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1
Q

System development cycle?

A
  • understanding the problem
  • planning
  • designing
  • implementing
  • testing,evaluating,maintaining
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2
Q

What is a project plan?

A

-created in understanding the problem stage.
Summary of a project that specifies who,what,when and how. it lists in detail what is required for the successful completion of the project.

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3
Q

Communication skills and meaning?

A

Active listening= involves restating, reflecting and summarising the speakers major ideas and feelings.
Conflict resolution=solves arguments and disputes. it involves listening to the other persons views and looking at the conflict as a problem to be solved. Aim is to create a win-win situation
Negotiation skills=involves a discussion between 2 parties with a goal of reaching an agreement on issues.
Interview techniques= involve careful preperation, implementation and follow up
Team building=process of getting a group of people to work together.

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4
Q

Social and ethical issues,Equity,Changing nature of work,Ergonomics,Environmental factors

A

Ethics- set of beliefs we hold about what is right and wrong.
Equity-concerns equal rights for all.
Changing nature of work-deskilling and multiskilling
Ergonomics- relationship between people and their place of work. desk,chair,hardware,software.
Environmental factors-lighting,climate,and noise.

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5
Q

Methods of collecting data

A

surveys, interviews,observations and measurements.

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6
Q

what is a prototye?-understanding

A
  • a working model of an information system.
  • used to clarify how the existing system works or represent how the new system may work.
  • clarify nature of problem
  • reflect needs of participants
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7
Q

What is a requirements report?-understanding

A
  • statement about the need of a new system.
  • outlines aims and objectives.
  • based on data collected from participants
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8
Q

Constraints -planning

A
  • economical-costs associated with developing new system.
  • technical-does the required information technology exist and what demands will be placed in new system.
  • schedule-time frame
  • organisational-determines if new system will fit into the organisation and meet goals and objectives.
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9
Q

feasibility report

A
  • short report that analyses potential solutions and makes a recommendation. examines options, estimates costs, considers constraints and develops solution.
    1. no change
    2. new system
    3. investigate other solutions
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10
Q

Designing

A
  • transformation of the specifications into appropriate hardware,software and information process.
  • test data is prepared
  • specifications of hardware must be identified,bought and installed.
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11
Q

design tools-designing

A
  • context
  • data flow
  • decision tree
  • decision table
  • data dictionary
  • storyboards
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12
Q

data dictionary-designing

A
  • comprehensive description of each field in the database
  • includes=field name,data type, number of characters(field width), number of decimal places(if applicable) and a description of the purpose of the field.
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13
Q

context diagrams-designing

A
  • used to represent entire information systems
  • shown as a single process along with inputs and outputs (external entities) to the system.
  • external entities are connected to the single process by data flow arrows.
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14
Q

data flow diagrams-designing

A
  • represent information system as a number of processes that together form the single process of a context diagram.
  • the input for the system.
  • processes performed by the system
  • output from the system
  • storage
  • data flow only shows movement of data not products
  • they do not explain how processes work.
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15
Q

decision tree-designing

A
  • diagrammatic way of representing all possible combinations and their resulting actions.
  • represented with branches on a tree, each branch ends with a particular action.
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16
Q

decision table-designing

A
  • represents all possible conditions and actions that will result.
  • divided vertically into conditions and actions and horizontally unto rules that are based on combinations of conditions.
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17
Q

storyboards-designing

A

logical sequence of an animation video or website

  • Hierarchical storyboard: This design uses a top –down design and is useful for connecting the home page to all other pages.
  • Linear storyboard: A simple sequential design that movers users through a predetermined path of web pages.
  • Non-linear / Branch: Allows users to connect from the homepage to a series of linked pages which then further connect to a number of other pages.
  • Hybrid / combination / composite storyboard: combines aspects of two or more common types of structures. For example, a predominately hierarchical structure could include a linear component.
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18
Q

method of conversion-implementation

A

direct-involves immediate change to new system
*best for small systems
phased-replacement in a series of stages/gradually
*each module is tested individually and staff develops confidence
parallel-old and new system working at the same time
*gets the participant and user used to the new system while also going back is errors occur.
pilot conversion-keen participants test the system first and may or may not be switched.

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19
Q

testing

A
  • verify the quality of project

- test data must cover all possible combinations that may be encountered

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20
Q

evaluating

A

determines whether the system is working as expected or whether changes are needed.

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21
Q

maintaining

A

modification of the system by making minor improvements.

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22
Q

operations manual

A
  • details procedures participants must follow when using new system.
  • user friendly
  • clear/concise
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23
Q

information system diagram

A
  • users
  • environment
  • purpose
  • information system
  • information processes
  • participants
  • data/information
  • information technology
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24
Q

information processes

A

collecting-the gathering of data to be used in the information system.
organizing-preparing the data to be used by other information processes.
analyzing-transforming the data into useful information.
storing and retrieving-movement of data to and from storage devices .
processing-updating,editing and altering of data
transmit and receive-exchange of data
displaying-output of information systems

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25
Q

examples of databases

A

school- information about the organisation, pupils and teachers.
roads and traffic authority-information on registration of vehicles and holders of driving licenses.
video stores-videos held in store and borrowers of videos.

