the router has a route for the tunnel destination, the tunnel interface state will be UP. The keepalive will ensure there are no transit issues that would give a false UP.

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38
Q

In the configuration of a keepalive on a GRE tunnel, what does the interval define?

keepalive <interval> <number_of_retries></number_of_retries></interval>

A

The interval is the frequency in seconds for sending keepalive packets.

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39
Q

In the configuration of a keepalive on a GRE tunnel, what does the number of retries define?

keepalive <interval> <number_of_retries></number_of_retries></interval>

A

The number of retries defines the maximum number of keepalives being sent after the first failed keepalive, before the router changes the tunnel state to DOWN.

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40
Q

What are the three combinations of IOS for IP in IP Tunneling?

A

What are the three combinations of IOS for IP in IP Tunneling?

  • IPv4 in IPv4 (ipip)
  • IPv6 in IPv6 (ipv6)
  • IPv6 in IPv4 (ipv6ip)
41
Q

What extra capabilities does GRE Tunneling provide over IP in IP Tunneling?

A
  • encapsulating protocols other than IP
  • enforce packet sequencing
  • add an additional checksum
  • specify a tunnel key
42
Q

What is the usual cause of recursive routing loops on Tunnel interfaces?

A

Enabling the IGP on the tunnel interface.

43
Q

ODR stands for ___ _____ ______.

A

ODR stands for On Demand Routing.

44
Q

ODR is used on ___ ____ ____ networks.

A

ODR is used on hub and spoke networks.

45
Q

What is the command to enable ODR?

A

What is the command to enable ODR?

router odr

46
Q

A stub router supporting ODR advertises IP prefixes corresponding to the IP networks configured on all _____ ______ interfaces.

A

A stub router supporting ODR advertises IP prefixes corresponding to the IP networks configured on all directly connected interfaces

47
Q

ODR uses _____ to carry minimal routing information between the hub and stub routers.

A

ODR uses Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) to carry minimal routing information between the hub and stub routers.

48
Q

ODR is able to pass _____ information since it sends prefixes.

A

ODR is able to pass VLSM information since it sends prefixes

49
Q

WIth ODR, if you want to disallow an interface from advertising its prefix, how would you accomplish this?

A

WIth ODR, if you want to disallow an interface from advertising its prefix, how would you accomplish this?

disable CDP on that interface

50
Q

How do you assign an interface to a previously defined VRF named Blue?

A

How do you assign an interface to a previously defined VRF?

In interface configuration mode for the interface you want to place within the defined VRF, issue the command ip vrf forwarding Blue.

51
Q

To ping IP address 1.1.1.1 of an interface located within the Blue VRF, what command would you issue?

A

To ping IP address 1.1.1.1 of an interface located within the Blue VRF, what command would you issue?

ping vrf Blue 1.1.1.1

52
Q

________ is a protocol that is able to detect link failures within milliseconds or even microseconds between two adjacent routers.

A

Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is a protocol that is able to detect link failures within milliseconds or even microseconds between two adjacent routers.

53
Q

What are the two modes of BFD?

A

What are the two modes of BFD?

  • asynchronous
  • demand

Demand is not currently implemented by any vendors.

54
Q

Asynchronous mode requires that BFD be enabled and operational on _____ sides of the link.

A

Asynchronous mode requires that BFD be enabled and operational on both sides of the link.

55
Q

Cisco BFD requires that _____ is enabled.

A

Cisco BFD requires that CEF is enabled.

56
Q

In the Cisco implementation, there is _____ BFD process that runs, regardless of the number of Layer 3 routing protocols that are dependent upon it.

A

In the Cisco implementation, there is one BFD process that runs, regardless of the number of Layer 3 routing protocols that are dependent upon it.

57
Q

_______ configurations are not supported.

A

Multihop configurations are not supported.

58
Q

BFD packets are matched in the class ________ command. So, the user must make sure of the availability of appropriate bandwidth to prevent dropping of BFD packets due to oversubscription.

A

BFD packets are matched in the class class-default command. So, the user must make sure of the availability of appropriate bandwidth to prevent dropping of BFD packets due to oversubscription.

59
Q

What is the format of the command to enable BFD on an interface?

A

What is the format of the command to enable BFD on an interface?

bfd interval milliseconds min_rx milliseconds multiplier interval-multiplier

60
Q

Where in the BGP configuration does the BFD statement reside?

A

Where in the BGP configuration does the BFD statement reside?

in the neighbor statement

61
Q

What is the synatx to use BFD with a BGP neighbor?

A

What is the synatx to use BFD with a BGP neighbor?

neighbor 192.168.17.1 fall-over bfd

62
Q

Where do you specify to use BFD for link failure detection when setting up EIGRP?

A

Where do you specify to use BFD for link failure detection when setting up EIGRP?

In EIGRP router configuration mode

63
Q

What is the router configuration command in EIGRP to enable BFD on all interfaces?

A

What is the router configuration command in EIGRP to enable BFD on all interfaces?

R1(config-router)# bfd all-interfaces

64
Q

What are the two methods for enabling BFD support for OSPF?

A

What are the two methods for enabling BFD support for OSPF?