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26
Q

flat file database

A

Flat file databases are used for many small applications they organise data into data structures called files, records, fields and characters into a single table.

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27
Q

relational database

A
  • organises the data into multiple tables and shows the relationship.
  • every record has a unique key field
  • reduces data redundacy
  • entity-specific subject
  • attribute-defined property of an entity
  • relationship=one to one, one to many, many to many
  • foreign key-attribute which is the primary key of another table
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28
Q

manual systems

A 
-telephone books,dictionaries,recipe books, encyclopedias.
ADVANTAGES
*do not require computer or electricity
*highly portable
*no special skills or training required
DISADVANTAGES
*inflexible layout
*large storage space
*duplicates sets of data
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29
Q

electronic database systems

A
  • data can be easily edited
  • can be presented in many forms
  • accessed by several people
  • access can be restricted
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30
Q

calculate of storage

A

sum of field sizes=number of bytes

number of bytes*records/1024=number of kilobytes

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31
Q

storage media

A
  • hard discs(Gb)
  • optical discs(cd/dvd)
  • removal cartridge
  • magnetic tape used as backup medium
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32
Q

database management system

A

software application that allows the entry, manipulation and storage of data in a database format.may reduce data redundancy.

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33
Q

files in database can be accessed

A
  • sequential file access-each record in file must be accessed in a series from first to last.
  • direct(random)access- occurs when data is accessed randomly using mathematical algorithms to find the exact data location.
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34
Q

Normalisation of data

A

-process of analysing data to create the most efficient database structures .the most important process is to eliminate data redundancy.

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35
Q

social and ethical of databases

A

privacy-how private can this information remain
security-information is a tradable and valuable commodity
*backups of data on a regular basis
*data encryption
*passwords
*restrictions on the level of access

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36
Q

accuracy of data

A
  • data integrity is the accuracy and reliability of data
  • validation of data
  • data bias occurs when data may be manipulated as well as the way it is gathered.
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37
Q

data warehousing/mining

A
  • warehousing-collection of data designed to support management decision making.
  • mining-involves the use of software that looks for hidden patterns in a group of data.
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38
Q

hypertext and hypermedia

A

hypermedia-is the storage of information using a set of documents that may contain text,numbers,images,audio and video.
hypertext-system where documents can be cross linked in such a way that you can navigate from one document to the next by clicking on hyperlinks.
*URL=uniform resource collector- address of file or resource on web

39
Q

URL

A

HTTP://www.poof.com.au/pictures

1) protocol indicates the particular type of resource. HTTP://(hypertext transfer protocol) or FTP://(file transfer protocol).
2) domain name is the address of the specific database where resource is located. www.poof.com.au
3) file path is the full path to the file to be retrieved, domain name and file path is separated by a forward slash. /pictures.

40
Q

hyper text markup language (HTML)

A

set of special instructions that indicate how parts of a document are to be displayed and navigated.

41
Q

components of communication system

A

sender(source),reciever,medium(transport protocol),and message(data).

42
Q

protocol

A

defines the meaning of information exchanged by describing parameters such as speed,transmission mode,handshake,parity,error detection and correction.

43
Q

handshaking

A

process by which two devices initiate communications . enables a communications protocol to be agreed upon.

44
Q

bandwidth

A

is a measure of how much information can flow along a data pipe.

45
Q

parity check

A

is the process where an extra bit is sent along with the group of bits to be transmitted. When 8-bit ASCII an extra ninth bit is added to hold a 0 or 1. Handshaking decides which type of parity to use, either odd or even. Odd parity: the number of 1s in the nine bits MUST BE ODD. Even parity: the number of 1s in the nine bits must be even.

46
Q

checksum

A

Check is the process of adding all the bytes within a data packet as an integer before being sent. This integer is then added as a binary integer on the header or trailer of the byte. The receiver then counts all the bytes to reassure that the same amounts of bytes were received as sent from the transmitter. If the sums do not equal the same value, then an error has occurred.

47
Q

cyclic redundancy check

A

The data is divided into predetermined lengths and then divided by a fixed integer. The remainder is calculated and attached to the data to be sent. When the data is received the remainder is recalculated. If the remainders do not match, then an error in transmission has occurred.

48
Q

TCP (Transmission control protocol)Communication control and addressing level

A

ensures that messages are delivered correctly by using checksum error correction methods

49
Q

IP (Internet Protocol)Communication control and addressing level

A

moves data packets from sender to receiver. Ability to reroute messages over the most efficient path to their destination.

50
Q

TCP/IP

A

is combined to provide a connection between two hosts so that a series of packets can be sent back and forth for a period of time.

51
Q

HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)Application level Protocol

A

used in web browser to communicate and receive web pages to and from a web server.

52
Q

SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol)Application level Protocol

A

used for sending and receiving e-mail messages to and from the client to the mail server.

53
Q

SSL (secure sockets layer)Application level Protocol

A

uses two keys to encrypt data so that private documents can be securely transmitted via the internet.

54
Q

local area network

A

connects computers within a building or a group of buildings on ONE SITE

55
Q

wide area network

A

connects computers over hundreds or thousands of kilometres. country or city
*ATM,ISDN

56
Q

network topology

A

Bus-The simplest network layout where all nodes are connected to a common cable know as a bus.
*a break in backbone will disable entire network.
Star-A network where all nodes are connected to a centralized server / switch.
*if one fails it will still function
Ring-A circular network which all nodes are connected to each other in a ‘ring’.
*can be slow
Hybrid-A network that contains a combination of star, bus, ring or wireless into one network.This is sometimes necessary to connect two networks into one to share and communicate data and hardware/software resources.

57
Q

Cabling

A 
𝐂𝐎𝐀𝐗𝐈𝐀𝐋
-stiff copper core, surrounded by wire mesh,less interference.
-LAN
-185-500m
-BUS
-10mbps
𝐓𝐖𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐏𝐀𝐈𝐑
-wire twisted in 4 pairs
-LAN
-100m
-star,ring
-10mbps,100,1Gbps
𝐅𝐈𝐁𝐑𝐄 𝐎𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐂
-thin glass fibre encased in outer shell of glass, uses laser light.
-LAN,MAN,WAN
-400m(multi node), 2000m(single node)
-point to point
-10,100,1
58
Q

wireless transmissions

A 
𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞
*voice and data transmission
*super high frequency
*impacted by weather
*Internet Access
𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨 𝐖𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬
*voice and data transmission
*Limited bandwidth and range
*limited security
*Lan communication, bluetooth, mobile phones.
59
Q

servers

A

𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐫-dedicated to the task of sharing disk space and restricts access on a user basis.
𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐫-provides software called a spooler to centralise management of print devices.
𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐫-manages and provides email services
𝐰𝐞𝐛 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐫-delivers html pages and other static(images,documents).
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱𝐲 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐫-collects or stores frequently accessed internet content for local delivery.

60
Q

network hardware-

A

𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐠𝐞- links 2 LANS with similar protocols and restricts broadcast traffic to source side of device
𝐡𝐮𝐛-connects multiple LAN nodes on a port by port basis. all traffic is repeated to all other ports on device.
𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐜𝐡-connects multiple LAN nodes on a port by port basis. dedicates entire bandwidth to single port by transmitting packets to destination port only.
𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐲-links LANS that are using different protocols.
𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐫-interconnects networks with different structures or topologies.
𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫-receives, amplifies and re transmits signal.
𝐖𝐀𝐏-wireless access point

61
Q

internet vs intranet

A

𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭- is an international,publicly accessible interconnection of LANS,WANS.
𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐭-is an internal corporate network using the same protocols and standards as the internet.

62
Q

Analog data to digital signal

A

the wave shape of the data is encoded into a series of 1s and 0s – process of generating digits

63
Q

Digital data to digital signal

A

A series of 1s and 0s is transmitted by sending it through a channel of on and off electromagnetic pulses

64
Q

Types of processing:

A

Distributed: LANs that can operate and process programs simultaneously at different sites.
Parallel: Simultaneous use of more than one CPU to execute a program. Ideally faster, though difficult to make a program work with many CPUs
Centralised: Processing is performed all within one computer or a cluster of computers in a single location. This can involve the use of thin clients to collect and display information

65
Q

social and ethical of communication systems

A 
SOCIAL
*employment impacts
*junk/spam mail
ETHICAL
*invasion of provacy
*online transactions
*cencorship
*freedom of information
66
Q

decision support systems-types of structures

A

Are designed to help managers make decisions that will further the organisations goals.

1) structured situation-Structured situations have decisions that are automated. When the same parameters are entered, the result will always be the same following the same sequence of steps. DSSs are not needed here.
e. g.CALCULATING AMOUNT OF CARPET REQUIRED FOR ROOM.
2) Semi-structured-A semi-structured decision follows a method to reach a decision, though the correct decision is never guaranteed. The method is precise, though there may be too many factors or an unknown factor which may significantly alter the outcome.
e. g.WEATHER PREDICTION AND HORSE RACING
3) Unstructured-Unstructured situations do not use a method to reach a decision. There is no algorithm for the best possible solution. Most results rely on luck alone. Requires judgement and insight into the problem to determine a possible solution.
e. g.BETTING

67
Q

Expert system

A

computer system which can solve problems for users who themselves are not expert in the field.