  1. Enable it for all interfaces by using bfd all-interfaces in OSPF router configuration mode. You can then disable it on a particular interface by going into interface econfiguration mode and issuing the ip ospf bfd disable command
  2. Enable it on a per-interface basis using the ip ospf bfd command in interface subconfiguration mode.
65
Q

What are two configuration methods to enable BFD to register with HSRP?

A

How do you enable BFD to register with HSRP?

  1. standby bfd in interface sub-configuration mode
  2. standby bfd all-interfaces in global configuration mode
66
Q

What was the previous name for Cisco Performance Routing (PfR)?

A

What was the previous name for Cisco Performance Routing (PfR)?

Optimized Edge Routing (OER)

67
Q

What are the two basic building blocks of PfR, from which information is gathered to make intelligent routing decisions?

A

What are the two basic building blocks of PfR, from which information is gathered to make intelligent routing decisions?

  1. IP SLA
  2. NetFlow
68
Q

_______ _________ and _______ __________ are central to PfR.

A

Master Controller and Border Routers are central to PfR.

69
Q

The ________ _________ in PfR is the centralized decision maker.

A

The Master Controller (MC) in PfR is the centralized decision maker.

70
Q

How do MCs and BRs connect in PfR?

A

How do MCs and BRs connect in PfR?

Over an authenticated TCP session on Port 3949.

71
Q

How is authentication between MCs and BRs handled in PfR?

A

How is authentication between MCs and BRs handled in PfR?

by keychains

72
Q

What is the command to enter PfR configuration mode for a Border Router?

A

What is the command to enter PfR configuration mode for a Border Router?

R1(conf)# pfr border

74
Q

In Cisco PfR, there must be at least one ______ interface and at least two external interfaces.

A

In Cisco PfR, there must be at least one internal interface and at least two external interfaces.

75
Q

With PfR, what is the command in pfr-br configuration mode to define the Master Controller?

A

With PfR, what is the command in pfr-br configuration mode to define the Master Controller?

R3(config-pfr-br)#master 150.1.3.3 key-chain OER

76
Q

With PfR, what is the command in pfr-mc configuration mode to define the Border Routers?

A

With PfR, what is the command in pfr-mc configuration mode to define the Border Routers?

R3(config-pfr-mc)#border 150.1.3.3 key-chain OER

77
Q

What is the PfR Master Controller subconfiguration command that enables us to start monitoring a particular traffic class?

A

What is the PfR Master Controller subconfiguration command that enables us to start monitoring a particular traffic class?

R3(config-oer-mc)#learn

78
Q

In PfR, the default interface utilization threshold is ____ when monitoring throughput.

A

In PfR, the default interface utilization threshold is 75% when monitoring throughput.

79
Q

PfR aggregates traffic flows into ____ prefixes by default before sending the information to the MC.

A

PfR aggregates traffic flows into /24 prefixes by default before sending the information to the MC

80
Q

With PFR, what is the command to change the prefix length of which traffic flows are classified into?

A

With PFR, what is the command to change the prefix length of which traffic flows are classified into?

R3(config-oer-mc-learn)#aggregation-type prefix-length <1-32>

Notice this is in learn mode.

81
Q

When you first enter PfR Configuration, what mode is the policy in?

A

When you first enter PfR Configuration, what mode is the policy in?

mode route observe

82
Q

After entering PfR configuration, what is the command to make it active?

A

After entering PfR configuration, what is the command to make it active?

R3(config-oer-mc)#mode route control

83
Q

What are secondary routes called in PfR?

A

What are secondary routes called in PfR?

parent routes

84
Q

_______ ________ routing is the principle that a packet will follow the most specific route entry that it matches.

A

Longest Match routing is the principle that a packet will follow the most specific route entry that it matches.

85
Q

The _______ command is used with the different routing protocols to change its Administrative Distance.

A

The distance command is used with the different routing protocols to change its Administrative Distance.

86
Q

Administrative Distance refers to the __________ of the source.

A

Administrative Distance refers to the trustworthiness of the source.

87
Q

Administrative Distance is only _____ significant and can be different for each router.

A

Administrative Distance is only locally significant and can be different for each router.

88
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of a directly connected route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of a directly connected route?

0

89
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of a static route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of a static route?

1

90
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of an EIGRP Summary route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of an EIGRP Summary route?

5

91
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of an External BGP route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of an External BGP route?

20

92
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of an EIGRPP route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of an EIGRPP route?

90

93
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of an OSPF route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of an OSPF route?

110

94
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of a RIP route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of a RIP route?

120

95
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of an ODR route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of an ODR route?

160

96
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of an External EIGRP route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of an External EIGRP route?

170

97
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of an Internal BGP route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of an Internal BGP route?

200

98
Q

What is the Administrative Distance of an Unknown route?

A

What is the Administrative Distance of an Unknown route?

255

99
Q

What are 3 advantages of static routing vs dynamic routing?

A

What are 3 advantages of static routing vs dynamic routing?

  • better security as routes are not advertised across the network
  • less bandwidth consumption as there is no exchange of routes
  • no CPU cycles are used to calculate and communicate routes

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