68
Q

neural network

A

uses computer circuitry to simulate the way in which a brain may process information, learn and remember.

69
Q

types of systems

A
  • geographic information system
  • group decision support system
  • management information system
70
Q

queries

A

enable the user to search for records that meet certain conditions.

71
Q

macro

A

is a file that records a list of key commands or operations and can be executed by entering a keystroke or a single command.

72
Q

knowledge base

A

stored information and rules which are used to solve problems. stored as a computer file and then manipulated by software called inference engine.

73
Q

forward/backward chaining

A

forward-strategy used to determine a solution to a problem. it starts with the problem and tracks the relevant rules to see what solutions are provided by the knowledge base.
backward-looks at each solution and determines whether it is appropriate for the given situation.
USES
*credit card authorisation
*mining explorations
*medical diagnosis

74
Q

fuzzy logic

A

We combine data and form partial truths to come to a correct conclusion. This is how fuzzy logic works. Fuzzy logic is based on the probability theory to make good guesses just as a human brain would.

75
Q

Artificial intelligence

A

Intelligent systems can learn for themselves (Artificial intelligence – A.I), They can adapt to new situations and choose a reasonable decision.

76
Q

intelligent systems

A

recieves data from environment, reacts and produces an intelligent response.

  • preserve experts knowledge
  • make rapid decisions
  • analyse an unstructured situation
77
Q

digital media types

A
  • text
  • numbers
  • audio
  • images
  • animation
78
Q

hardware requirements of multimedia

A
  • high level CPU
  • large amounts of storage
  • high screen resolution
79
Q

paper vs multimedia

A 
paper
-limited to hard copy
-cheap
-static
-no interactivity
-limited indexing available
multimedia
-multiple modes
-high development costs
-interactive
-dynamic
80
Q

multimedia participants

A 
content and data collection
-subject matter experts
management
-responsible for over project design
design and layout
-determine presentation of project
technical
-assist in technical implementation
81
Q

bit mapping

A

relationship between image on screen and image on RAM.

82
Q

pixel

A

described by one or more bits in memory

83
Q

resolution

A

describes the image quality,or number of pixels in image

84
Q

palette

A

number of avaliable colors for an image

85
Q

bit depth

A

refers to the number of bits describing each pixel

86
Q

sampling size

A

refers to the number of bits used to store each sample from the analogue wave.
e.g. 8-bit sample is 2^8

87
Q

sampling rate

A

refers to the number of samples or slices taken of the analogue wave in 1 second.

88
Q

hardware for displaying multimedia

A

CRT screens-three electron beams (red,blue,green) strikes a phosphorescent surface in a controlled manner. a glow results. raster scan in horizontal lines and displays image.
Touch screen-It requires a stylus or finger for the touch to be recognized by the surface, the electrical current is changed at the point of pressure from the stylus or finger which is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing
LCD SCREEN- Liquid crystal display utilises an array of liquid crystals placed between two polarised glass sheets, which direct the light in a certain way to display RGB colours.
DATA PROJECTOR-Data projectors allow a source of light from their lamp to be reflected on a wall or blank screen to produce images and video.
SPEAKERS-They receive a digitised signal from a sound card or on board motherboard with sound processing capabilities and turn them into analog sounds we humans can understand and hear.

89
Q

software for displaying multimedia

A
  • Presentation software uses graphics and data/information from other software tools to communicate and make presentations of data to others people.
  • Application software is a computer program used by users to perform a specific task.
  • Authoring software are new generation software packages which combine many of the standalone application software products to simplify the user’s involvement with creating a multimedia product.
  • Animation software takes the individual images and plays them in rapid succession to show movement.
  • Web browsers are programs used to download and display web pages to the user.
90
Q

compression schemes

A
  • lossless- where decompressed data is identical to original.
  • lossy- where some data is sacrificed for the sake of file size.
91
Q

compression strategies

A
  • Spatial redundancy: which occurs because pixels near each other are likely to be similar to each other.
  • Temporal redundancy: which occurs because pixels in consecutive frames are likely to be similar. E.g. a talking head.
  • Psycho visual redundancy: which occurs because humans are better at detecting changes in brightness rather than colour tones.
  • Coding redundancy: which relies on the chance of the same sets of data not appearing at the same time.
92
Q

data formats for audio,video and music files

A

sound:MIDI,MP3,Waveform,AIFF
Video:AVI,MPEG,QuickTime8,Real Audio

93
Q

social and ethical for multimedia

A

social-
*digital convergence-increasing trend to merge technologies such as radio, television, photos e.t.c.
*nature of training as a consequence of multimedia
ethical-
*copyright act makes it illegal to copy multimedia without the express permission of author.
*referencing source of information is crucial.

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